IMPERIALISM. What is Imperialism? Imperialism – the domination of one country’s political,...

IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

What is What is Imperialism?Imperialism?

ImperialismImperialism – the domination of – the domination of oneone

country’s political, economic, or country’s political, economic, or culturalcultural

way of life by another country or way of life by another country or region.region.

Timeline of EventsTimeline of Events

1400 s –1700’s1400 s –1700’s European European countries countries

sent explorers, missionaries, andsent explorers, missionaries, and

traders to places they had never traders to places they had never beenbeen

before – Africa, India, Asiabefore – Africa, India, Asia

Timeline of EventsTimeline of Events1870’s – 19141870’s – 1914 As a direct result of the As a direct result of the

Industrial Revolution European nations Industrial Revolution European nations

became involved in a new kind of empire became involved in a new kind of empire

building to expand their spheres of building to expand their spheres of influence.influence.

Known as New ImperialismKnown as New Imperialism

New ImperialismNew Imperialism The period of New Imperialism took The period of New Imperialism took

place during the 18th and 19th place during the 18th and 19th centuries, but the period of modern centuries, but the period of modern imperialism peaked between 1870-imperialism peaked between 1870-1930.1930.

Causes of New Causes of New ImperialismImperialism

Economic CausesEconomic Causes1.1. Need for Natural ResourcesNeed for Natural Resources2.2. Desire to expand marketsDesire to expand markets3.3. Desire to invest profitsDesire to invest profits4.4. Outlet needed for growing Outlet needed for growing

populationpopulation5.5. Economies strengthened by the Economies strengthened by the

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Political and Military Political and Military CausesCauses

1.1. Bases needed for merchant and Bases needed for merchant and naval vesselsnaval vessels

2.2. National securityNational security3.3. NationalismNationalism4.4. Prestige and global empirePrestige and global empire5.5. Strong centrally-governed Strong centrally-governed

nation-statesnation-states

Social CausesSocial Causes

1.1. Desire to spread ChristianityDesire to spread Christianity

2.2. Desire to share Western Desire to share Western civilizationcivilization

3.3. Belief in Social DarwinismBelief in Social Darwinism

4.4. Increased European self-Increased European self-confidenceconfidence

Technological Technological CausesCauses

1.1. Medical knowledgeMedical knowledge

2.2. Advances in weaponryAdvances in weaponry

3.3. Advances in overseas Advances in overseas traveltravel

Reasons for Reasons for ImperialismImperialismDesire for Self-SufficiencyDesire for Self-Sufficiency

A. After 1850 – Industrial Revolution A. After 1850 – Industrial Revolution created new sources of power, created new sources of power, machinery, new industries, led to machinery, new industries, led to more goods produced.more goods produced.

ResultResult – Need for more raw materials – iron, coal, – Need for more raw materials – iron, coal, copper, etc.copper, etc.

Increase in demand for products in Europe that Increase in demand for products in Europe that were not readily available ~ Coffee, Tea, were not readily available ~ Coffee, Tea,

Spices.Spices.

No one country had all of these thingsNo one country had all of these things

Need for New Need for New MarketsMarketsAfter 1870’s – mass production, assembly lines, After 1870’s – mass production, assembly lines,

interchangeable parts, increased speed.interchangeable parts, increased speed.

Goods in large quantities are produced in Europe and Goods in large quantities are produced in Europe and the U.S. cannot buy all of the goods that are the U.S. cannot buy all of the goods that are

producedproduced

New machinery must be used to full capacity in order New machinery must be used to full capacity in order toto

pay for itself.pay for itself.

Go to under developed regions find new Go to under developed regions find new outlets/marketsoutlets/markets

Investing Surplus Investing Surplus CapitalCapital

Industry Owners = Great Wealth = Industry Owners = Great Wealth =

Need to InvestNeed to Invest

In order to make more money $$$ In order to make more money $$$ --

they invest surplus capitalthey invest surplus capital

Underdeveloped regions aUnderdeveloped regions a

great place to do this.great place to do this.

Outlets for Outlets for PopulationPopulation

Industry causes people to move to Industry causes people to move to cities,cities,

this leads to overcrowding of cities.this leads to overcrowding of cities.

Greater amount of space and Greater amount of space and opportunities opportunities

~ U.S., Africa ~ U.S., Africa

NationalismNationalismA strong feeling for one’s country, A strong feeling for one’s country,

particularly strong 1870 – 1914particularly strong 1870 – 1914 Having colonies meant power and Having colonies meant power and

prestigeprestige

Colonies are a source of manpower – Colonies are a source of manpower – Army i.e. Senegalese – West Africa Army i.e. Senegalese – West Africa fought loyally for the Frenchfought loyally for the French

To protect colonies = naval stations, To protect colonies = naval stations, coaling stations, refueling of warships, coaling stations, refueling of warships, merchant ships, make repairsmerchant ships, make repairs

Major Imperial Players:Major Imperial Players:

1.1. Great BritainGreat Britain

2.2. FranceFrance

3.3. SpainSpain

4.4. PortugalPortugal

5.5. NetherlandsNetherlands

Imperialism began when these Imperialism began when these countries began sending people countries began sending people to other parts of the world to find to other parts of the world to find valuables such as gold and the valuables such as gold and the hope of profiting from trade.hope of profiting from trade.

