Imperialism: Japan/China

by Dean Sarigumba, Matthew Kiely,Sachit Sunil, and Sagar Rawal

China: Spheres of Influence● An area in which another nation has power of the native country

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China: How are Spheres Formed?● Previous wars in China by the British and French weakened China’s power● China attempts to ban the sale of Opium, but Britain refuses and fights China & wins securing ports for trade● China by late 1880’s is viewed as weak

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China: Prelude to Spheres ● China attempts to control Korea, in the Sino-Japanese war with Japan● Korea is a good natural harbor for trade● Assertion of Chinese power to West ● China loses war● China forced by stronger countries to open ports

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China: The Struggle is Real● Because of China’s failed wars

○ Forced to open ports in the treaties of wars lost○ Loses over 50 of its sea-ports

■ Countries include

● Russia● Japan● Germany● Great Britain

○ European countries divide China into “Spheres of Influence”■ The foreign countries basically run those areas

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Preface to the Open Door Policy

●China loses Sino-Japanese War

●America wins Spanish-American

War

●America interested

in China

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Creation of the Open Door Policy● Written in 1899 by William W. Rockhill● Provided:

Free access to portsOnly Chinese government could collect taxes on

tradesNo one gets exemptions from paying dues/charges

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Acceptance of Open Door Policy● Sent to Great Britain, Russia, Germany, Italy, France, and Japan by Secretary of State John Hay● All powers attempted to avoid it, but it was eventually “accepted” in 1900

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Events Effecting Open Door Policy

● Boxer Rebellion

○ Second set of notes

● Russo-Japanese War

○ Land Takeover

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Boxer Rebellion - Where and What it is

● Officially supported peasant

uprising of 1900 that attempted to

drive all foreigners from China

● “Boxers” was the term foreigners

gave to the Chinese Group

Yihequan (Righteous and

Harmonious Fists)

● Group practiced certain boxing

and rituals that made others

believe they were invulnerable

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Boxer Rebellion - How and Why

● Offshoot of the Eight Trigrams Society (Baguajiao)

● They had many rebellions against the Qing Dynasty

● The Boxers aim was to rid of the Qing Dynasty and the Westerners

● Boxers first increased their power in Northern China due to economic

impoverishment, aggression, and more

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Boxer Rebellion - Joining Hands

● They stopped going against the

Dynasty and joined hands to defeat the

foreigners

● Christian Converts provoked them; by

late 1899 Boxers were openly attacking

the Chinese Christians and Western

Missionaries

● In Beijing the Boxers burned churches

and killed Christians on sight

● By 1900 they were more than a

100,000 strong and were led by Tzu’u

Hzi

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Boxer Rebellion - Freedom

● The German minister was murdered and

many foreigners were held hostage in the

Roman Catholic Cathedral in Beijing

● On August 14, 1900, an international force

came to Beijing and freed all the foreigners

being held hostage

● The Dynasty had fallen and the Boxer

Rebellion had failed

● Foreign troops were permanently placed and

China was forced to pay $333 Million as a

penalty for the Rebellion

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Japanese Imperialism (1894-1910)

Reasons for Expansion:●Respect from Western countries●Military security●Resources for industrialization●Overpopulation on mainland●Markets

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Countries expanded into (reasons):●Korea (raw materials, farmland, security)●China (raw materials, market, farmland)●Hokkaido (farmland, lumber)●Okinawa (resources, security)

Events Leading to the Russo-Japanese War

● Sino-Japanese War○ Forced Japan to relinquish the

Liaotung Peninsula

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● Russia gains Port Arthur (at the tip of the Peninsula)

● Russia allies with China against Japan○ Builds the Trans-Siberian Railroad Manchuria-Vladivostok

● Russia withdraws its troops from Manchuria (NE China) in 1903

Russo-Japanese War: Initiation

● (Feb. 8th, 1904) Japan attacks Port Arthur

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● (March - May) Japanese forces land in Korea/Liaotung Peninsula

● (June 14th and August 25th) Russia loses battles at Fu-hsien and Liao-yung respectively○ Cause Russian forces to retreat north to Mukden

Russo-Japanese War: Falling Action

● (Jan. 2nd, 1905) Port Arthur is besieged, Russian commander surrenders the fort

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● (Feb. - Mar., 1905) Russian troops in Mukden are defeated

● (May 27th - 28th, 1905) Russian Baltic Fleet is defeated in the Tsushima Strait on it’s way to the Peninsula

● (Aug. 9th - Sept. 5th, 1905) Peace conference held

○ Mediated by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt, held at Portsmouth, NH, U.S.

○ Japan gains Peninsula, Port Arthur, South Manchurian Railroad, half of Sakhalin Island

○ Russia evacuates Manchuria, restored to China

○ Japan’s control over Korea is recognized

Imperialism At its Finest China + Japan

Dean Sarigumba

Matt Kiely Sachit Sunil

Sagar Rawal