IMPERIALISM: MAKING OF THE EUROPEAN GLOBAL ORDERCHAPTER 24

AP World History

Big Picture Western European industrialization fundamentally

altered the nature of European overseas expansion.

In previous times, 3 Gs: Gold, God, & Glory Sought desired material goods, in Americas seized lands for plantation

crops. Countries in Europe were little interested in acquiring

expensive/unstable distant possessions, but men on the spot were drawn into local struggles as they sought to advance or defend their interests.

Christian missionaries sought converts. In competition with Islam. Industrialization brought new motives for expansion, including:

Raw materials were needed to fuel industrial growth Markets were required for its manufacturing production Christian proselytizing continued, but private initiative replaced state

direction Increased power, fear of other imperial rivalries more than indigenous

opposition. This pushed the Europeans into and occupied territories once closed

to them by disease or local resistance.

European Colonial TerritoriesBefore and After 1800

The Shift to Land Empires in Asia

The Dutch Advance on Java Established Batavia 1619

Initially paid tribute to sultan of Mataram 1670s started to take

part in political rivalry between claimants to the throne of Mataram

Dutch used firearms & trained army

These succession wars ended by 1750 with the domination of the whole island by the Dutch

The Shift to Land Empires in Asia

Stages of Dutch Expansion in Java

The Shift to Land Empires in Asia

Pivot of World Empire: The Rise of the British Rule in India

British East India Company Gained power as the Mughal Empire

diminished Sepoys used to fight wars

Seploys were Indian troops trained in European-style fighting

Five major wars were fought during the 18th century British assume power after defeat of the French, additionally: Battle of Plassey, 1757

Robert Clive defeats Bengal ruler British control Bengal 

The Shift to Land Empires in Asia

The Consolidation of British Rule Mughal decline gives British opportunity

Presidencies Capitals: Madras, Bombay, Calcutta Directly ruled India

However, the rest of India was indirectly ruled  Were controlled through agents at Indian rulers’ courts

By the beginning of the 19th century, India was becoming Britain’s major colonial possession. Empire’s largest colonized population.

Indians to served in British-led armies, powerful land force Indian ports were vital to British sea power.

Manufactured goods, overseas investment, and raw materials.

The Shift to Land Empires in Asia

The Growth of the British Empire in India,From the 1750s to 1858

The Shift to Land Empires in Asia

Early Colonial Society in India and Java The Europeans at first were content to leave

Asian social systems intact. The previous rulers ended up performing

most of the daily administrative tasks. They formed a new class on top of existing

hierarchies European a dominant class

Europeans adopted themselves to indigenous culture in order to survive. local styles of dress, food, housing, work

habits, and political symbols. Since most of the Europeans were men,

they lived with and married indigenous women.

The Shift to Land Empires in Asia

Social Reform in the Colonies Rampant corruption among British East India Company

officials (Nabobs) from the 1770s, which contributed to a disastrous famine in Bengal, forced reform. Accountable to British government 1790s Indians excluded from administration

Lord Charles Cornwallis   Evangelical religion worked to…

Social reform sought to End slave trade End sati

English language was the key to reform The reforms enacted were a turning point in global

history. Essential components of Western culture were

introduced into the Indian world. Attempt to reshape colonial society

Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914

Unequal Combat Industrial Revolution increased Western military superiority over the rest of the world.

Mass-produced weapons Machine gun, rendered the massed charge suicidal

Railroads, steam ships greater mobility. Africans and Asians still fought fiercely against the imperialists

Few won victories or long-delayed conquests The Zulu, defeated a British force at Isandhlwana in 1879 Guerrilla tactics in Vietnam, prolonged, but did not defeat

By 1914, all of Africa but Ethiopia and Liberia had fallen to Europeans In southeast Asia, only Siam was independent. China, Persia, and the Middle East remained unoccupied, but strong

informal European political and economic influence was present. Britain dominated overseas commerce and empire building during

the first half of the 19th century; from then on, Britain was challenged by Belgium, France, Germany, and the United States.

The Partition of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, to 1914

Industrial Rivalries and the Partition of the World, 1870-1914

Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change

"Tropical dependencies" Africa, Asia, South Pacific

Europeans rule indigenous peoples Settler colonies (2 types)

#1"White Dominions" Inhabitants mostly Europeans their descendants indigenous peoples were few. Examples: Canada, Australia

#2 “Contested Settler Colonies” Large numbers of Europeans Large indigenous numbers

European and indigenous peoples clashed control of local resources questions of social or cultural difference.

Examples: South Africa, Algeria, New Zealand, Kenya, and Hawaii

Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change

Colonial Regimes and Social Hierarchies in the Tropical Dependencies Cultural influence

Exploited ethnic and cultural divisions --- ‘tribes’ Minorities, especially Christians, were favored in colonial

recruiting English (western) language education (Java & India) Missionaries run schools (Africa)

European racial prejudices blocked higher education for most Africans. Asians had more opportunities, but fear of such education denied

graduates appropriate positions. Such policies greatly stunted the growth of a Western-oriented

middle class Changing Social Relations Between Colonizers and the Colonized

European communities grow Increasing segregation

Relations with indigenous women were not favored Ideas of white supremacy

Africans were put at the bottom of racial hierarchies, most non-white, if appeared non-civilized were put in a category of savages

Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change

Shifts in Methods of Economic Extraction Attempted to introduce scientific agricultural techniques Produce cheaper and more abundant raw materials

Drive to increase production, lower costs Many colonies reduced to dependency Railways, roads built to serve extraction

Settler Colonies in South Africa and the Pacific Relations varied Disease decimates in some cases Some native peoples Westernized Some more resistant

The Afrikaners (Boers- mainly Dutch, German and French ancestry), and their native tongue is Afrikaans, a language closely related to Dutch. Formed two interior republics during the 1850s and remained

independent until Discovery of diamonds (1867) Gold (1885)

Boer wars (1899-1902) & Afrikaner defeat in 1902

Patterns of Dominance: Continuity and Change

Pacific Tragedies demographic disaster and social disruption New Zealand

1790s, first Europeans Alcoholism, prostitution spread Maoris adopt firearms 1850s, change British farmers, herders arrive

Maoris pushed into interior Adopt European culture

Hawaii - James Cook Prince Kamehameha Westernization

1810, rules Hawaiian kingdom Disease devastates population

Shift-exploited the economy by establishing a plantation sugar system

Asian workers American settlers Push for annexation

Weak rulers pushed out 1893, last ruler deposed (Queen Liliuokalani)

1898, annexed by United States