Types of European Types of European AmbassadorsAmbassadors

1.1. MissionariesMissionaries

2.2. ExplorersExplorers3.3. TradersTraders

MissionariesMissionaries Religious authorities and the church Religious authorities and the church

had their own sense of Imperialism.had their own sense of Imperialism. They sent out their own They sent out their own

representatives known as representatives known as missionaries.missionaries.

Missionaries were responsible for Missionaries were responsible for bringing Christianity to the “godless” bringing Christianity to the “godless” people outside of Europe.people outside of Europe.

MissionariesMissionaries Spread the Christian ReligionSpread the Christian Religion Educated NativesEducated Natives Built Churches and SchoolsBuilt Churches and Schools Taught medicine, hygiene, Taught medicine, hygiene,

sanitationsanitation

ExplorersExplorers1.1. Hired by European Powers, to find Hired by European Powers, to find

things of value.things of value.

2.2. Made maps, made allies out of Made maps, made allies out of African TribesAfrican Tribes

3.3. Explored African Interior, river Explored African Interior, river systems systems

Notable ExplorersNotable Explorers David LivingstoneDavid Livingstone

Henry StanleyHenry Stanley

TradersTraders Trailblazers who established Trailblazers who established

contact with nativescontact with natives Established portsEstablished ports Acted as middlemen between Acted as middlemen between

Europeans and AfricansEuropeans and Africans Trying to get richTrying to get rich

White Man’s White Man’s BurdenBurden

European attitude that people of advanced European attitude that people of advanced

nations should help the less fortunate in nations should help the less fortunate in the the

world. It was their responsibility to world. It was their responsibility to educate educate

natives or “savages”. Bring religion, natives or “savages”. Bring religion,

medicine and technology to various medicine and technology to various regions.regions.

Rudyard KiplingRudyard Kipling Wrote a Wrote a

poem poem entitled entitled White White Man’s Man’s BurdenBurden..

Division of the Division of the WorldWorld During the period of Imperialism, During the period of Imperialism,

European countries divided up the European countries divided up the globe.globe.

Japan was the only non-European Japan was the only non-European power that began building an empire.power that began building an empire.

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference Otto Von Bismarck – Otto Von Bismarck –

Ruler of Germany calls Ruler of Germany calls the meeting.the meeting.

All European Powers All European Powers send representatives, send representatives, including the United including the United States, to the States, to the conference in Berlin.conference in Berlin.

Reason to MeetReason to Meet The reason The reason

given for the given for the conference is to conference is to discuss “the discuss “the navigation and navigation and exploration of exploration of the Niger and the Niger and Congo rivers”.Congo rivers”.

Real ReasonReal Reason Real reason Real reason

for the for the conference is conference is to divide to divide Africa among Africa among the powers.the powers.

A Gift for a KingA Gift for a KingKing Leopold is officially King Leopold is officially

given the Congo basin.given the Congo basin.

One stipulation was that One stipulation was that

he must let in missionaries he must let in missionaries

and traders.and traders.

Reason for Reason for ColonizationColonization

Adding territories or “colonies” to its Adding territories or “colonies” to its possession made European countries possession made European countries feel superior to their neighbors and feel superior to their neighbors and gave them a sense of national pride.gave them a sense of national pride.


The Industrial Revolution in Europe The Industrial Revolution in Europe increased economic competition increased economic competition between nations.between nations.


Imperialism allowed European Imperialism allowed European countries to expand their colonial countries to expand their colonial armies, develop new trade partners, armies, develop new trade partners, capitalize on cheap resources, capitalize on cheap resources, consolidate state power and insure consolidate state power and insure national prosperity.national prosperity.


European countries began to believe European countries began to believe that having large empires would that having large empires would secure their status for the future.secure their status for the future.

The Rules of The Rules of ColonizationColonization

Claims on African territories will not Claims on African territories will not be recognized unless inhabited by be recognized unless inhabited by Europeans, eliminates spheres of Europeans, eliminates spheres of influence.influence.

Positive Effects of Positive Effects of ColonialismColonialism

Introduced modern forms of Introduced modern forms of transportation.transportation.

