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Balfour

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For rny son

Stuart

First Edition 1974

@ o.c. Nevi11e, 1974

A11 Rights ReservedPrinted and Published in Great Britain

by Balfour Publications (Photo Precision Ltd)St. Ives, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire.

rsBN 0 85944 009 s.

Contents

Preface

Introduction

Historical and Geographical background

Origins of Orders, Decorations and Medals

Classification

Austria

Germany

Index

7

8

9

13

15

t7

27

94

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to acknowledge the help and assistance of the lateColonel C.M. Dodkins, C.B.E., D.S.O., and S. Boxall, Esq., who so kindlyallowed the photography of parts of their unique and splendid collections. Iwould like to extend my thanks also to Christopher Wingate, Esq., and to allothers who have assisted me in the production of this book.

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De Tillens,Limpsfield,Sutey.August 1974

D.G. Netille

Preface

The interest displayed in Orders, Decorations and Medals by collectors throughout the Worldshorvs no sign of diminishing - if anything the contrary is the case. Awards thai only a few yearsago could be found and purchased at a reasonable price are no longer available and the personstarting a collection has no easytask on his hands. Nevertheless the interest is there and there arentany still prepared to devote their time, energy and money to the subject. One, however, of thedepressing aspects of the shortage of good pieces is that it becomes daily more difficult to see orirandle the rarer items. In the absence of the real thing, and nothing can compare with theadvantage of seeing and handling the original, the need for well illustrated text books on thesubject is vital, both to the experienced collector and to the novice venturing into the field for thefirst time. In no area is this more important than in the case of the Imperial German and-\ustrian Empires. Apart from Russia, there are no countries whose insignia are rarer and morehighly sought after. Moreover, there are no modern books in the English language covering thesubject, although publications covering all aspects of the Third Reich appear almost daily. I:ave, therefore, in this volume attempted for the first time in this country to bring together a;u.llection of ribbons of the Orders, Decorations and Medals of the Imperial German and-\ustrian Empires including amongst them as many as possible of the ribbons of the Grand Crosssrades. All the ribbons illustrated are p_hotographed from actual pieces of ribbon in my,iossession which I have collected over a p"iiod oTy"urr. Many of ther" huu" been given to me by"'rher collectors and dealers but the majority have been acquired by the purchase of collections ofribbons made by other persons interested in the subject and by the purchase of the stock ofdbbons held by Military Tailors on their giving up business. The purchase of existing collections'rlribbons is very helpful but very few such items, especially those of a reliable naturi and which;re u'otth acquiring, are now available on the market. In any case there is a great element ofJuplication involved in such acquisitions in proportion to the cost. In my experience the most:uitful source is from defunct Military Tailors. I can remember on one occasion when I:urchased alarge collection, the billiard table at my home was stacked high with a tumbled mass:i tx'isted ribbons of all widths and lengths - ranging from rolls of 60 yards to a few inches of:ibbon. The hrst task was to sort them and this was done by two littte girls, very efficiently and atsmall cost to myself. The interesting part could then start. To this day some of that pirticular;t-llection of ribbons are used as streamers to decorate the house at Christmas, so big ari some of:he rolls of the commoner ribbons. It is also a fact that these specialist tailors seim always to:rar-s $ssn most meticulous in their habits, as such stocks are usually labelled and placed in:eparate envelopes. Not only does this mean that much of the research is done for vou but the:rbbons themselves have not faded.

It must not be thought that there are not considerable variations in the colour of the ribbonsrom rvhich the insignia of the varicius awards are suspended. Whether this is due to changes in,:e method ofdyeing and production ofthe ribbon or to a conscious desire over a period ofy"u.t:.- change the hue, it is quite clear that any variation is not due to fading. To take but a simple;ese. the colour of the ribbon now attached to the French kgion d'Honneur as issued by itreFrench Government bears no relation whatsoever to the colour attached to a similar decorationihortll'after its inception. I consider any piece of ribbon attached to any insignia which is over 50-,:ars old is worth keeping. The rarest ribbons are without a doubt the broad sashes of the Grandi:trsses. My younger son and I have a very large collection of Orders and we concentrate on:rand Cross or First Class insignia of Orders throughout the World. We often purchase a:uplicate Grand Cross just for the purpose of acquiring a Sash and then re-sell the duplicater:si_qnia itself.

-\part from the ribbons illustrated, there are pages of some of the more interesting ImperialLlrman and Austrian Awards. Rare as are some of the ribbons attached, the awards themielves::. e\-en rarer and the numbers in this country, whether in private possession or in museums, are::nparatively small.

Introduction

This book is intended for those interested or concerned with the Ribbons and the Or;':

Decorations and Medals of Imperial Germany and Austria.-pefo1e, however, consideraiior: :--

be given to the subject itself it is necessary to sketch in outline the geographical and hist'-:r:-

background to that purfoftn" Continent oi Europ". In dealing with,;aV, France or Great Bl : -

no such requirement would arise. The lands forming and constitlting such States h.ave ait' 'comparatively little over the last 300 years and

"u"tt"*h"n there have been substantial char"

e.g. Alsace Lorraine, r""n u"*"a"ry aiterations have been clear and distinct' with Austria '- -

pirticularly with Germany this is not the case'

The territory o".rrpi"Jina controlled by Germany and Austria varied continually and it ' -not until 1871 that C"rrnurry as such became a separate State. Even then many of the sr:"'

constituent States which *."i t" make up the German Empire.continued under the Federa''- -

There is the further p-tft- of the intricate pattern of the -various

Princely Ruling Houses " -

existed in the Cerman lands. The numbei of independent states and principalities 5'considerably until the start of the 1fth century, in contrast to a.tendency for the number of.sta'' '

to decrease in other p;;;;i E tope e.g. Italy' 1.his was probablydue to the fact that the 1a\1 '

primogeniture did not apply in ,outry_ iur", lo German iands. Ii had always been the Frani:' -

tradition that upon t6"-d.uittof a ruler, or indeed any landholder-, his lands should be diri;'-between all the ,on, unJ ,rot, as in the feudal states, passing to the eldest son' The ine'itr 'result was the coming together of large areas of land under a strong ruler which then tendec .

,"lurut" upo.r ,u.h u"*G.;t death -i as in the case of Charlemagne' This is also the reason : :

the fact that there ";t.d ;""y such small independent Duchies governed by related Dukes ;

Princes, all descendants of the same ancestor and bearing the namJof the founder of the orisr: 'ruling House e.g. The Duchies of Anhalt-Kijthen, Anhilt-Dessau and Anhalt-Bernburg' Ol''such petty states jointly;h;;;a the same House 6rder which could be awarded by any of r:'rulers concerned - ugii" i"1ft. case of Anhalt, that of Albert the Bear' The names themselr'es ' :

many of the Ruling Uour", are confusing but it is hoped that their relationship to each other r' -become much clearer as this book progtesses'

Historical and Geographical Background

The geographical area of territory covered by the generic name of 'Germany' has, as stated above,varied considerably through the years, reaching its zenith after the conclusion of the successfulu'ar against France in 1870. In the historical sense, three distinct meanings for the term'Germany'exist:t1) the lands called by that name in later Roman times were basically those territories, occupiedby the Barbarians, that lay to the east and south of the river Danube.(2) medieval Germany, far to the east of Europe on the borders of what is now Russia,comprising the frontiers of Mark'Brandenburg, andt3) the Germany of the last 250 years, which is the period with which we are primarily concernedin this book because few Orders, Decorations and Medals existed prior to this date, apart fromOrders such as the Teutonic or Marian Knights.

Austria, on the other hand, comprised lands which lay to the south east of the German landsand had originally gone by the name of Bayerische'Ostmark. Such lands had been colonised inearly medieval times by people of Germanic extraction and by the irear 1300 control of such landshad been acquired by the Hapsburg Dynasty, originally a noble house of Zuich. The territoriesacquired by the Hapsburg Dpasty expanded rapidly by marriage and conquest and by the year1530 Austria comprised not only the area of land colonised by people of Germanic origin but thererritories of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, Lombardy and Venetia in Italy and the independentKingdom of Hungary. These lands were not strictly one Empire but were a heterogeneouseollection of lands in the personal ownership of the Hapsburg Emperor and held by him inconsequence of such right. Since the year 1438, when Albert of Hapsburg was elected HolyRoman Emperor, all subsequent Emperors, with one exception, had been elected from the sameHouse, until the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 upon the abdication of Francis. It isalso important to remember that Austria and the Hapsburgs were Catholic by religion and thatrheir influence over the other States of Germany suffered a drastic set-back after theReformation, even before the emergence of Prussia as the dominbnt State in Nofth Germany.

Until 1806, however, Austria, through the person of its Emperor, remained the Titular leader..f the German territories, despite his possession of vast lands which were not Germanic and'i,hose interests in many cases were diametrically opposed to those of Germany proper.\loreover, Austria had never been a trading nation as such, whereas much of the Germanpopulation were actively engaged in commerce. As we shall see, therefore, the year 1806 marked a

:urning point in the history of the German people when, as a result of the dissolution of the oldHoly Roman Empire, the Austrian Empire started to disengage itself from the affairs of theGerman lands which she had proved inadequate to protect against other European powers,:e-rtably France, and sought to expand to the south-east, where the Turkish influence was:eclining. This withdrawal from the sphere of German influence was not, however, voluntary ori::deed easy. Austria was by its nature essentially Catholic, aristocratic and cultured and its-eaders regarded Prussia, bytheir standards, as abarbaric and upstart Power to be distrusted. The

-ou'ing Germanic way of life, as typified by the Prussian military regime, was found to be:ncreasingly unacceptable to the large proportion of the Empire's population, which was of\lagyar or Czech origin. They were not alone in holding such views. For instance Talleyrand, theareat French Ministei, wrote in 1814 about Prussia 'No scruples stop her, convenience constitutes

-er only right'.Prussia on the other hand, which as we shall see was to become the leader of Germany, was a

S:ate of quite a different nature. The original weakness of the State had lain in the fact that its,.rds were divided into three distinct blocks (1) within the west, The Rhineland, comprisingiJieves, Mark and Ravensburg (2) in the centre, Brandenburg and (3) in the east, Ducal Prussia.lihe Elector of Brandenburg, for as such he was known until Frederick assumed the title of King,:- 1701, exercised a personal authority over these lands rather in the manner that the AustrianEr:rperor in his turn governed a heterogeneous collection of fiefs. As a race the Prussians appear

from early medieval times to have been a quite distinct European type although ther- r.,:::sometimes far from popular uTgnc-,t1"rl "ritr"i; f.rffi?;-JiJ. o, we have seen, as rare ,i1814 Talleyrand could express his iigit""oiln. prussian si"t"--u"t i", earlier Goethe, who 1i,,;:in weimar in centrar Germany

"na .o"ia-tn.refore be ..d;a;;, a typical German, spoke :them as 'Barbarians'' The,essentiat rtr"ngth of the prussifi st;.ly in the belief of its zubjer::that their first dutv lav to the state and aiiottrer matt"r; ;;;;;dinate to that requireme::As a corollar.v of this, military service to ttre itate became th;;;;'und any male inhabitani ::the Prussian lands could expect ut to-. i-i*. to serve in the armies of its King. As a resultsteady expansion between the years 1440 and 1795 Prussia rr"o u"""-. one of the largest porr...iin Europe' whose scattered poisessiont rt."i.t"o from East prussia, acquired from poland in ::.east, to East Friesland in the north_west.

