Imperialism
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Transcript of Imperialism
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Imperialism
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Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating
weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.
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A coaling station for steamships, Cape Town, South Africa
How Did Imperialism Begin?
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The Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-18th century
• Britain’s advantages
• The spread of industrialization
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Economic Motives
Industrialized nations sought:
• Raw materials• Natural resources• A cheap labor
supply• New
marketplaces for manufactured goods
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Technological Advances
• The steam engine• Better transportation• Increased exploration• Improvements in communication
The steamboat Herald (with mounted machine guns) on the Zambezi river in Africa
One of the first steam engines
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British troops fighting forces in Benin in 1897
The Maxim Gun
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Exploration
• David Livingstone• Mapping the “Dark
Continent”
David Livingstone
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Ideological Motives• A desire to “civilize” non-Europeans
also spurred the development of imperialism
• Social Darwinism
Darwin’s handwritten cover page for The Origin of Species
Herbert Spencer
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“The White Man’s Burden”
Take up the White Man’s burden—
Send forth the best ye breed—
Go, bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives’ need;
To wait, in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild—
Your new-caught sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden—
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain,
To seek another's profit
And work another's gain.
By Rudyard Kipling
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The “White Man’s Burden” appeared in children’s books and
even in advertisements of the time period.
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Nationalism• 19th-century political
changes
• Allegiance to one’s country rather than to a monarch
• Role of the “common people”
• Unification movements
• Militarism Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi (on horseback) leading an attack in Palermo, Sicily
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Other strong nations emerged in the mid-1800s as the result of political and economic changes in Europe and beyond.
German Unification
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The Scramble for Africa Begins
King Leopold II of Belgium
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Henry Morton Stanley in 1869
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
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Steamboat Stanley on the Congo River
The International African Association
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The Berlin Conference
Established a set of agreed-upon rules regarding the competition among the great powers for colonies in Africa
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EgyptThe Suez Canal in 1875, six years after it opened
• The Suez Canal• Shares in the canal
held by France, Egypt• Britain buys out
Egypt’s interest• Egyptian financial
crisis• 1882 uprisings• British invade and
occupy Egypt
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By 1914, only two African nations
remained independent
European Control of Africa
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Cecil Rhodes
• British imperialist who made huge profits from Africa’s natural resources
• Founder of the state of Rhodesia in Africa
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This cartoon depicts British imperial ambitions to control the entire African continent.
“The Rhodes Colossus”
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A Closer Look at Imperialism in Africa
• European quest to control natural resources
• Doing so led to drastic changes in the infrastructure of the continent
The port of Zanzibar around 1900
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Improvements in Transportation and Communication
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Direct vs. Indirect RuleEuropean nations chose one of two different paths
when it came to colonial rule:Indirect rule: colonies were given a degree of internal autonomy
Example: Nigeria
Direct rule: the colony was directly administered by the colonizer
Example: Senegal
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South Africa• The Dutch first
arrived on the Cape of Good Hope in the late 17th century.
• Europeans soon began to settle on the Cape, taking land and forcing the natives out.
Jan van Riebeeck landing on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652
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The Great Trek, 1835–1843
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In 1867, diamonds
were discovered in South Africa; in 1886, gold
was discovered.
Diamond mining in South Africa
Diamonds and Gold
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British troops landing on the Cape
• Dutch and British troops fought for control of the Cape
• The British prevailed
The Boer War, 1899–1902
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In the 1700s, China enjoyed a
favorable balance of trade.
China
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The Power of Opium
• By 1779, the British East India Company was importing opium into China
• Within a generation, opium addiction in China became widespread
Mandarin with Opium Pipe
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The East India Company’s opium factory stacking room
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China and Britain Clash over Opium
Chinese unloading opium from a British ship
In 1839, a Chinese official demanded that the opium trade in Guangzhou (Canton) stop. The British refused, and war ensued.
