Imperialism Part II - RigganClass · •Won election after Diaz stepped down 1911-1913 •Replaced...
Transcript of Imperialism Part II - RigganClass · •Won election after Diaz stepped down 1911-1913 •Replaced...
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Imperialism Part IIExamples Worldwide
(For use with chart)
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Egypt—Suez Canal
• Built by combined French and Egyptian effort, 1854-69
• Egypt went into heavy debt by the time it opened
• Egypt forced to sell its share to the British
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Liberia
• Created by American Colonization Society, 1847 protected by U.S.
• Freed slaves were sent to Liberia to have their own new country
• Abolitionists (against slavery) were concerned that blacks and whites would not be able to live together in American society
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Ethiopia• Successfully resisted European
imperialism when King Menelik II
--played British, French and Italians against each other
--built up arsenal of modern weapons
--defeated Italians in Battle of Adowa
--modernized Ethiopia
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Algeria
• Algerians, waged active military resistance against the French (lasted for 50 years)
• Samori Touré led Mandingo against French for 16 years; fell as a result of famine
• French ultimately controlled much of North and West Africa
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Maji Maji Rebellion
• German East Africa, 1905-06
• Villagers resisted switch to cotton (cash crop, not food)
• Belief in maji-maji (magic water) for protection
• Slaughter of 30% of population
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China• British established Opium trade in
China, leading to widespread addiction, and refused to end this drug trade
• China suffered humiliating defeat—forced to sign Treaty of Nanjing
• Britain got Hong Kong
• Treaty Ports established
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China• Taiping Rebellion
--and other resistance caused internal pressure on Qing government
--30 million people died
--Qing government tried to update education system, diplomatic service and military with mixed results
• Foreign nations established spheres of influence
--Gained control over China’s economy
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China--Boxer Rebellion• U.S. urged Open Door Policy to
open trade between China and all foreign traders
-Outcome: Policy protected U.S. trade rights in China and protected China from colonization
-Outcome: China still under control of foreign powers
• Boxer Rebellion—Chinese citizens rebelled against foreigners• European military forces ended
rebellion; Qing dynasty collapsed
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Modernization in Japan • American motive—to convince Japanese
to open their ports to trade
• U.S. benefits—U.S. could use two ports
• Meiji modernization—
--a. studied western gov’t and culture;
--b. adopted best aspects of western civilization;
--c. modernized the military;
--d. universal public education;
--e. industrialization
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Modernization in Japan• Korea—Both Japan and China wanted
trade and military posts in Korea
• Sino-Japanese War—China sent troops to help Korea’s king put down a rebellion, violating its treaty with Japan
• S-J War Consequences—Japan drove Chinese out of Korea, destroyed Chinese navy, gained territory in Manchuria; Japan gained first colonies
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Modernization in Japan
• Causes of Russo-Japanese War--Russia refused to stay out of Korea, Japan refused to recognize Russian rights in Manchuria; Japan attacked Russia
• Consequences—Japan forced Russia out of Korea, captured Russia’s Pacific fleet, destroyed Russia’s Baltic fleet
• Ruling Korea—Harsh rulers: shut down Korean newspapers, took over schools, took land, prohibited Koreans business
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India:
• Mughal Empire collapses; British East India Co. gained control of India• British establish a railroad network in India
to transport raw materials and manufactured goods; India becomes increasingly valuable to British
• British force emphasis on cash crops; cause famine; villagers no longer self-sufficient
• Sepoy Mutiny occurs and uprisings spread over much of northern India• British gov’t took direct control of India
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British Imperialism in India: Outcomes
• Nationalism grew in India, along with calls for modernization and westernization
• Indians form Indian National Congress, which calls for self-government
• British partition Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections; Indians find it more difficult to gain independence because they were divided
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Hawaii• American companies such as
Dole Pineapple Company established sugar and fruit plantations
• U.S. supported overthrow of Hawaiian monarch, Queen Liliuokalani
• U.S. annexed Hawaii as a territory, then a state (1959)
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Cuba
Who were the Imperialists?
Originally Spain, then the U.S.
How did the US gain/maintain control?
Economic Imperialism▪US Businesses established holdings in Cuba▪ 1898 Spanish-American War: When Cubans fought Spanish for independence, US supported their fight (probably more self-interested than concerned for oppressed Cubans)
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Imperialism: Cuba and Latin America• U.S. feared that European
powers would try to re-conquer Latin American countries—issued Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine
OUTCOMES
U.S. installed military government in Cuba and exerted control over Cuban affairs; Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines became U.S. territories
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Panama
• Panama was part of the South American country, Colombia
• Colombia would not allow the U.S. to build a canal
• The U.S. supported a civil war, helped Panama get independence from Colombia
• The U.S. built the Panama Canal, which opened in 1914
• Panama gained control of canal December 31, 1999
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• Santa Anna—1821 fought for independence from Spain and in 1829 fought to keep Spain from retaking control;
• Became Mexico’s president four times (1833-1855);
• Lost Texas and California to the U.S. in Mexican-American War (1845-48);
• Exiled—returned to Mexico poor, blind, powerless, forgotten (1874)
Turmoil and Change in Mexico
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Turmoil and Change in Mexico• Benito Juarez—poor Zapotec
Indian, gained education, law degree;
• Started liberal reform movement, La Reforma(1840s-50s);
• Became president 1861-72;
• Legacy of peace, progress and reform
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Turmoil and Change in Mexico• Porfirio Diaz—noted military general;
• Took control of Mexico in military coup 1876-1911;
• Offered land, power, and favors to supporters and terrorized opponents;
• Elections became meaningless; rich got richer and the poor got poorer.
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• Francisco Madero—ran for president, arrested by Diaz;
• Called for Revolution;
• Won election after Diaz stepped down 1911-1913
• Replaced by military leader Victoriano Huerta, who likely was responsible for Madero’s assassination
Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution
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Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution
EmilianoZapata—led army in southern Mexico; called for reform, “Land and Liberty”
Pancho Villa —led army in
northern Mexico;
“Robin Hood” —stole from
rich to give to poor
Overthrew Huerta to put Venustiano Carranza in power.
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Venustiano Carranza—overthrew Huerta’s government, Turned his army on Villa and Zapata (his former allies); Began revising Mexico’s constitution but did not support final version—overthrown 1920Civil War ended with more than 1 million Mexican people dead.
Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution
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New Mexican Constitution
• Adopted 1917
• Promoted education, land reforms (broke up large estates), and women’s rights
• Supported by new leader, Alvaro Obregón
• United Mexico with nationalist emphasis
• In 1929, Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) took over; not tolerant of opposition, but enforced period of peace, stability