By the end of the 18th .*tu,t ih;-J .u or Europe, apart from prussia, that was to enre:::ultimately as the German Empire, ."-priria u -uititiro" oi ina"p.naent small States a:_Principalities, especially in the west, ru.g;ly'iu. t" ilr" e.""tirrr^i.loition of division on dea::*""t"',*::llt,:llp *:,'-",1und,'. *r'i.ri r""i u."n t.uaitrlr"iiy'mirr. hands of the Hansh,.-.Itt:;,";'f"::::*,:llr".",t*:*'i#;ffi;:?,i"iffi"ff:?"'irli:,1;""1',:i:hIX%'l:.:to be nnailv decided untl 187d *itr' thJe"crili;;?H::t#1;#;:Xil'*;ifiiiJf]lli,l,

,the Treaty of prague. These indep.ra*i'st"t", *rr. ln-*uriy'"ur., governed by autocra.:tJ.'l;?d# l,;!3,H,;:Ttfl:";:lf."",tt";;;;'j';'ll*iilJ'lnii constituted seir governi.It was the emergence of Napoleon I as the Ruler of France that led to an immediate and dras.:change in the situation' In the ye ar l792the emperor of Austria and the King of prussia led the :armies into France, ostensibly in defence ortt.it Kingdo;;, ;;iln'rearitu to check rhe orn.,,i-p.""::l""Jji:.:Tg,r:*it ;}ilF;' ::'i:il1*?f$';?lj 'l";.X'if.:";l::iji.."'..;":-_ravourabre and after the Iiattre

"i v"i-v-i'ii;; il.',;i l,fi:J'#'.,iT;iT,lin3,?i.1?1.,i".countries' the expedition against France hlving urot.n up i";i;;;".. This was followed in 1-n-:by the Treaty of Basle wh;reby Prussia *it1qi"1 r."--Jpp"ril"" to France in exchange for ,promise by the French^ (later io p.ou" *o"thless) that thiy would respect the neutralitv of a..German lands north of a line from Mainz io Sitesia. rrr" !n".f "riliffi;;;#,'i,il1. ,.r=-guarding the immediate interests of the Prussiun r.ingao-, ;;;;;i;""" the French Emperor ti:.to wage war against both Austria ana nuriia withoui .l;k "ii;erence from prussia. This h.did and at the Battle of Austerlitz it i80l' Napoleon utterly defeated the armies of Aus*i;Moreover' despite his promise to prnsrialo atstain r.o- inl""r.rence in the affairs of.th.German States' Nanoleon continued t" ""i"na

the influence "r

e."".". As a result of the peace c:westphalia the German States in ilt"."gil;lrthe Rhine that rr"a*n"t already been absorbed inr_his Empire were' at his instigatio", io-.-.d into a coni.a..ution of the Rhine - its mai:constituents being the states-"of Raiaiia, suorrr, wiirttemberg and cassel. All these had rcrcenturies been indeoendent, but their inhuence and extent *&" no* greatly increased by th.inclusion within their boundari;; ;il;";;^t"ii, r."- rh";;;iathoric Church and the Fre.cities' It was now for the first time ilt"l*" n"a the Rulers of t".f si"t* adopting titles of honou:that until then would have been unthinkabie-in view "ittr" er"rtish tradition. To take bur t*:examples' both the rulers of Bavaria una wii.tt"-u"rg'"rr"-"i"the title of ,King' and thei:states became Kinsdoms. ln the region ornorttrern !"r"?" il;;;rfon *u, no ress acrive. Formin.the Duchy of Berg

"and.the stur"

-o-r-w"ripi

"ii". the ratter r"JJ;hi; personar rure bur under rh:nominal headship of his brother. The iti"ii"ur" ."ruif *ur^ii" ,"-""t.y of prussia into the *,a:against France but in 1806 her u.-i.r-*"r. decisively J"rr"t"a-"t the Battles of Jena ancAuerstadt' until 1812 Napoleon

"ftectively .ontrolled

"ll'G;;;;ry *est of the Elbe but it shoutcnot be thought that the influence or p.urJiu rtua;i;;J u;;;;J J"r"ut of Naporeon in RussiaPrussia once more re-entered the war against France * irr. -rio._

of the Alries, playing .significant part in the final "u.puigtti. i"iii, ,"rp""t it is quite c1eu. thut the prussjan state, no:Austria' constituted the focus .jr .Etltt"r." t tn.

.Fre1c_h and the part taken by Austria in theconflict was insignificant by "ompu.iron. As a result of the Congresi of vienna, held to re_dra,,,,

r0

the lines of Europe, Prussia gained considerably. It was clear to all present that, so far as theGerman lands were concerned, little would be achieved by fragmenting them into their pre-1800position. Out of a total of 360 separate autonomous States and Principalities that had existedprior to 1795 only 39 were to continue to survive. Prussia gained the most, taking lands of thepuppet State of Westphalia including Minden-Paderborn, the Ruhr lands, Lippe and the FreeCity of Essen.

The result, therefore, of the Napoleonic wars was to rationalise the States of Germany into 39autonomous units, but even this reduction in their numbers was quite ineffective to cope with thepractical difficulties that were arising in an area of great industrial and economic growth. EachState had its own separate system of customs and excise levies - some even had their own!-urrency - and with the onset of the railway age with its tentacles spreading across Europe, thisposition was untenable. The obvious solution was the unification of Germany, but considerableCifficulties existed. The north of Germany was predominantly Protestant and under Prussianlomination while the south was largely Catholic and under the influence, if not domination, of-\ustria. Futhermore, as we have seen, there were large territories within the Austro-HungarianEmpire which were populated by people of non-Germanic origin and customs. Again, the FreeCities of the Hanseatic League were very independent and fiercely resented the interference ofPrussia. The first expression of the desire for unification was the summoning of an embyroGerman Assembly in 1848 at Frankfurl-on-Main, at which Austria took part, resulting from the:rpression of democratic fervour in the overthrow of the French Emperor Louis Philippe in Parisrn the same year. The conference, however, eventually broke up with little achieved, due to the..pen opposition of Austria and with Prussia remaining neutral.

In the meantime the influence of the Prussian State was still growing and the appointment ofBismark in 1862 as the leading Minister of Prussia brought mattqrs to a head. Bismark was,-onvinced that the future of Germany lay in its unification under the influence of Prussia but.;'ith the exclusion of Austria. The role he saw for Austria was that of an independent State,.utside Germany constituting a buffer between the German territories proper and those ofRussia in the Balkans. Meanwhile, in 1837, upon the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne ofGreat Britain, the operation of the Salic Law, whereby descent is traced only through the male.ine, caused the throne of Hanover to pass to Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. One of the:.:rain obstacles to unification had therefore been removed in that the interests of the BritishRuling House were no longer directly tied to Germany. Events followed quickly after this. Warrroke out between Prussia and Austria over the possession of the Duchies of Schleswig andHolstein. Hardly had this minor conflict been resolved when Austria declared war on Prussia in1186 and enlisted the aid ofthe States ofHanover, Saxony and Bavaria. The result was defeat for,\ustria and her allies at the Battle of Kiiniggratz and for the Hanoverians at Langensalza. Once:rore Prussia secured immense advantages, incorporating within her territories the Kingdom ofHanover, the Duchy of Nassau, Hesse-Cassel, Frankfurt and part of Hesse-Darmstadt. TheSrates of Saxony and Bavarib were allowed to remain independent but the states of North andScruth Germany were formed into two separate Confederations:-l. The North German Confederation, under the Presidency of Prussia, out of which Prussia'sllrpulation represented some 25 million people from a total of 30 million. The area of such States::nged on the one hand from Prussia with- a territory of 135,000 square miles to that ofSihaumburg-Lippe with 171 square miles. The States comprising the Confederation were:PrussiaSaxony\ lecklenburg- SchwerinOldenburgB:unswickReussI-{amburg

Saxe-WeimarMeckienburg-StrelitzAnhaltSaxe-MeiningenCoburg and GothaSchaumburg-LippeLubeck

Saxe-AltenburgLippeWaldeckSchwarzburg-RudolstadtSchwarzburg- SondershausenReuss-GreizBremen

{s u'e shall see, most of these States awarded Orders, Decorations and Medals of their own.

l1

2. The South Getman Confederation of the States south of the river Main, largely Catholictradition. The States comprising the Confederation were:BavariaWiirttemberg

Liechtenstein

The total population of these States was about 10 million persons, with a total area of at'".*.48,000 square miles. Again, all of these States awarded their own Orders, Decorations a:-:Medals.

By the terms of the Treaty of Prague, Austria was excluded specifically from Germany, and r:.States comprising the two Confederations continued in the above form until the proclamation ::the German Empire on 18th January, 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, following r, .defeat of France by the North German Confederation. The South German Confederatic:,although taking no part in the war, had not come to the aid of France, nor had Austria. Bisma:.-persuaded the members of the South German Confederation to agree to the final unification rGermany, but with great reluctance on the part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, and the constiturir -

was finally adopted on lTth April of that year. The German Empire was to comprise r:-=territories and States covered by both Confederations, plus the conquered land ofAlsace-Lorrai::.taken from defeated France. The constituent States were now to comprise four Kingdoms. i.;those of Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria and Wiirttemberg, three Free Cities, i.e. Hamburg, Breme:and Lubeck, eighteen other States and the Imperial teritory of Alsace-Lorraine. The King c:Prussia became the German Emperor.

It is useful at this juncture to consider the contrasting characters of two men, the first, who rr'es

at this moment in time the Ruler of the Austrian Empire, and the second, who was within lr-years to become German Emperor. The former was to control the destiny of the Austrian Empircuntil 1916 and the latter that of the German Empire until 1918.

Francis Joseph had ascended the Austrian throne as long ago as 1848. By nature probatl'.shallow and conventional, he had done his best over these years to gov€rn the Dual Kingdom. :task which became increasingly difficult owing to the conflict between the interest of the Magl'a:people on the one hand and the Slovaks, Serbs and Roumans on the other. Moreover, surroundecas he was by a rigid bureaucratic administration, he became increasingly out of touch u'itl:current opinion. His reign, spanning the years 1848-1916, comprises within its compass so mani'events and changes of fortune in the affairs of Austria that it is difficult to conceive that they an,

happened in the life-time of one man.'Austria had during.this time lost her lands in Italy, herDuchies of Schleswig-Holstein and been excluded from Germany and suffered many calamitousdefeats at the hands ofthe Prussians. Furthermore his personal life had been far from happy -his wife was assassinated, his son committed suicide and his heir had contracted a morganaticmarriage with his social inferior. Francis Joseph cannot, however, in any way be said to have beenthe architect of World War I. Events and the bureaucratic Austrian administration were to proletoo great an influence on the ailing Emperor and he was persuaded on 3fth July, 1914 to sign thefateful declaration of war against the Serbians - a war for which much of the Austrian Armr'had been waiting and for which it had been prepared for some time.