Christian Missionaries built schools and Christian Missionaries built schools and churcheschurches

Many African leaders attended mission Many African leaders attended mission schoolsschools


Thousands of Africans converted to Thousands of Africans converted to ChristianityChristianity

Helped fight illiteracyHelped fight illiteracy Built cities, bridges, roads, industriesBuilt cities, bridges, roads, industries


Introduced commercial agriculture Introduced commercial agriculture not just grow food to live on, but not just grow food to live on, but grow food to make money.grow food to make money.

Coffee-rice-sugar-palm oil-rubberCoffee-rice-sugar-palm oil-rubber Before, profits went to the “ruling” Before, profits went to the “ruling”

governmentgovernment Stopped tribal/ethnic warfareStopped tribal/ethnic warfare Helped fight diseasesHelped fight diseases

Negative Effects of Negative Effects of ColonialismColonialism

Exploited African laborExploited African labor Uprooted villagesUprooted villages Forced laborForced labor Heavy taxesHeavy taxes Took lands awayTook lands away Brutal punishments to increase Brutal punishments to increase

production (whipping, torture, production (whipping, torture, execution)execution)

Advantages Europeans Advantages Europeans had over Africanshad over Africans

Strong home economiesStrong home economies Well organized governmentsWell organized governments Powerful armies and naviesPowerful armies and navies Superior technologySuperior technology Improved medical technologyImproved medical technology

Forms of Forms of ImperialismImperialism

LeaseholdLeasehold

Leasehold-Leasehold- Property acquired Property acquired under a lease agreement. under a lease agreement. (like renting)(like renting)

ProtectorateProtectorate

Protectorate-Protectorate- country whose country whose national policy is controlled national policy is controlled by a foreign government by a foreign government (local rulers left in place).(local rulers left in place).

Sphere of Sphere of InfluenceInfluence

Sphere of Influence-Sphere of Influence- Regions Regions dominated but not directly dominated but not directly ruled by foreign nations. ruled by foreign nations. (exploitation)(exploitation)

AnnexationAnnexation

Annexation-Annexation- Acquisition of Acquisition of another state or territory by another state or territory by a larger country.a larger country.

ConcessionConcessionConcession-Concession- Right granted to engage Right granted to engage

in activity for profit on grantor’s in activity for profit on grantor’s premises (helped avoid conflicts premises (helped avoid conflicts among European nations, like a among European nations, like a trader’s license).trader’s license).

ColoniesColoniesColonies-Colonies- A territory settled and ruled A territory settled and ruled

by people from another land. by people from another land.

Direct vs. IndirectDirect vs. IndirectDirect Rule (French)Direct Rule (French)

Officials administer Officials administer theirtheir rule. rule. Imposed Imposed theirtheir culture on locals. culture on locals.

Indirect Rule (British)Indirect Rule (British) Used local rulers as agents to govern Used local rulers as agents to govern

for Britain. for Britain. Encouraged British education.Encouraged British education.

Imperialism Imperialism

in North Africain North Africa

North AfricaNorth Africa North Africa Coast is made up of 4 North Africa Coast is made up of 4

Muslim States: Muslim States: Morocco, Algeria, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia Libya and Egypt.Tunisia Libya and Egypt.

AlgeriaAlgeria

Home of Home of

the Barbary the Barbary

PiratesPirates

~ ~ French complain French complain about the Barbary about the Barbary Pirates.Pirates.

AlgeriaAlgeriaThe Algerian Ruler hits the French The Algerian Ruler hits the French Consul with a fly swatter.Consul with a fly swatter.

Becomes a national insult to the Becomes a national insult to the French and they use it as an excuse French and they use it as an excuse to move troops into Algeria.to move troops into Algeria.

AlgeriaAlgeria Pirates raid and sink merchant ships Pirates raid and sink merchant ships

and give France an excuse to and give France an excuse to intervene.intervene.

AlgeriaAlgeria France invades Algeria to stop France invades Algeria to stop

pirates and finds rich land; export pirates and finds rich land; export farm products, wine and meat.farm products, wine and meat.

AlgeriaAlgeria French take over the best land French take over the best land

and develop businesses on the and develop businesses on the Mediterranean.Mediterranean.

MoroccoMorocco Very strategic Very strategic

locationlocation Control the Control the

Straits of Straits of GibraltarGibraltar

Open to the Open to the MediterraneaMediterraneann

MoroccoMorocco Good for TradeGood for Trade Re-supply ShipsRe-supply Ships Time of WarTime of War Western border toWestern border to

AlgeriaAlgeria France also takes France also takes

control of Moroccocontrol of Morocco

CompetitionCompetition European rivalries flared in North Africa European rivalries flared in North Africa

because of the strategic importance of because of the strategic importance of the countries on the Mediterranean and the countries on the Mediterranean and proximity to Europe.proximity to Europe.

France calls a conference in Algiers France calls a conference in Algiers with other powers to determine with other powers to determine protectorates.protectorates.

