IMPERIALISM

A.P. World

Feb. 7, 2020

DEFINITION

Domination by one country

of the political, economic, or

cultural life of another

country or region

BRAINSTORM

Why did industrialized

countries participate in

imperialism?

IMPERIALISM

Domination by one country

of the political, economic, or

cultural life of another

country or region

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Imperialism

Forms

Africa

India

Ottoman Empire and Egypt

China

Japan

Picture

FORMS OF IMPERIALISM

• Direct Rule: Control over all levels of

government, put soldiers and officials in positions

of power, imposed culture on natives

• Indirect Rule: Used local rulers to govern

• Protectorate: Local rulers are left in control, but are

expected to follow orders of European leaders. Less

expensive than a colony and did not require as much

military force

• Sphere of Influence: Area where an outside

power claims exclusive investment or trading

rights

AFRICA

WEST AFRICA

• NATIVES: Asante tribe. Traded with

Europeans and Muslims, controlling

other African states

• Colonized by France, Great Britain,

Germany, Spain, and Portugal

AFRICA

INTERIOR OF AFRICA

• Areas along the Niger, Nile,

and Congo Rivers

• Missionaries: Europeans who

spread Christianity to

civilizations in Africa

• Livingstone

• Paternalistic

• Colonized by Belgium

AFRICA

SOUTH AFRICA

• NATIVES: Zulu tribe, led by Shaka.

They conquered nearby territories

and fought with the Boers.

• Boers: decedents of the Dutch in

the Cape Colony who were

escaping British rule

• BOER WAR: 1889-1902, Conflict

between the British and the Boers,

defeated by the British

AFRICA

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

• King Leopold II of Belgium

• Said he was exploring the Congo in order to “civilize” the

natives, but really was to exploit the resources and labor

• Made the Congo Free State his “personal colony,” making

profit off of copper, ivory, and rubber

• Treated natives horribly, population declined dramatically

• Berlin Conference, 1884

• Recognized Leopold’s claims in the Congo, but required

free trade along Congo and Niger rivers

• To claim a part of African territory, had to set up a

government office there

AFRICA

Resistance

• By the early 1900s, Europeans had claimed most

of Africa.

• Colonizers did not pay attention to existing

ethnic lines when they established boundaries

• Led to nationalists movements for

independence in early 1900s

• Ethiopia

• Resisted colonization and remained

Independent

• Menelik II: ruler that modernized the

country, reforms in education,

transportation, and military training

INDIA

• PRIOR TO

COLONIZATION

• Large population and

many different cultures

• Population was very

fragmented

• EAST INDIA COMPANY

• Goals:

• British joint-stock company

used by England to make

money and westernize the

country to facilitate trade

• “Divide and Rule”

• Tactic used by the British to

take advantage of the diverse

population, encouraged

competition between the

groups

INDIA

• IMPACT ON GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY

• British controlled all top government positions in the

army and the civil service

• Built roads and railways to help sell goods and transport

resources

• Flooded India with inexpensive goods, ruining native

industries

• Forced to only grow cash crops, led to deforestation and

famine

• British controlled 3/5 of India

INDIA

SEPOY REBELLION, 1857

• SEPOY: Indian soldiers under

British rule

• British required Sepoys to

serve anywhere in the world

• British armed them, but had

to bite the tips off of the

bullets, which were greased

in animal fat, against their

religion

• British imprisoned them, so

the Sepoys rebelled and

killed many British

• India placed under the

Crown in 1858

NATIONALISM

• Indian National

Congress, 1885

• Formed as a response

to colonization

• Party calling for

democracy, self-rule, and

modernization in India

OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND EGYPT

Ottoman Empire

• Multiethnic empire in Northern Africa,

Eastern Europe, and the Middle East

• France, Russia, and Germany moved

into the area

• Armenian Genocide

• Armenians were Christians living in the

Eastern part of the Empire

• Ottoman Turks were Muslim, accused

Armenians of plotting with the Russians

to dismantle the empire, leading to the

death of 600,000-1.5 million Armenians

OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND EGYPT

Egypt

• Muhammad Ali: father of modern Egypt

• Introduced many reforms

• taxes, irrigation, and industrialization

• Suez Canal:

• Connects the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea

• British eventually gained control over the canal

• Helped make trade easier

• Becomes a protectorate of Britain in 1882

CHINA PRIOR TO COLONIZATION

• Strict limits on foreign trade

• Opium War, 1839

• British made huge profits selling Indian Opium for Chinese Tea

• Chinese became addicted to opium, hurting the economy

• Chinese government outlawed opium, but British refused to stop trading and Chinese defeated by British military

• Taiping Rebellion

• Huge amounts of poverty and corruption by the Qing dynasty

• Led to a massive peasant revolt, 20-30 million Chinese died.

• Weakened the power of the government

CHINA

SPHERE OF INFLUENCE

• Japan, Britain, France, Germany, and Russia

carved up “spheres” to facilitate trade with

China

• Open Door Policy

• US wanted to ensure Chinese trade

would be open to all nations equally, did

not like the spheres of influence

• Accepted by the imperial powers, but

China was not consulted

CHINA

RESISTANCE

• Boxer Rebellion, 1900

• Righteous Harmonious Fists

• Secret society that wanted to remove all foreign influence from China

• Attacked foreigners in China

• Western countries and Japan sent in support to help foreigners, ending the rebellion

• Sun Yixian

• Wanted to rebuild China based on

• 1. Nationalism, 2. Democracy 3. Economic Security

• Became first president of the new Chinese republic in 1911

JAPAN

PRIOR TO COLONIZATION

• Closed to foreigners

• Matthew Perry

• Brought US Navy into Tokyo

Bay in 1853, demanding

Japan to open ports

• Treaty of Kanagawa, 1854

Opened two ports to

American ships, not for

trade

• Eventually, Japan gave

trading rights to many

Western nations

MEIJI RESTORATION

• Wanted to westernize Japan

• Strong and autocratic

central government, equality

before the law, limited voting

rights, required military

service

• Modern banking, roads,

telegraphs, ports, and

factories

• Zaibatsu: banking and

industrial families

JAPAN

AVOIDING

WESTERN

CONTROL

• Strong homogenous

identity

• Had overseas

influence in China and

Korea

MILITARY STRENGTH

• First Sino-Japanese War

• Gained ports in China and control over Taiwan

• Russo-Japanese War

• Destroyed Russian fleet, gained parts of Manchuria and Korea, leading to an increase in Korean nationalist movements

EFFECTS OF IMPERIALISM