The German Emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II, was a man of quite a different stamp. In 1888, someforty years after the accession of the Austrian Emperor, he had succeeded to the Imperial Thronewhen a young man of 31. One of his first remarks in his dispute with Bismark was 'There is on11'

one master in this country, and I am he'. The new Sovereign immediately took into his personalcare the future of his country. He was impulsive, vain and egocentric but coupled these qualitieswith others of a more attractive nature such as his capacity for hard work and his powers ofunderstanding. The atmosphere generated, however, was one of pure militarism - and theKaiser saw himself as the German War Lord who required and demanded support from a iargeand increasing army and navy which he was to create and to which the general population ofGermany should give their martial support. Germany became imbued with the Prussianmilitaristic tradition. Germany, representing the Prussian tradition, was now the leader and theAustrian Empire by the outbreak of World War I was the satellite. His encouragement of Austria

BadenHesse

t2

in her disputes in the Balkans and his offers and protestations of support, often made with nofoundation and with no intention of their being carried through, did much to cause the conflict.The fact is that by 1914 the Austrians were completely under the domination of the Kaiser andmany of their actions, including their fateful declaration of war, were made in the mistaken beliefthat the word of the German Emperor could be believed. They were soon to find to their cost thatthis was not the case.

The German Empire was to last until the conclusion of World War I on 11th November 1918.The Kaiser then abdicated as German Emperor and with the consent of the Allies went to live inexile in Holland. The four Kings of the constituent Kingdoms also abdicated. The Austro-Hungarian Empire which had fought on the side of Germany also ceased to exist and her landsu'ere divided. The Treaty of Versailles contained the negotiated terms. Alsace-Lorraine wasreturned to France and the old Kingdom of Poland was once more re-created from lands that hadformerly been its territories and which until the conclusion of the war had belonged to Russia,Austria and Germany. Germany in fact lost all her eastern lands and possessions, some of whichshe had held since the time of the conquests of Frederick the Great. Germany became a Republicand the majority of the numerous Orders, Decorations and Medals, the ribbons of which areillustrated in this book, became obsolete overnight.

The new Republic became known as the Weimar Republic - its constitution being settled atan Assembly held in the town of Weimar in Thuringia. It was a constitution based onproportional representation. The old Imperial flag of the Empire,'with its colours of black, whiteand red, was abolished and replaced by national colours ofblack, red and gold. These had beenthe colours of the abortive assembly at Frankfurt on Main in 1848 and had been the heraldiccolours of medieval Germany. This Republic in its turn fell in 1933 upon the rise to power of-{dolf Hitler. The Republic was abolished and a dictatorship established in which the offices ofPresident and Chancellor were both vested in Hitler. Once more the national flag and colours*'ere changed, this time to the Nazi flag of red with a superimposed black swastika on a whitecircle. It was also permitted once more to fly the old black, red and white flag of the Empire. TheReich in its turn fell with the defeat and surrender of Germany to the Allies in 1945 when itsOrders, Decorations and Medals became obsolete.

Origins of Orderst Decorations and Medals

Orders, Decorations and Medals as a sign of recognition and reward are, of course, of ancientorigin and not unknown to quite early peoples, including the Romans. These distinctions weresometimes quite simple in form, such as the crown of bay leaves awarded to a successful RomanGeneial celebrating his Triumph. It is quite natural that they should in the course of time have

evoived into s}'rnbols of a more tangible nature, having a value in themselves of gold or silvers'hich represented an indication of a State's or Ruler's appreciation to an individual for ser-vices

rendered, while at the same time marking that individual out to his fellows as being worthy ofsuch esteem. It is quite clear that in England Queen Elizabeth I conferred medallions onsuccessful Admirals shortly after the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Be that as it may, thenumbers of such insignia were small until the 18th century. Up to that time there had existedReligious and Military Orders such as those of the Order of St. John, the Knights of Malta andrhe Templars. There had also existed certain exclusive secular Orders founded usually bypo*'erful Sovereigns to inculcate in a feurlal society the support of powerful vassals, who mightbe induced by the spirit of comradeship arrd common interest engendered by such Orders to actin the best interests of the founder or leader of the Order. The leader was essentially pimus interlares.

t3

From about the year 1600, however, the Rulers of European Powers were sufficiently stror::consider the creation of Orders of Chivalry whereby they could reward high officers of srate .:their nobility by bestowing on them a mark of their esteem and this led to a vast increase in .,foundation of such Orders. The Monarch inevitably became the Chief Knight or Grand Masrer -

the Order and the other knights, while thus elevated from the common herd by the confermer:: .

the distinction, could in no sense aspire to equality with the Head of the Order. Medals ::Decorations for valour and service do not appear until about the conclusion of the NapolecrWars, except for a few cases in Russia and Austria. At the same time the number of Orc=,.Decorations and Medals inaugurated by the various European States then in existence multip.i.rapidly until, by about 1850, every petty State and Principality had a series of such hono';:-'especially in time of war. This was peculiarly so in the'stratified class society of the Gem.Courts, where the rigidity of Codrt etiquette was extreme. Each Princely House aspired to its c';House Order and the proliferation of Orders and Awards of distinction is readily apparenr :looking at portraits and drawings of notable men and indeed women of the peiiod^. Gener:-thought nothing of going into battle on chargers with three or four Stars in precious metals .:

their breasts, two or more decorations round their necks and a row of crosses on their ches::Indeed, reference to books on the subject in the middle of the last century shows that nearll "third of the pages in them are devoted to awards conferred by the Austrian and German RulersA mere four or five pages suffice for a country such as Great Britain. In the pages that follo''most of the ribbons, major Orders, Decorations and Medals bestowed by these States ar:recorded.

In this connection it is necessary to remind the reader that an Order or Award may be in man,cases of differing degrees within that Order or Award. As we have seen, the earliest Orders u'er.to groups or societies of persons of distinction and of equal rank and there was no need to singl:out anyone or more of them as of special eminence. Such Orders, therefore, as those of the Gane:in England and the Elephant in Denmark are of one degree. Later foundations tend to have thre:degrees - that of Knight Grand Cross or Grand Cordon (the highest), that of Grand Officer o:Grand Commander (the second) and Commander (the lowest), as with the Order of the Bath inEngland. Still later foundations have five or even more classes, such as the T.egion of Honour rrFrance or the Order of the British Empire in Great Britain. Some Orders, such as that of theRising Sun, have even more classes and this is especially so with some of the Chinese ancJapanese Orders. The reason for this sub-division is not difficult to find. In the 19th century, u'iththe increasing growth of commerce and industry and the many wars that took placethroughout the World (but especially in Europe, so far as the German States are concerned). i:became necessary to show appreciation to many officers, officials, soldiers and sailors who inprior times would have received no visible mark of distinction. Not only, therefore, did many ner.awards for both military and civil merit have to be founded but differing degrees were created inmany cases within such awards, to leave room and encouragement for the holder of one degree toaspire to a higher grade or preferment. It was also quite impractical to award many of the oider.one class Orders because to confer them indiscriminately would have sadly reduced their value rothe existing holders and could in many cases have conferred a distinction out of all proportion tothe service rendered. Many of the new Orders and Awards so founded required in their Statutesthat, before a holder could be advanced to a higher grade, he should first be the holder of thegrade below for a number of years - the Legion of Honour is a typical example so far as Frenchnationals are concerned,

Until this period of the proliferation of Orders the insignia of an Order or other award u.asusually a badge worn around the neck from a chain or collar. In such a way was worn the Badgeof the Order of the Golden Fleece and the earliest Medals or Medallions were worn in a similarway from a chain. Clearly this became inconvenient with the increasing simplicity of dress andthe custom grew ofwearing the badge or other insignia around the neck from a ribbon. At firstthe colour of the ribbon was at the choice of the wearer but this was soon altered and a specificcolour became associated with each particular mark of distinction. Hence we have the earliestribbons and, as one might expect, the early awards of this nature tended to have ribbons of a

l4

primary colour such as red, blue or green. Obviously, as the number of decorations increased, itbecame more difficult to differentiate between them and it was necessary to resort to stripedribbons of varying hues. The next development came when it was felt that there should be someother insigni a, apart ftom the badge, to denote the membership of an Order and it soon becamethe custom, in most cases, for a breast Star to be worn in conjunction with or sometimes withoutthe badge of the Order. Furthermore, owing to the increase in the number of degrees within manyof the Orders and Awards, it became necessary to lay down rules as to how holders of the variousgrades of an Order or Award should wear their insignia so as to denote their rank. By 1800 thenormal rules relating to the wearing of such insignia were as follows:

A Knight Grand Cross wore the badge of the Order on a broad Sash, of about 4 inches, over hisleft or right shoulder as the Statutes of the Order required, with the badge suspended at thebottom below a bow or rosette. He also wore the Star of the Order on his right or left breast as theStatutes laid down.

A Knight Commander wore the badge of the Order on a neck ribbon of narrower width and asmaller Star on the breast.

A Commander wore the badge of the Order on a neck ribbon or cravat usually of the samewidth as that of a Knight Commander.

An Officer wore the badge of the Order on his breast, suspended from an even narrower ribbonof the Order but sometimes, in the case of Continental Orders, with a rosette on the ribbon.

A Knight or Chevalier wore the badge of the Order in similar manner but with no rosette.It should be made clear that not all Orders complied with these rul'es. The Order of the Golden

Fleece still had no Star and the badge was worn from the neck. Some other Orders only had aneck or breast decoration and did not possess a Star. Furthermore in some cases the ribbon itselfmight vary according to the degree held within the Order or Award.

So far as Decorations for Valour and Medals for Long Service are concerned, these only start toappear in any numbers with the issue by the German States of the Medals for the War withFrance in 1813-15. Such medals and most awards for valour have since this time been worn froma ribbon on the breast, except where the award has no ribbon, such as the Iron Cross 1st Class. InAustria it was the habit to fold the ribbon into a triangle while in most of the German States,especially during the latter part of their existence, the ribbon was draped into a 'GrosseOrdensschnalle'. When such awards were made to foreigners, they tended to wear them in themanner in which awards were worn in their own country.

Classification

Having thus completed our brief outline of the requisite geographical and historicalbackground to the subject it is now possible to start consideration of the Ribbons and of theOrders, Decorations and Medals bestowed by the German and Austrian States.