Algiers Algiers ConferenceConference

Spain ----- Spanish MoroccoSpain ----- Spanish Morocco France ------ Algeria, TunisiaFrance ------ Algeria, Tunisia Italy -------- LibyaItaly -------- Libya Britain -------- Egypt, Cyprus, SudanBritain -------- Egypt, Cyprus, Sudan Germany ------- Gets Nothing, gets Germany ------- Gets Nothing, gets

really upset until France gives them really upset until France gives them Southwest AfricaSouthwest Africa

TunisiaTunisia Poor backward nationPoor backward nation The leader constantly The leader constantly

borrows money and borrows money and is always in debt.is always in debt.

Britain and France Britain and France both interested in both interested in TunisiaTunisia

They strike a deal They strike a deal and France gets and France gets Tunisia, Britain gets Tunisia, Britain gets island of Cyprusisland of Cyprus

TunisiaTunisia Tunisia situation brings out 2 Tunisia situation brings out 2

characteristics of Imperialism:characteristics of Imperialism:

1. Dangerous rivalry among European 1. Dangerous rivalry among European

Powers Powers 2. Using “loans” and “incidents” to 2. Using “loans” and “incidents” to

justifyjustify

adding territoriesadding territories

TunisiaTunisia The Suez Canal is sold by Egypt The Suez Canal is sold by Egypt

to the British because the to the British because the Egyptians needed money.Egyptians needed money.

The Suez Canal gave the British The Suez Canal gave the British a short cut for trade from the a short cut for trade from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea in Mediterranean to the Red Sea in order to reach India faster. order to reach India faster.

This short cut This short cut gives the gives the British a huge British a huge advantage advantage over other over other European European powers.powers.

Suez CanalSuez Canal

Sub-Sahara AfricaSub-Sahara Africa

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo

Explored by Henry Stanley Explored by Henry Stanley (British Reporter/Explorer)(British Reporter/Explorer)

Discovers Dr. David Livingstone Discovers Dr. David Livingstone in the junglein the jungle

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo King Leopold II of Belgium annexed King Leopold II of Belgium annexed

this territory as his personal property this territory as his personal property because he dreamed of controlling a because he dreamed of controlling a vast African Empirevast African Empire

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo Stanley signed treaties with the Stanley signed treaties with the

natives for small gifts, tricking them natives for small gifts, tricking them into giving up their territories to into giving up their territories to Belgium. When they refused he Belgium. When they refused he imposed brutal force to get his way.imposed brutal force to get his way.

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo The most valuable The most valuable

resource in the resource in the Congo was rubber Congo was rubber plants.plants.

These plants were These plants were harvested on large harvested on large plantations and sent plantations and sent back to Europe to be back to Europe to be used in factories.used in factories.

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo The Belgians set unrealistic quotas The Belgians set unrealistic quotas

for rubber in the Congo.for rubber in the Congo.

If the Africans were caught stealing, If the Africans were caught stealing, trying to escape or missed their trying to escape or missed their quotas they would have their hands quotas they would have their hands chopped off.chopped off.

Belgian CongoBelgian Congo Belgian Government took control in Belgian Government took control in

1908 because of Leopold’s cruel 1908 because of Leopold’s cruel treatment of the nativestreatment of the natives

Union of South Union of South AfricaAfrica

Union of South Union of South AfricaAfrica

First settled by First settled by the the

Dutch called Dutch called

““Boers”Boers”

in 1632in 1632

BoersBoers Similar to Similar to

American American pioneers pioneers moved inland moved inland in covered in covered wagonswagons

Known as the Known as the “Great Trek”“Great Trek”

BoersBoers Fought against the Zulu tribesmen Fought against the Zulu tribesmen

instead of Indiansinstead of Indians

BoersBoers After gold and diamonds were After gold and diamonds were

discovered the British wanted the discovered the British wanted the territoryterritory

Boer WarBoer War The Boer War The Boer War

was significant was significant because it was because it was one of the first one of the first European wars European wars fought in fought in separate separate country and country and with modern with modern weapons.weapons.

Boer WarBoer War The British prevailed in the Boer War The British prevailed in the Boer War

and took control of South Africa.and took control of South Africa.

Cecil RhodesCecil Rhodes British Imperialist British Imperialist

who became the who became the Prime Minister of the Prime Minister of the Colony of South Colony of South Africa.Africa.

He had a grand plan He had a grand plan for British empire for British empire throughout the throughout the world.world.

Cecil RhodesCecil Rhodes Cecil Rhodes – Cecil Rhodes –

British Imperialist British Imperialist believed that believed that Britain should Britain should control all of Africa control all of Africa “From Cairo to “From Cairo to Capetown”Capetown”

He planned to build He planned to build a railroad across a railroad across the continent.the continent.

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