IMPERIALISTS DIVIDE AFRICAstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistory/Documents/5th Six...
Transcript of IMPERIALISTS DIVIDE AFRICAstaff.katyisd.org/sites/thsworldhistory/Documents/5th Six...
IMPERIALISTS DIVIDE AFRICA
Chapter 27 Section 1
Africa Before Imperialism• Divided into hundreds of ethnic & linguistic groups
• The traditional religions were followed as well as Islam & Christianity
• Largest empire was in West Africa
• Europeans only controlled coastal regions
• 400 years powerful African armies kept Europeans out
• Invention of Steamboat allowed Europeans to move more inland
• The large # of Africa trade networks keep Europeans out as Africa could be self-reliant for goods.
Nations Compete for Overseas Empires
Europeans who made it into the interior of Africa were explorers, humanitarians & missionaries
INTRO:
Congo Sparks Interest:• 1860’s David Livingstone (Scottish minister) was
searching for the source of the Nile River & disappeared.
• 1871 American newspaper reporter Henry Stanley found Livingstone on the shores of lake Tanganyika
• The Story made headlines around the world
• 1879 Stanley returned to Africa & signed treaties w/ local Congo chiefs
• These treaties gave Leopold II of Belgium control of Congo
Congo Sparks Interest (Cont’d)
• Leopold II brutally exploited the people by forcing them to work getting sap from valuable rubber trees
• He also abused them by imposing taxes, and other forced labor
• 1908 Belgian Government took over the colony
• Soon other European countries started claiming other parts of Africa (Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal & Spain)
Motives Driving Imperialism• Imperialism: the take over of a country or a territory
by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic & social life of the native people.
• Motives:1. Industrial Revolution created the need for lands, new
resources & raw materials, as well as new markets.2. National pride for each country3. Economic Competition4. Social Darwinism: idea that those w/ superior
technologies were also socially superior to less developed peoples
5. Missionaries spreading Christianity & Western Culture
External Forces Enabling Imperialism
• Technologically Superior-(1889 1st automatic Machine gun invented)
• Steam Engine
• Rail Road, telegraph cables, steamboats- allowed communication
• Quinine- prevents malaria
Internal Factors Enabling Imperialism: Problems with Africa
• No African Unity
• Africans technology & weapons were inferior
• Many different ethnic groups fighting each other
• Different cultures & languages
Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
• 14 European Nations & the United States of America agreed on division of Africa
• NO AFRICANS INVITED OR ALLOWED!!
• 1914- Only Liberia (US) and Ethiopia remained free
European Colonies
• 1867- Diamonds discovered
• 1880- Europeans start large scale expansion into Africa
• 1886- Gold in discovered in the country of South Africa
Demand for Product Shapes Colonies
• Europeans expected Africans to buy their goods but it didn’t happen
• European Businesses needed raw materials & cash crops• Peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, rubber
• Farmers grew less food
• Minerals main source of wealth• Copper & tin in the Belgian Congo• Gold & Diamonds in S. Africa
South African Groups Clash• Zulu:
• Late 1700’s - 1800’s local wars
• 1816 Chief Shaka created large Centralized state (warriors – military)
• 1887 British took over with superior weapons
• Boers: • 1652 Dutch used Cape of Good Hope service ships• Boers: farmers who took large tracts of native land• Disagreed with British over land and slave policies• 1830’s: Great Trek – moved N. to escape British• Fought w/ Zulus & others in new land
• British:• 1800’s took over the Cape Colony & clashed w/
Boers
Boer War
Boer War• 1860’s & 1880’s gold & diamonds discovered
• Boers tried to keep new comers from having political rights
• 1899 Boers fought British
• 1st Modern “total” war• Boer Commando raids & guerilla tactics
• British burned land & put women/ children in concentration camps
• 1902 – Boer republics had limited self-government under British rule
Colonial Control
• 4 Main Forms of Colonies1. Colony - governed internally by foreign power
(European rulers in the area)
2. Protectorate - area has own internal government but under control of Europeans
3. Sphere of Influence- European powers claim exclusive investment or trading privileges
4. Economic Imperialism - independent natives controlled by private businesses, not the other governments
Imperial Management: (day to day)
• Indirect control – British & US/ local leaders
• Direct control – France & rest of Europe• Paternalism – meet needs but don’t give rights (people
could not handle affairs)
• Assimilation – local people would be absorbed into French culture (abandoned idea)
Nigeria - British• 1807 Britain outlawed slave trade
• Played enemies against each other to gain land
• 1914 claimed Nigeria as colony
• Many groups, hard to govern but 3 main groups
1. Hausa & Fuloni: North: Muslim & used strong government
2. Yoruba: S. West: local chiefs or councils rulers
3. Igbo: S. East: local chiefs & councils
• Hausa & Yoruba were traditional enemies
• Britain ruled indirectly through chiefs who had no real powers, creating problems governing
African Resistance• People resisted all across Africa but were powerless
against European guns
• Unsuccessful Movements:
• Algerians fought for 50 years against the French
• West Africa- Samori Toure fought French 16 years
• German East Africa – 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion where over 26,000 Africans were killed & 50,000 starved later• Believed magic water would turn German bullets to
water
Ethiopia Successful (only one)
• Victory because of 1 man – Menelik II (became emperor 1889)
• Played Italians, French & British against each other
• Bought modern weapons from France & Russia- large arsenal
• Declared war on Italians after they tried to trick him
• 1896 – Battle of Adowa: greatest battle in African History. Ethiopians defeated Italians
Impact of Colonial Rule:Forever changed African lives
• Positive Impact• Reduced local warfare
• Better sanitation, hospitals, and schools
• Life spans increased & literacy rates increased
• Economic growth- products valued an international market
• Railroads, dams, telephone & telegraph lines
• Most of these benefitted European businesses more than the lives of Africans
• Negative Impact• Africans lost their land & independence
• Died of new diseases (small pox)
• Thousands died trying to resist the Europeans
• Famines due to growing cash crops not food
• Breakdown of traditional cultures
• Men left villages for work (European mines, farms, etc.)
• Identity problems- admired European life
• Worst problem was the physical divorce of the continent• Artificial boundaries separated same groups & forced rivals into the
same country
• Most boundaries follow lines of latitude & longitude
• STILL CAUSES PROBLEMS TODAY!
Impact of Colonial Rule