One further decision requires to be made at this juncture and that is to decide upon aconvenient date from which the classification of such awards should begin. Owing to thecontinual re-structuring and amalgamation of the States at the various periods covered in therext, the most practical solution might seem to be to take the constituent States in 1866, upon theformation of the two Confederations, and to classify the awards on this basis. However, to followthis course strictly would lead to considerable anomalies and would, for instance, mean thatHanover would be omitted as a separate State, owing to its prior amalgamation with Prussia. Allthat can be said therefore is that the 1866 position has been taken as the basis of classificationbut with the inclusion, under the following headings, of other States and Ruling Houses that arcof sufficient importance to justify a separate section, even where such States or Ruling Houseshad ceased to exist as separate entities by 1866. It is not the object or intent ofthis publication tocover the period of the Weimar Republic or the Third Reich. Information on these periods can besought from many other books.

15

?Iustrru

---

€IugtntThe Order that immediately springs to mind, so far as the Hapsburg Empire is concerned, is thatof the Golden Fleece, founded by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy on the occasion of hismarriage to Isabella of Portugal in 1429. The eminence of this Order was never in doubt anddespite the claims of the Order of the Garter in England and the Order of the Elephant inDenmark, it remained to many the supreme accolade. The Order could also be awarded by theHapsburg Monatchs of Spain. No Star ever formed part of the insignia of the Order and thebadge consisted of a simple golden sheep suspended from a blue enamelled flintstone hungaround the neck on a crimson watered ribbon. The Order was given to the Duke of Wellingtonwho clearly placed great value on its possession as he is seldom seen portrayed without it. TheOrder came in one class only and has not been awarded since 1918 so far as Austria is concerned.

The other major Order of the Empire was that of Maria Theresa and was given for outstandingbravery in war time. It was founded by the Empress of that name on 13th May, 1757. Again, theOrder was very select and membership, which came in four grades, was conferred for militarymerit irrespective of birth, rank or court influence. The ribbon of the Order is crimson or poppycoloured, with a centre stripe of white.

Apart from these two major Orders, the Austrian Empire bestowed a multitude of Orders,Decorations and Medals on inhabitants of the various territories within its boundaries, of whichthe Order of Leopold (for military merit) and the Order of the Iron Crown (for military and civilmerit) are the most notable examples. The ribbon of the former was crimson with white stripes ateach edge and the latter a dark yellow with dark blue edges.

The Empire was also the home of the Austrian and Bohemian Chapter of the Knights of St.John of Malta which had a continued existence in Austria after its possessions in Germany properwere confiscated in 1801. The decoration of a Knight consisted of a Maltese Cross suspendedfrom a black watered ribbon round the neck. The embellishment between the arms of the crossvaries from country to country but the Austrian Chapter had two headed crowned eagles in gold.

Various gallantry medals and crosses were also awarded and the one most often encountered isthe Medal for Bravery with the effigy of Franz Joseph on the obverse. The Medal came in twosizes, the ribbon being horizontal red and white stripes. These Medals and indeed all AustrianMedals and other breast decorations were hung in the Austrian manner from a triangle of ribbonand not from the more usual straight suspender.

18

,,Ndh""{aal%dh Olh."o\%."olh-\h.eil%.o\trr..eillOAEtrr.rdtr Oth..,d%.dh."o$ad?roOrl6uVa.Ailh.ooVruuVr.UDh

9ugtrfu

The Teutonic Ordert 191

(Grand Cross)

ffi, ,tO. of Maria Theresa

(Knight)O. of Maria Theresa

(Commander)

O. of Leopold(Commander)

Apostolic O. ofSt. Stephen, 1764(Grand Cross)

Order of St. Stephen(Knight)

O. of St. John, Knight of Malta(Austrian/Bohemian Chapter)

O. of Leopold(Knight)

t,i.{l:$,,:

. :]::r.. :i,t,|:..]l -,,..:.::j.r..j;j...:r I :.: ::,i ir:tltl;::;it,.,i=,:.. i . jr.: _,: : ::ir-i.:.:-r,::::di1.

: . I :.r.r: i I :. .:: r.r : :irlii:ii-;t:t:;j,,i

-- rl :,r . .. ::j,::.:.,.1itlii!!::it.J

Miiitary O. of Maria Theresa,1757

Imperial O. of Leopold, 1808(Grand Cross)

l9

4Neilh.orlh."OYa"$l'roo\trr.".il?rolho")h."OTrr. Oth."o\1ra"e$rrr.sd%'e#.

9ugtris

O. of the Iron Crown(Knight)

Imperial O. of Franz Joseph, 1849(Grand Cross)

O. of Franz Joseph(Commander)

Marianer Cross1871

O. of Franz Joseph(Knight)

*ffiffiMayor of Vienna's

Fire Brigade Dec'tn.:25 yrs. Service

20

4K(-# e$a.dilh."o\%."eilfa"eilh"eilhoeMedillra"o{rr.gilIAo\h o\7a*dh..olh.dffa*dlrr.-ltrr-rrtrr.d ut?a.$lra-l7a-lrrr*lh

9ugtrfu

ItO. of Slaves of Virtue.

1662 (Ladies only)

Medal of Honour forBravery, 1789

Decoration for TyroleanNobility, 1805

O. of Elizabeth. 1898(Ladies only)

Military O. of ElizabethTheresa. 1750

mffiilMilitary ChaplainsService Cross. 1801

il-'ril=Cannon Cross,

1814

Civil Medal of Honour,1835

Prague Volunteers Medal,1866

O. ofthe Star Cross,1668 (Ladies only)

Civil Medal of Honoui,1804

Civil Cross of Honour,1815

Tyrol Commem. Medals,1838 & 1848

Cross of Service forCivilians, 1849

1873

Military Medal fbtBravery,1815

l'..t"1Decoration for

Service, tr849

Campaign Medal,1864

MilitaryLong

ilDenmark

Decoration for Arts &Science, 1887

Cross of Military Merit,1849

21

_*_*

9ugtris

il.i 'liElizabeth Medal,1898

I'tt;'*jJubilee Medal for the

Civil Service, 1898

riMedal for Military

Service, 1890

Jubilee Medal,1898

Civil Medal for 40 yns.

Service, 1898

Medal for Fire Brigades& Ufe Saving, 1905

Diamond Jubilee Cross(Military), 1908

Jubilee Medal for theArmed Forces, 1898

ffiMilitary Medal for

40 yrs. Service, 1898

reDecoration for

Burgomasters, 1907

Diamond Jubilee Cross(Civil Service), 1908

Diamond Jubilee Cross,

22

%(&""ih.""M"olh.*)h.""M-dlr.*ila."o{rr.""ila""i[a"df r.""S16"Srrr.

9ustris

tt;Commemoration Medal

1912

iBosnia-Herzegovina

Medal. 1909

ffire. f il,#'lEmperor Carl Cross

1916War Commem. Medal.

1914-18

Bosnia-HerzegovinaMobilisation Medal,

t912-13

For 3 War-wounds

Landsturm Medal

For 1 Wat-wound For 2 War-wounds

For 5 War-wounds

23

A' Order of Maria-Theresa - Aastria. Knight. This Order was founded in 1757 by the Empress Maria

Theresa .t'br military merit and to enable her to reward the loyalty shown by the Officers o.f the AustrianAnny during her reign. Thefirst Grand Master oJ the Order was her consort the Emperor Francis L TheO rder was given J'or military merit inespective of birth or influence, ond was alu,ays held in the greatestesteem on account oJ the fact that it was bestowed but seldom and then only for acts oJ the highest bravery inx'hatsoever grade. It came in four grades and the badge consisted of a white octagonal cross containing ingold in the centre the arms of Austia sunounded by a white band on which is inscribed the word" Fortitudini' ' . The reverse bears the initials qf the Royal Founder and her Consoft on a laurel wreath. Thenumber of recipients in any grade was limited and all received hereditary nobility with a pension varyingu'ith the grade bestowed.

B. The Order of the Iron Crom - Austria. Second Class. This Order originated in 1805 when the StatesCouncil o.f the ltalian Republics changed theirJbrm of government into a Monarchy and elected Napoleonds their.first King. The insignia of the Order is based up.on the Crown usedfor the coronation on thi 20th][a\) o.f that yeqr. The Order was named by Napoleon after this relic and after the ing of ironu hich .formed pan of the crown and which was reputed to have been made./rom a nail of Christ'sCross. Most insignia do contain within their base a ring of base metal. After the fall of Napoleon the Ordert" as re-instituted by Emperor Francis I in 1816 when the insignia took its present.form and the mottoihanged to "Avita et Aucta" (Ancient and Extended). The Order came in three grades and could betttarded.t'br both civil and military meit.

C. Cross of Military Merit - Austria.

D ' Order of Leopold - Ausfria . Knight. This Order was founded in 1808 as an award for civil andtnilttary merit by Emperor Francis I the day after his marriage with his third wift, Louise of Modena. TheOrder came in three classes and there was a unijbrm oJ red and white associated v,ith it. All classes wore a'.'. hite velvet mantle distinguished according to class by its length and width as well as by the richness of itssold embroidery. The insignia is as illustrated and when awarded.for military merit crossed sv,ords weretlLtced between the arms of the red cross. The motto of the Order was "Integitati et Merito" (Integrity and.\f eit). The ribbon is crimson and white.

E. rOrder of Albert the Bear -Anhalt,

Commander's Neck Badge.

F, Orderof FranzJoseph-Austriz.ThisOrder,Jttundedin tB4g.wasforgeneralmeritandwas-tert au,arded to high officials in the service qf the State. It was particularly confened upon the

1nt bossadors -/rom the Imperial Court. The Badge was similar.for all three classes, but oJ varying size, and:,tntpised a gold rimmed red enamel cross displayed upon a golden Au.strian Eagle. The obverse central:!eque carries the initials oJ Franz Joseph fthefounder) on white enamel while the reverse sho\us the date of, ; t9. The badge is suspended.fiom a gold crown. The Star of the Grund Cross is the badge superimposed:'ron an eight pointed silver star. The centre oJthe badge should opento.form a locket. This insignia is one

- rhe ntost attractive oJ the Austrian Orders Jbr delicacy and quality of workmanship. The ribbon is red or- itttsott.

G. *Order of Albert the Bear - Anhalt. Knight.

H. *Order of Albert the Bear - Anhalt. Commander's Neck Badge with Crown. This Order was the only,reoiAnhaltandwasbasedonanOrderfoundedasearlyas I3B2.Initsfinalfonnitwasre-constitutedon

:::; I8th November 1836 by the Dukes Henry, Leopold Frederick and Alexander Charles "in honour qf their. ..:;,sDzors ancestors, and Jbr the purpose of being presented os a token of honour and distinction to their*;tiroious subjects". The Order came in.four classes and the badge consisted of an oval medallion in gold

::h the central device oJ a bear climbing a wall. At the top oJ the decoration is a plaque bearing the arms of:,"rltalt. There were variations in the insignia oJ the Order which could be embellished with a Crown as in (H)' t. hen au,arded -f'or military merit, the Star caried crossed swords. The Star was similar except that the

..,:rral device displayed on the eight pointed Starwas on a circular band, not ovul as in the case o.fthe- :ige. The ribbon wus green and red.