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The British navy attacks
The Opium War: 1839–1842
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The Treaty of Nanjing
Britain gained • Control of Hong
Kong• The right to trade
in five major cities
• Extraterritoriality• The legalization
of opium in China
The signing of the Treaty of Nanjing aboard the British ship Cornwallis
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Treaty Ports
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U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
• Turmoil in China• “Spheres of
influence”• “Open Door” policy
formulated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
• No nations formally accepted Hay’s proposal, but they didn’t counter the Open Door policy’s provisions either
The Open Door Policy
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Catholic cathedral in Shanghai
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American, Japanese, and British troops storming Beijing
The Boxer Rebellion, 1899
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Signing of the Boxer Protocol
• China was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol• Required to pay
damages to Europeans
• Forced to allow foreign soldiers to live in Beijing
The Boxer Protocol
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Nationalism increased in
China as groups fought to not
only rid China of foreigners, but to end centuries of imperial rule.
Chinese Nationalism
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Japan had closed its doors to the world in the 1600s
Japan
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In the mid-1800s, the U.S. opened Japan to trade; soon, it too became a
strong industrialized
nation.
Japanese admire gifts brought by U.S. Commodore Perry
The “Opening” of Japan
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The Meiji Restoration
• Tokugawa Shogunate overthrown by imperial forces
• Emperor Mutsuhito ruled 1867–1912
• Modernization
Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito
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Japanese battleship Shikishima
Japanese Modernization
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Japanese Industrialization
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A Japanese print depicting Japan's naval victory
in the Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War
• 1904–1905• Japan and
Russia fought for control of Manchuria
• Japan won easily; Russia was humiliated
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Axis rally in Tokyo, 1937
Japanese Empire-Building, 1929–1939
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Women at work on a power loom mill
The United States
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The Monroe Doctrine• Part of President
Monroe’s 1823 Message to Congress
• Warned European powers not to interfere with Western Hemisphere affairs or overthrow independent republics there
• Promised the U.S. wouldn’t interfere with European affairs or colonies
Political cartoon titled “Keep Off!”
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Queen Liliuokalani, the last reigning queen of Hawaii
• Independent kingdom in the Pacific Ocean
• Became a republic in 1894
• Annexed by the United States in 1898
Hawaii
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The United States gained control of
Spanish colonies in the Pacific and the Caribbean, most notably Cuba and the Philippines.
The wreck of the Maine
The Spanish-American War
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A native district of Manila burning
The Philippines • Filipino rebels fought alongside U.S. soldiers against the Spanish
• U.S. fails to grant the Philippines independence after the war
• U.S.-Filipino fighting breaks out in 1899 and continues for years
• Philippines didn’t gain independence until 1946
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The Panama CanalConstruction of the canal’s Miraflores Lock
• De Lesseps obtains canal rights from Colombia
• U.S. buys rights in 1903• U.S. backs Panamanian independence
• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty• Panama as U.S.
protectorate• Canal completed in 1914
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Imperialism in India
• Vasco da Gama• Post in Calicut• The spice trade
Vasco da Gama and the ruler of Calicut
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Mughal Emperor Jahangir receives Sir Thomas Roe
The British East India Company
• Sir Thomas Roe meets with Mughal Emperor Jahangir
• The British East India Company gains a monopoly on trade with India
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Cotton bales on Cotton Green, Bombay, early 1900s
Cash Crops in India
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The Battle of Plassey, 1757
Robert Clive
• Nabob of Bengal seizes Calcutta, imprisons British East India Company workers
• Nabob supported by the French
• British troops win a major victory at Plassey
• Victory drives the French from India, giving Britain a monopoly on trade
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Improvements in India’s Infrastructure
In India, the British built:
• The world’s third largest railroad system
• Telephone and telegraph lines
• Dams, bridges, and canals
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The Sepoy Rebellion• Sepoys: Indian
soldiers who served under British commanders
• 1857: Sepoys refused to use ammunition greased with pork/beef fat
• Full-scale rebellion broke out
• After quashing the rebellion, the British took control of India
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“The Jewel in the Crown”
In this 1897 map of the world, British possessions are outlined in red and shaded pink.
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French Indochina
“French Indochina” encompassed a number of self-governing regions in Southeast Asia, including modern-day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.
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Saigon harbor, circa 1887
The French Imperial System in Indochina
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British forces land at Rangoon (now Yangon), Burma, 1824
Burma
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The Legacy of Imperialism
• World War I• Economic Consequences• Third-World Nationalism
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World War I
British troops on the front line, Somme area, 1916
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Economic Consequences
Tea workers on a plantation in Assam, India, circa 1950
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Third-World Nationalism
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The Legacy of Imperialism
Mozambican war refugees, 1978
Caricature of former Ugandan dictator Idi Amin