J. *Order of theZahfingen Lion-Baden. Knight.*

Ordrrc of Imperial Germany. ?s

@ttrnilry

q€€€€€€

9nbultThis State was an independent Principality of Prussian Germany surrounded by Salonl- ar:

containing 869 square miles and a population of about 200,000. It only had one Order which r.'aothe House Order of the Ruling Prince and went by the name of Albert the Bear, founded h 134:and reconstituted in 1836. The Order acquired its name from one of the country's most fam.rusPrinces who lived in the 12th Century. The ribbon is watered green edged with red. Tl:Principality had other Decorations and Medals of Honour, including a Cross for the 1814-15 \\-a:and the colour green usually appears in the ribbons from which they are suspended.

lEsDen

A State of Southern Germany which consists of the districts of Constance, Freiburg.Offenburg, Carlsruhe and Mannheim, comprising an area of 3,900 square miles. The State s'asruled by a Grand Duke who traced his ancestry back to Berthold, Duke of Zahringen, who i:-turn was succeeded by his son Hermann who became first Margrave of Baden in the 11th centur,-.Although a comparatively small State it maintained a considerable standipg army of over 15.00tmen in 1870.

Particular mention should be made of the insignia of the Order of the Zahringen Lion.founded in 1812 in memory of Berthold. The badge of the Order is exceptional in that the usua"enamel work in the arms of the badge is replaced by green glass which gives a most attractireappearance to the insignia. The ribbon of the Order is green with a gold stripe towards each edge.

IGsbsrisThis State only became a Kingdom in 1806 but had existed as an independent Duchy since

the 9th century. It in fact constituted the principal State of Southern Germany with a populationof over 5,000,000, the majority being Catholic. Considerable rivalry existed between Bavaria andPrussia, each respectively representing the most powerful Catholic and Protestant State in theConfederation. The capital was Munich and it had always possessed a large variety of Orders.Decorations and Medals which were freely disposed. Most of the ribbons incorporate the nationalcolours of blue and white.

The premier Order was that of Saint Hubert, founded as early as 1444 by Duke Gerhard V ofJiilich-Berg, to commemorate his defeat of Arnold of Egmont on the 3rd November of that year.The Order, which had been placed under the patronage of the Saint of that name, originally wentby the name of the Order ofihe Horn - the insignia consisting of a gold collar chain"made up ofhorns. The Order having fallen into desuetude, it was revived in 1708 by John William of theHouse of Neuburg and the Grand Mastership of the Order in due course passed to MaximilianJoseph IV, first King of Bavaria, in 1806. This was an Order of one class only with a ribbon rededged with green.

An even older Order was that of St. George, alleged to have been founded as early as the year1200 by Welf I but this can be doubted. Nevertheless, the Order is certainly of great antiquity andwas reconstituted in 1494 by the Emperor Maximilian I and then in 1729 by Elector CharlesAlbert. The Order ranked second in the Kingdom and could only be awarded to Catholics ofnoble birth who rendered exceptional services to the Crown. It came in three grades with a ribbonin light blue with stripes at the edges in a darker blue.

Among the State's other Orders were those of the Military Order of Maximilian Joseph, whichwas the highest award for military merit; the Order of King Ludwig, which was an awird for atleast 50 years continuous service, and the Order of St. Michael, given 'to honour devotion'

In fact the Order most commonly encountered is that of Military Merit established by KingLouis II in 1856 for acts of a military nature which did not justify the award of the Maximilian

28

Joseph Order. The insignia is one of the most attractive of the German Orders and came in fiveclasses with or without swords added when the award was given in battle. The ribbon is whitewith one blue and black stripe towards each edge in war time but without the black stripe whenawarded in peace time. There is also a Cross of Military Merit, similar in design to the lowerdegrees of the Order, but made in bronze that was often bestowed on pilots and N.C.O.'s inWorld War I for bravery in action.

TBrunstuirb

A Protestant State of Northern Germany with an area of 1,500 square miles and a populationof 300,000. The reigning prince in l87l was William I, Duke of Brunswick, who'had succeededhis brother Duke Charles who had been removed as unfit to govern by resolution of the Diet in1830. The prince was one of the richest of the German princes.

Brunswick only had one Order and this was the Order of Henry the Lion, founded by DukeWilliam in 1834. According to the Statutes of the Order, its object was 'to reward those whohave distinguished themselves in our service, military or civil, in war or the arts and sciences'. Itcame in four classes, to which a fifth was later added and the ribbon was a dark red edged withyellow stripes.

Apart from this, the State awarded many medals, including one for the Battle of Waterloo inbronze with a yellow and blue ribbon, and a Medal for the troops who had taken part in thePeninsular War Campaigns, in bronze with a crimson ribbon.

T$aw*wtfr ?lrngurAll four Hanse towns, Bremen, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Lubeck took part in the war against

Napoleon in 1813 and after the successful conclusion of the war they awarded Medals to thetroops who had fought in their contingents. Bremen, Hamburg and Lubeck all awarded WarCrosses of Merit in World War I.

/$unobtrThis State became a separate Kingdom belonging to the British Royal House in 1715 on the

accession of George I who was already the Elector of Hanover. The two Crowns continued incommon ownership until the accession of Queen Victoria, when the Hanoverian throne passed tothe next male heir, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, who in his turn was succeeded by hisson George V of Hanover in 1851. As a result of the State taking the side of Austria in 1866 shesuffered defeat and ceased to exist as an independent Kingdom from that date, beingincorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia.

The first Order of the Kingdom of Hanover was that of St. George, founded in 1839 as a HouseOrder but an additional number of Knights, not exceeding 16, could be admitted other thanmembers of the Ruling House. There was only one class, the badge being a gold rimmed darkblue enamelled cross with ball tips. The Cross was surmounted by a gold crown with a lion ofsimilar metal between each ray. The Order was very exclusive and it was necessary to have beenalready admitted a Grand Cross of the Guelphic Order to be considered for membership. Theribbon is of a dark red watered colour.

The better known Order of the Guelph, or the Guelphic Order, was founded by George IV on12th August 1815, when Prince Regent, to mark the 10fth anniversary of the accession to theEnglish throne of the House of Hanover. The Order was frequently bestowed in England and is tobe tbund in groups of decorations awarded to military and naval personnel of high rank of thatperiod. The Order could be awarded by the Head of the House of Hanover in his capacity as King

29

of England or King of Hanover and was in this respect a dual Order. It came in four classes ::which the first three conferred personal knighthood. The ribbon is of a watered light blue and r::=insignia could be awarded with a laurel leaf or oak leaves depending upon whether it x'.sconferred for civil or military services.

The State also conferred many Decorations and Medals of honour including a Waterloo \,feo;.for soldiers in the Hanoverian forces present at the battle. The Medal is silver with the effig: ::the Prince Regent on the obverse, suspended from a dark red ribbon with blue edges. Unlike rh=medals of most of the German States, Hanoverian medals bear the name of the recipier:engraved on the edge.

ThtsseA Duchy of the central western part of Germany, forming part of the South Germar

Confederation. It had formerly been divided into Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Darmstadt, but rheformer was annexed by Prussia in 1866 and what remained of the latter became a Grand Duch',-"

For a State of its size and population (about 800,000), it possessed a considerable number ofawards of distinction. The principal Order was the House or Family Order of the Lion of Go1d.founded in 1790 by the Landgrave Frederick II for merit, under the patronage of St. Elizabeth ofHungary. Originally one class, the Order was enlarged to four in 1818 but even then was seldornawarded outside the confines of the Ruling Family. The ribbon is dark crimsom.

Other Orders included the Order of William, again for merit, with a crimson ribbon edgedwith white, and the Order of Military Merit, suspended from a light blue ribbon with a silverstripe towards each edge. The latter Order bears a striking resemblance to the Prussian Order of'Pour le Merite' and was founded in 1769. The pink enamelled rays of the badge bear theinscription 'Virtuti'. It is one of the most attractive of the Germanic Orders.

By far the best known award of the State is, however, that of the Iron Helm, founded in 1814 andawarded forbraveryof an exceptional nature during the Napoleonic Wars. It was instituted b1'Elector Wilhelm I and although intended to be of three classes (including a Grand Cross Class) itappears that only one class was awarded and that to officers and other ranks alike. There are t*'oquite distinct types - the first being a Trefoil Cross with further trefoils at the end of each armsurmounted by a Knight's Helmet. The Cross bears a shield with the initials 'W.K.' and the date1814. Only 73 of these crosses were apparently awarded. The second type is in the form of a Pan'Cross with a Knight's Helm, but otherwise of similar construction. Only 63 of these crosses wereawarded. The Cross in both cases is of black iron with silver edges, and the ribbon is red or pinkwith a white stripe towards each edge. The first type was intended to be suspended from the neckand the second from the breast. The decoration was considered at the time to be a suitablecounterpart to the Prussian Iron Cross. Genuine examples are very rare and it does not appear tohave been awarded after 1815.

hsbmLobeNot a Statd in 1866 but a district in Franconia at one time governed by Counts of that name, of

whom Henry I, who died in 1183, was the first to take the title. Prince Ernest I of Hohenloheinstituted the Order of the PhoenixinLTST, having attained the ripe old age of 95 years. It wasintended as a House Order for his children and more remote descendants.In 1763 a second classwas added and persons other than those belonging to the Princely House became eligibleprovided that they were of impeccable birth. The badge bears the effigy of the Phoenix risingfrom the flames and the ribbon is a royal scadet with gold edges.

30

ThobmtollwnThe Royal Order of the House of Hohenzollern, formerly an Order of the Principality, was

incorporated in 1851 into the Ptussian Orders and is dealt with under that heading.

TLtppt

A small State in Northern Germany, with a population of about 100,000. It had been anindependent sovereign State since 1807, completely surrounded by Prussian territory after 1866.It shared the House Order of the Cross of the House of Lippe with Schaumberg-Lippe.

fr[tthlmburgThere were in fact two Grand Duchies of this name among the North German States -Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The latter was divided into the Duchy of

Strelitz and the Principality of Ratzeburg. Both Duchies shared the House Order of the WendianCrown which they jointly founded in 1864. This Order came in four classes and could beawarded, encrusted with diamonds, to ladies. The ribbon was blue moire with narrow stripes ofred and yellow at each edge of the ribbon.

The other main Order was that of The Griffin, founded in 1884 by Grand Duke FrederickFranz IIL IT came in four classes and the ribbon was in watered gold with red edges.

An interesting award is that of the Military Cross of Merit, which appears in many First WorldWar groups. It is similar in shape to the Iron Cross but is made of gilded bronze and is suspendedfrom a light blue ribbon with narrow red and yellow stripes at each edge.

^f.uggsuA grand Duchy after 1816 and annexed by Prussia in 1866, having taken the side of Austria in

the war between Prussia and Austria. The Duchy conferred a Military Decoration of Honour - agold or silver Medal for special deeds of bravery. The ribbon was brown and yellow. Otherhonours included a Service Cross for officers in gold on a blue ribbon and a Waterloo Medal forboth officers and other ranks who had taken part in the battle. The Waterloo ribbon was darkblue with orange borders.

@[!mburgA Duchy which was one of the North German members of the Confederation, with a

population of about 350,000. It was divided into three distinct districts: Oldenburg proper,Lubeck (a principality in itself which was quite distinct from, and should not be confused with,the Hanse town of the same name), and Birkinfeld. The title of Grand Duke had been conferredon Duke William by the Congress of Vienna, but was never assume.d by him. It was finallyassumed by his successor Grand Duke Augustus in 1829.

The first Order of the State was the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis, foundedin 1838 by Duke Paul Frederick in memory of his father, who had apparently had the likeintention but never carried it into effect during his lifetime. There were two quite distinctdivisions of the Order - Capitulars, who were basically citizens of the State, and HonoraryMembers, who could be members of the Ruling House, citizens of the State or foreigners. Eachdivision was divided into four classes and the ribbon was dark blue with a red stripe towards eachedge.

31

Amongst other awards were the Napoleonic War Medal and the Crosses of Honour in gold orsilver, the gold for officers and the latter for other ranks. This was awarded for 25 years faithfulservice and was suspended from a red ribbon with dark blue stripes.

$Brussiim

As we have already seen, Prussia was the principal State of Northern Germany and dominatedboth the north and south German Federations after 1866. In both population (24 millions) andextent (135,000 square miles) it was by far the largest and most powerful of the German States.with an industrial complex centred on Essen and the Ruhr. Prior to 1866 it was divided into 10separate provinces, many of them formed by the incorporation and amalgamation of formerPrincipalities and towns, namely:

Brandenburg/SaxonyWestphaliaRhenish PrussiaDistrict or Principality ofHohenzollern

After the successful conclusion of the war in 1866 she had incorporated within her territoriesthe Kingdom of Hanover, the Electorate of Hesse-Kassel,the Duchy of Nassau, the Principalityof Hess-Homborg, the Republic of Frankfurt (formedy one of the Hanse Towns), the Duchy ofSchleswig-Holstein and part of Bavaria. The Ruling House was that of Hohenzollern, who hadruled the State for some 400 years prior to 1866 as Electors of Brandenburg and whose rule didnot cease until the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918. The King of Prussia had becomeGerman Emperor on 1st January 1871.

As bef,rts a powerful and warlike State of this kind, with a strong military and caste system, theState awarded many Orders, Decorations and Medals. The first and highest in importance wasthe Order of the Black Eagle, founded on 17th January fiAl by Frederick I of Prussia onassuming the title and honour of King of Prussia. Any recipient of the Order, which came in oneclass, received hereditary nobility. Originally no member of the Order, with the exception ofPrinces of Royal Houses and Knights of St. John of Malta, was allowed to accept or wear anyother Order. Furthermore, considerable movement restrictions were placed on the Knights who,in general, had to give prior notice to the King of their movements outside a prescribed area.Both these restrictions in time became obsolete as the Order lost its personal relationship to theCrown. A member of the Order received automatic membership of the Order of the Red Eagle.The ribbon was watered orange.

The Order of the Red Eagle, originallyfounded in 1705, was re-organised under the name ofthe Brandenburg Red Eagle and its importance in the hierachy of the Prussian Orders was raisedto second in l79l by Frederick William II. Originally an Order restricted to persons of noblebirth, in due course it became an Order which could be awarded to high officials and diplomatswho had rendered special service to the State. It came in four classes. The insignia, as one mightexpect, bore the Prussian Eagle in red and the ribbon was white with red, or rather orange, stripestowards each edge. Members of the Order who were also members of the Order of the BlackEagle wore the badge of the Order round their necks.

The Royal Order of the House Hohenzollern was founded on 5th December 1841 by the thenJoint Rulers of the Principalities. Originally it had gone by the name of the Princely Order but itattained its new title in 1851. The insignia of the Order came in three distinct types, the first twotypes consisting of a gold black-edged white enamel cross surmounted by the Prussian Crown.These two types were reserved for military distinction and when awarded for civil merit the badgeconsisted of the Prussian Eagle, in gold with black enamel, bearing the Hohenzollern coat ofarms on its breast. The Order was in three classes and had a watered white ribbon with threeblack stripes on it. Any Prince of the House of Prussia or the Hohenzollern family automaticallybecame, by virtue of his birth, a Grand Commander of the Order.

Prussia properPosenPomeraniaSilesia

District of Jade

32

The Order of Pour le Merite is well known to all collectors and persons interested in the subjectand many fakes and copies of all periods exist. It was first established as the Order of Generosity.ln 1740 it became the Order of Merit for civil or military distinction. The Order, from 1810, wasawarded strictly for military merit and until 1918 was the highest award for gallantry in theGerman Empire. Among the First World War recipients was Hermann Goring. The Order camein two classes but a Grand Cross was instituted in 1866 and awarded only three times. As statedabove, true examples of this Order are rare although copies abound, some of them having beenmanufactured during the period that the Order was awarded. The Order was worn round theneck on'a black ribbon at all times in uniform, which partially accounts for the numerous copiesof the period. The decoration is a gold rimmed blue enamel cross with eight points. A gold eagleis placed between each arm. The colour of the'blue enamel is pale in the original jnsignia while inlater copies it tends to be markedly darker - more a royal blue hue. The initial "F" appears in thetop arm of the cross and the words "Pour le Merite" on the other three arms. There is also a CivilOrder of the same name, awarded after 1840, which was given to persons eminent in the Arts andSciences but the badge is easily distinguished and consists of a circle of blue enamel with fourgold crowns at each quarter. The ribbon is, however, the same.

The Order of the Crown, founded in 1861, appears quite frequently in German groups. It wasawarded for civil or military merit in four classes and has a ribbon of watered blue with a goldstripe to each edge.

Other Orders were those of William, which had no ribbon, the badge being on a chain, and theOrder of Louisa, for women. The latter Order was given for charitable and Red Cross serviceswith a ribbon of white and two black stripes.

The best known Prussian award is of course that of the Iron Cross, founded in 1831 byFrederick William III for singular military or civil distinction in the war with France. It wasalways a Prussian, not a German Order, until the outbreak of War in 1939 when it wasre-organised as such. It was also an Order of a transitory nature, being created on no less thanthree separate occasions to cover the outbreak of hostilities in which Prussia was involved. Thefirst was as above, the second in 1870 for the Franco-Prussian War and the third in 1914 for theFirst World War. Although in some ways the counterpart of some British gallantry awards, it wasfar more frequently awarded to all ranks. Between the years 1813 and 1918 over 200,000 firstclass crosses were awarded and 6,500,000 second class crosses. The highest grade of the Orderwas that of Grand Cross, consisting of a Badge and a Star, which was only awarded 21 times inthe history of the Order - twice since the end of World War I. The final re-structuring of theOrder came in 1940 when it was divided into eight classes. The insignia itself is a silver rimmedblack iron cross which before 1870 had three oak leaves in the centre and the crowned initials"F.W.". After 1870 this was replaced by the initial "W" in the centre and the date 1870 at thebottom. Survivors who lived 25 years after the Franco-German War received a superimposedsuspender of oak leaves with "25" on them. After the outbreak of War in 1939 and theestablishment of the Order as one of the Third Reich, the initial "W" was replaced in the centrewith a swastika and the date of 1939 appears in lieu of 1914.

The Cross for the First Wodd War is similar except that the cross then bore a Crown in the toparm, the initial "W" in the centre and the date 1914 in the bottom arm. The ribbon, whenawarded for bravery of a military nature in the face of the enemy, was black with two white stripesand for bravery of a non-military nature, e.g. doctors and other medical services, a white ribbonwith similar black stripes. In 1939 the ribbon was changed to included the national colour red.

It should also be mentioned that the State recognised a Branch of the Knights of St. John ofMalta, similar to the Catholic Branches of the Order but Protestant in its constitution. Theribbon was black moire and the insignia between the arms of the Maltese Cross were imperialeagles in black or gold depending on grade.

Prussia issued four War Commemorative Medals for her combatant troops for the period1813-1815 which were given to all ranks. They are in bronze and bear a four armed cross on theobverse with a wreathed centre. The reverse bears the inscription "Gott War Mit Uns, IHM,

33

SIE Die Eyre" - (God was with us, to Him the Honour). They were made from cannon

captured from the French and their allies and the inscription on the rim bears testimony to thatfact.

lRtugdThis was the name of a German Dynasty or Ruling House whose Princes ruled the two smallStates of Reuss and Reuss-Greiz which were separated from each other by the lands ofSaxe-Weimar. All ruling Princes of both branches of the family wefe from the 13th Centuryonwards called by the name of Henry, which causes some difficulty in differentiating theindividuals concerned.

{hsuit of SuxtThis heading comprises the Duchies of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Meiningen,all members of the North German Confederation. While each of these States awarded its owndecorations there was a common House Order, that of Saxe-Ernestine. The Order was based on anearlier Order, the order of German Integrity and was re-constituted in 1833 by the DukesFrederick of Altenburg, Ernest of Coburg Gotha and Bernhard Erick Freund of Saxe-Meiningeninhonour of their common ancestor Duke Ernest the Pious. The possession of the honour, whichcame in five grades, conferred hereditary nobility. All three reigning Dukes were jointSuperintendents of the Order. The motto of the Order was "Fideliter et Constanter".

Ssxe-9ltmburgThe State had a medal for the 1814-15 campaign in silver in the shape of a Maltese Crosssurrounded by an oak wreath. It also bestowed a Medal for Bravery in Wodd War I.

Suxt-@oburg @otbs

The most interesting Medal is that of the Cross for Eckenforde 1851, given to those soldiers whotook part in the Schleswig-Holstein War. In silver for officers and in bronze for other ranks, it issuspended from a ribbon of orange, green and black stripes.

$raxt-frItirungtnThis was the largest State of the three with afl area of nearly 1000 square miles and a populationof 175,000. A War Cross of Merit was issued in 1915 for participants in World War I - theribbon differing for combatants and non-combatants.

buxt.Wrimsr @iswutllA State of the North German Confederation with a territory of 1,400 square miles and apopulation in the region of 280,000.

The Order of the State was that of the White Falcon, originally known as the Order ofVigilance. It was of some antiquity, having been founded on the 2nd August 1732 by ErnestAugustus, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach, who at the time was General commanding theImperial Cavalry. The primary duty of its members was "To be true to God; to practice virtue

34

and avoid vice; to promote, as much as lay in their power, his Majesty's glory and intbrest, and tobe ready to sacrifice for the Emperor, life and property, if called upon by ciriumstances to do so".Noble sentiments indeed! The Falcon was chosen as the insignia of the Order to signify theadherence of the Duke and his House to the Imperial House as represented by the ImperialEagle, it apparently being the habit of falcons to follow in the track ana nignt of in eagle. Greatemphasis was placed in the Statutes of the Order on the importance of goodlnd Christiin virtuesin its members. In its final form the Order consisted of four classes and the badge is a greenenamel eight pointed cross on. which is superimposed a white falcon with outstreiched *1trgr.Between each arm there is a red enamelled protusion in the shape of a diamond. This in turn hasabove it a crown and the whole badge is suspended from a ribbon of red watered silk.

SuxonqThis State was one of the largest of the German States and had been a Kingdom since 1806, whenNapoleon conferred the title of King on Frederick Augustus. Prior to this it had been a GrandDuchy and Electorate for many hundreds of years. Its ruling Princes had intermarried into manyof the European Royal Houses and King Augustus III of Poland had been Elector of Saxonybefore his elevation to the Crown of Poland.

The House Order of the Ruling House was the Order of the Crown of Rue, founded byFrederick Augustus in 1807 "to bequeath to his successors a remembrance of the time whenProvidence showed itself so favourable to Saxony and his own House". The Order came in oneclass and could be awarded in exceptional circumstances to persons of high rank other thanPrinces. The motto was "Providentiae Memor" (Mindful of Providence) and the ribbon was ofgreen moire.

The next highest Order was that of the Military Order of St. Henry, founded in 1736 by theKing Augustus of Poland mentioned above, to commemorate the attainment by him of the age of40. Originally an Order of one class for exceptional military prowess, it was altered in 1768, 1796:nd 1829 and finally consisted of four classes. The Order was awarded to high officers of theRoval Saxon Army on the grounds of merit only and without regard to religious persuasion,:obility, or length of service. It was, furthermore, an Order where a recipient was bound toreceive the lowest degree of the Order before he was eligible for promotion to a higher degree -:ather similar to the Statutes of the Irgion of Honour of France. Associated with the Order were:n'o Medals, one gold and one silver, for non-commissioned soldiers and usually awarded byGeneral Officers commanding armies. The ribbon was blue with a thin yellow stripe towards each

the Order of Merit, the highest civil Order, was founded in 1815 by King Frederick Augustus*pon his release from imprisonment after the final overthrow of Napoleon. He had been captured.: rhe Battle of Leipzig when fighting on the side of the French. It was an order of general merit:':ming in five classes and had a white ribbon with a green stripe towards each edge.

The State had two Orders for Ladies, the first being that of Sidonia, founded on March 14th-!-1 to reward charitable deeds and nursing services in wartime. It takes its name from Queen5:it-inia. sometime Queen of Saxony. The insignia is of one class and comprises a badge bearing::e efhgy of the Queen suspended from a ribbon bow of purple with three stripes of white towardi.rch edge.

The second was the Order of Maria Anna, founded in 1906 in honour of the Queen of that,;ne. again for charitable and nursing work by Ladies. It came in one class and consisted of a:;dge only of a gold rimmed blue enamel cross bearing the head of the Queen. The ribbon was of: ,ieht blue watered silk with a white stripe towards each edge.

The Order which is encountered most frequently is that of the Albert the Valorous, founded on::: last day of 1850 in memory of Duke Albert the Bold, or Valorous, who was the founder.of the{-berr Line of the House of Saxony. This Order was in five classes and the ribbon is of watered

35

green with a white stripe towards each edge. It was awarded for merit in the field of arts andsciences, both civil and military.

$rbsumburg-TlipprA small State of the North German Confederation with an area of 170 square miles and apopulation of 31,000. The House Order was the Cross of the House of Lippe, founded on 25thOctober 1869 by Prince Frederick Emil Leopold of Lippe and Adolphe George of Schaumburg-Lippe as an award for military and civil merit. It came in five classes and the ribbon was rededged with gold. This Order was shared with the Rulers of the State of Lippe.

srblrsnig.lgoL*ttinThis area constituted a Duchy of North Germany and was formed by the amalgamation of theindependent Duchies of Holstein and Schleswig in 1851. The latter Duchy had formerly formedpart of the lands of the King of Denmark. The State was the subject of conflict between Austriaand Prussia in 1866.

$tbfrsr lb urq.jBu loldtg! t En!$rtllfruttburg-SonDrrlluumn

Two small States of the North German Confederation with arcas of 374 and 322 square miles andpopulations of 73,000 and 66,000 respectively. On the death of Charles Gunther of Sonderhausenin 1909 both States came under the rule of Gunther Victor of Rudolstadt.

The House Order was that of the Lion of Schwarzburg, founded in 1853 by the Prince ofSchwarzburg-Rudolstadt and extended to the other Principality in 1857. The Order was anattractive one, comprising a white cross with a centre medallion of blue on which is superimposeda rampant lion, surrounded by an ornate gold edge. The ribbon is yellow with two blue stripestowards each edge and another in the centre. This Order is rare and is seldom encountered evenin the lower grades of the four classes into which it was divided.

Hu[lrrhA small State of the North German Confederation with an area of 433 square miles and apopulation of 59,000.

The main award of the State was a Medal of Merit, founded in 1857, which was enlarged andconverted into an Order of Civil Merit in 1871 by the then Ruling Prince, George Victor ofWaldeck. The Order, of three classes only, came as a badge and did not have a Star in theinsignia. The ribbon was yellow with a narrow red and black stripe to each edge.

WfttttmbrrgOne of the four kingdoms of Germany under the Empire. It had existed as an independent Statefor over 600 years (most of this time as a Grand Duchy) prior to 1805 when it was elevated to aKingdom. It was the second largest state of the South German Confederation and was, as onewould expect, largely Roman Catholic in population.

36

The earliest Order ofthe Kingdom_was founded in 7702 by Duke Frederick Charles by thename of the Golden Eagle or Chase Horn, owing to the fact tiiat the Dukes of this House werehereditary Imperial Masters of the Hunt.

Another early Order was that of Civil Merit founded in 1806 by King Frederick upon hisassumption of the title of "King".

Both these Orders were in_ 1818 amalgamated and united with the newly founded Order of theCrown of Wiirttemberg which then became the Royal House Order. The Oider could be bestowedon both nationals and foreigners for meritorious service but the King's sons automatically becameKnights Grand Cross on their 8th birthday and Princes of the RoyafBlood on their 15th ti.tnauy.When awarded for meritorious service in battle the badge or star, as the case may be, carrieds*'ords, and in cases of especial distinction the decoration could be superimposed with a Crown,as in the case of some Prussian Orders. The ribbon was crimson with a narro* black stripe toeach edge.

Another Order was that of Friedrich and until 1856 conferment gave personal knighthood to:he recipient. After that date this ceased to apply and the Order was divided into four classes.This Order was for both military and civil services and the watered ribbon was of a royal bluecolour.

-{mong other Orders of the Kingdom was the Order of Military Merit, divided into three classeses f'rom 1818' Unlike most other orders, the badge of the Grand Cross was worn from a ribbon of'.i aiered dark blue silk from around the neck. in addition to the usual Star on the breast. There werei:$'o medals in gold and silver attached to the Order, the former awarded to all ranks down to that,-t corporal and the latter to private soldiers.

The other Order of which mention should be made was that of Olga, founded by King Charles; ho had_ married, prior to his succession to the Crown, the Grand Duchess Olga of RuJsia. This-nes an Order of one class for charitable works by both men and women. It h;d a black ribbon''.'ith trvo narrow red stripes. When awarded to Ladies it was, of course, suspended from a bow.

37

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lnitial Decoration,1830-47

Soldiers' Long ServiceMedal, 1847

(21 years)

Cross for FieldService, 1814-15

Medal of Merit forArts & Science, 1854

O. ofAlbert the Bear, 1382(Grand Cross)

O. of Albert the Bear(Knight)

Order of Arts andSciences

1875

$.ffi,|Soldiers'Long Service

Medal, 1847(15 years)

ffiLife Saving Medal,

1850

!KtFire Brigade Medal,

1888

Officers'Long ServiceCross, 1848

Soldiers'Long ServiceMedal, 1847

(9 years)

ilnCommemorative Medal,

1853

rffitSilver Jubilee Medal,

1896

trFFrederick Cross,

.19.1.5

il

A,.ffii.g

$'ffiffi$Medal for 9fth Birthday

ofthe Duchess, 1901

38

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Military O. of Charles Frederick, 1807(Grand Cross)

O. of Ch?rles Frederick(Commander)

House O. of Fidelity, 1715(Grand Cross)

Order of Berthold1877

Fd ,- g,H'

O. of Fidelity(Commander)

O. ofthe Zahringen Lion, 1812(Grand Cross)

O. of the Zahringen Lion(Lady's Grand Cross, c.1850)

O. ofthe Zahringen Lion(ribbon ofc.1840)

O. of the Zahringen Lion(Commander)

O. of the Zahringen Lion(Knight)

...Eaa':- +ie-O. of Charles Frederick

(Knight)

39

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Medal for Bravery

Military Medal ofMerit. 1807

?*,Officers' Service Cross

(25 yrs.), 1854

Landwehr Long ServiceDecoration, 1869

War Cross of Merit(Combatants), 1916

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Cross of Merit.ofofthe Zahringen Lion,

nxtLandwehr Long Service

Decoration. 1912

lrIWar Cross of Merit

(Non-combatants), 1916

Life Saving Medal,1866

Medal for 40 yrs. inFire Service. 1877

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Jubilee Medal

ilTMedal for VolunteerWar Workers, 1916

40

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O. of St. Hubert. 1844(Grand Cross - original ribbon)

O. of St. Hubert, 1844(Grand Cross - new ribbon)

O. ofSt. George, 1494(Grand Cross)

O. of St. George(Knight)

iffi.l'ffi lffiilO. of Maximilian Joseph

(Knight)

O. of Elizabeth. 1766(Dame of Honour)

O. of Maximilian Joseph(Commander)

O. of Elizabeth, 1766(Officer)

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::EMilitary O. of Maximilian Joseph, 1797

(Grand Cross)

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O. of Merit of St. Michael, 1693(1st Class)

O. of Merit of St. Michael, 1693(Grand Cross)

O. of St. Michael(Knight)

O. of St. Michael(Commander)

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O. of Civil Merit of the Bavarian Crown(Commander)

O. of Civil Merit of the BavarianCrown, 1808

(Grand Cross)

O. of Maximilianfor Afts & Science,

1 853

O. of St. Anne ofMunich, 1784

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O. of Ludwig,1827

O. ofTheresa,1827

tffi ffitMilitary O. of Merit

(War), 1866

ffii#:t*E:€FEffi+WiO. of St. Anne ofWtrzburg, 1714

42

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ffiIffiMedal for Bravery,

1794

*fr,Military O. of Merit

(Peace), 1866

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Medal for Civil Merit,1808

tffiIMedal for State

Service, 1898

Cross for 1813-15Campaign

Landwehr Long ServiceDecoration. 1912

War Cross of Merit,1870-71

Medal of Merit ofO. of St. Michael,

1889

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Fire Service Crossof Merit, 1901

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Cross. 1906

Field Decoration,1849

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Offircers'Long ServiceCross, 1865

Medal of Maximilian Order,1856

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Ludwig Medal for Art,Science & Industry,

1872

Life Saving Medal,1889

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a ;i-:j:-;i.,3:-. '::

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Cross of Merit forNursing Volunteers,

1901

ffi,ffi..ffiMilitary Long Service

Decoration, 1912

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Military Medal,1866

Cross of Merit ofO. of St. Michael.

1889

St. George Medal,188S

Prince Regent LeopoldMedal of Merit, 1905

43

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Prince Regent LeopoldJubilee Medal, 1905

I I'fFire Brigade Medal

Hospital Medal(Field), 1914-18

fitrWar Medal.

1914-18

fifrffi#f;Medical Service Medal.

1914-18

King Ludwig Cross,1916

EK4EK6

r'K95st

Crown Prince RuperlMedal

*ffir'Landwehr Officers'Long

Service Cross, 1876

44

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O. of Henry the Lion, 1834(Grand Cross)

O. of Henry the Liorr, 1834(1st Class)

Peninsular CampaignMedal, 1824

Officers' Long SetviceCross, 1833

Campaign Medal for1848-49

O. of Henry the Lion(Knight)

II

O. of the House ofBrunswick

Waterloo Medal,1818

Life Saving Medal,1836

War Cross of Merit(Combatants), 1914

Cross for 25 yearsService as Officers. 1825

Cross of Merit,1834

War Cross of Merit,

45

Napoleonic Wars Medal,1813-15

# ffi=War Cross of Merit.

1914

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t..'tLong Service Cross,

1860

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O. of the House ofFrauenstein, 1804

Long Service Cross,1840

Napoleonic Wars Medal,1813- 15

il'ItFire Bdgade Medal

War Cross of Merit,1914

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Napoleonic Wars Medal,1813-15

46

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O. ofthe Guelphs, 1815(Grand Cross)

O. of the Guelphs(Knight)

The Guelphic Medal,18.15

O. of the Guelphs(Commander)

Prince Regent'sWaterloo Medal,

1817

Cross & Medal ofWilliam. 1837

O. ofErnest Augustus, 1865(Grand Cross)

Medal for Life Saving,1845

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Militarv GeneralDecoration ofHonour,

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German Legion, 1841

O. ofSt. George, 1839

O. of Ernest Augustus

47

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O. of the Lion of Gold(Commander)

O. of Ludwig(Commander)

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O. ofLudwig, 1807(Grand Cross)

O. of the Lion of Gold(Knight)

O. of Ludwig(Knight)

O. of Philip the Magnanimous(Commander)

of Philip the Magnanimous(Knight)

o.

Order of William1851

Military O. of Merit,1819

Order of the Iron Helm1814

Family O. of the Lion of Gold,1770

O. of Philip the Magnanimous, 1840(Grand Cross)

48

rtGd%dlre uVr..dh."oVrudtredl%d%."diltradlra"o\teOrhcorlh.eil%."ofrlrr.ooltrr.*Strr..dltrr orrra"AilfOdillrG

Tbgse

Medal of Merit of theO. ofLudwig, 1853

Medal for MilitaryMerit, 1821

Soldiers' Long ServiceCross, 1835-48

General Decoration ofHonour. 1848

iljSoldiers' Long Service

Buckle (2nd Class), 1849

Military Cross of Merit,1870

Medal for Merit duringthe Drought, 1883

Campaign Medal,1814-15

F'JIDecoration for Service

1833

Iff,HCross of Honour,

1814-15

r-rDecoration for Long

Service, 1833

f

Medal for LoyalService in War,

1840

$K$Life Saving Medal,

1848

Military Medical Cross,1870

il,[,,r:Duke Ernst 2nd Wedding

Medal. 1905

War Medal of Merit,191.5

Officers' Long ServiceCross, 1848-66

il'J J'],1Medal for Arts &

Science, 1853

i[,,r1Medal of Recognitioh,

1851

Landwehr DistinguishedService Medal. 1871

General Decoration ofHonour for Bravery,

1915

49

"$a.d6dh."M.ol%."M"d[a."sa."M"dh."M"d%."]l.a"dh*t%."M."M."M""jh"dh"d[a"d[a"dh""j[a"dh"&

Tbsbwlsbt

ThnbwtolJrwn

Cross ofHonour, 1841(2nd & 3rd Class)

ffiHJubilee Medal

1884

O. ofthe Phoenix, 1757

50

Gold Cross of Honour1890

Civil Medal of Merit,1816

Long Service Cross,(1st Class), 1851

Lif'e Saving Medal,1 888

TLippt

Leopold Order, 1906

Long Service Cross,(2nd Class), 1851

Leopold IV CommemorationMedal. 1905

War Cross of Merit(Non-combatants), 1915

Military Medal of Merit,1832

I*

Campaign Medal,t870-71

Commemoration Medal.1 897

War Society's Cross,1 906

* GWar Medal of Honour.

1 915

51

Cross of Merit, 1869

F-$

t-,Decoration fbr Arts &

Science.1898

4S

frltthlmburg

House O. of the Crown of the Wendes.1864

(Grand Cross - original ribbon)

House O. of the Crown of the Wendes,1864

(Grand Cross - new ribbon)

ilffi|O. of the Crown of the Wendes,

(Knight)O. of the Crown of the Wendes.

(Commander)

ir: ; , .,ll'

O. of the Griffin(Commander)

ilI [t- t .. ':1

O. of the Griffin(Knight)

Medal of Merit,1798

Medal for Arts & Science(1st Class), 1815

Medals for Fielo Service,1808-15 & 1848-49

Medal for Arts & Science(2nd Class). 1815

*.. 1Medal for Military

Merit, 1813-15

ffiffi1Military Cross of Merit,

1848

52

War Cross of Merit,1871

1888

t1€'ffWar Society's Medal,

t897

Frederick Franz AlexanderCross

ffi|l.;rhlmburg

Cross of Merit of theWendish Crown. 1864

Landwehr Long ServiceDecoration. 1874

Medals of Merit,1885 & 190s

il: -"--. G*--iat: IE*,: : .GE-'. .::3Eil.. G

War Society's Medal,1899

Medal of Merit,1906

Military Cross ofMerit. 1914

Landwehr Long ServiceDecoration, 1875

Commemoration Medal,1897

Grand Duke's DiamondJubilee Medal, 1903

Cross of Merit, 1864 Medal for Bravery

Life Saving Medal,

War Society's Medal,1906

53

r^G

Gold & Silver Medalsfor Bravery, 1807

.:::S*ffiS:':r. ++=S=+:=:. r

s"t;i;;' Long i".ui..Cross (10yrs.), 1834

Waterloo Medal,1815

Medal for Eckenforde,1849

^#uggsu

@[!enburg

Officers'Long SeniceCross (50yrs.), 1834

Civil & Military Crossof Merit, 1860

Cross of !tronour.1 838

War Medals,1866 & 1870-71

War Cross of Merit,1902

O. of Duke Peter Frederick Louis. 1838(Grand Cross)

O. of Peter Frederick Louis(Commander)

O. of Peter Frederick Louis(Knight)

Napoleonic Wars Medal,l8l5

Lif'e Saving1 848

Civil Medal of Merit.1813

W:rr Cross of Merit.187 I

Medal lbr Arts &Science. 1878

Medal ibr 184u-49Veterans,1898

Red Cross Medal

54

4$#"dFdill'a.o{rcoNra.dil%.dilhdltrr..dtrr.oo\trredfaou\h.-\trad\h"dljra*Strr.-rrlrr o\h""\tra*$tra.,dlrrodlrrad;odrfadXz.d\rra"

lFrugsiu

O. ofthe Black Eagle, 1701(Knight)

O. 'Pour le Merite',1740(Knight)

O. 'Pour le Merite' with Oak kaves(Knight)

O. of the Red Eagle, 1705(1st Class)

ffiffi,fi

O. of the Red Eagle(3rd & 4th Class)

't' j

O. of the Red Eagle(2nd Class)

O. of Merit of the Crown, 1901(Knight)

O. ofthe Red Eagle, 1705(Grand Cross)

O. ofConcord.1660-1740

55

,tseil6e)h."g)rlh."eilrr.sa)\h."aik'eih.solh."Sh."etrrr."dvr.ce)rlt

lPrugsiu

O. of the Crown(3rd & 4th Classes)

O. of the Crown(2nd Class)

l'. of Hohenzolle

(2nd Class)

ilrO. of Hohenzollern

(3rd Class)

O. ofthe Iron Cross(Civil)

(Knight - 2nd Class)

IIIO. ofLouisa, 1814

(2nd CIass)

{ilitary)

Io

FI;O. ofthe Iron Cross

(Military)(Knight

- 2nd Class)

IIO. ofLouisa, 1814

(1st Class)

Io. O. of the Iron Cross, 1813 (Civil)

(Knight - 1st Class)

ofthe Iron Cross, 1813 (M(Knight

- lst Class)

II

O. ofthe Crown of Prussia, 1861(1st Class)

I

50

,rs.V.dlra"oilh.eErra"o\h.CDh.iilrrr."tilh.SEh"eE%.gilh.eErrr."eEkNr

lPrusgiu

Medal of MilitaryMerit. 1791

1813-15 Campaign Medal(Non-combatants)

Soldiers'Long ServiceMedal. 1825

(21 years)

ffi,'l ffiGeneral Decoration of

Honour, 1830-64

1863 Campaign Medal(Non-combatants)

Cross of Merit. 1864(Non-combatants)

Cross for Duppel, 1864(Non-combatants)

IIRed Eagle Medal,

1 835

ilffi

General Medal ofMerit. 1810

Military Decoration ofHonour. 1814

Soldiers'Long ServiceMedal, 1825

(15 years)

IHtMedal for Neufchatel,

t832

Coronation Medal,1861

F'ireDanish Campaign Medal,

1864

tffiICross for Duppel, 1864

(Combatants)

Alsen Cross, 1864(Combatants)

Officers'Long ServiceCross.1825

Soldiers' Long ServiceMedal. 1825

(9 years)

E#ZzweLife Saving Medal,

1833

1863 Campaign Medal(Combatants) r

G=-'lCross of Merit, 1864

(Combatants)

KltCross for Duppel, 1864

(Reserves)

,\ffi!,Alsen Cross, 1864(Non-combatants)

1813-15 Campaign Medal(Combatants)

57

^.\!ir.^^.Vr'-^.NrZ.^^.$Z^-.$Z-^^-\?/r,--Vr----r\t/r- ,-\?rr- -\tz -\fz -\ra -r\l/z- s\l/z -r\l/z- -r\l/z- s\l/.- -\l/.- -{/.- -N/.- _r\t/z- ^r\l/.- ^*.- .*.4$-rVr- -r\lZ

General Decoration ofHonour, 1864

TLandwehr Long Service

Cross, 1868

,lrl']1870-71 War Medal(Non-combatants)

]J' JGolden Wedding Medal

of William I, 1879

lFrusgiu

ffi=I€1866 Campaign Cross

(Combatants)

i]' , ,'Cross of Merit for Ladies and

Young Ladies, 1870-71

llntrGeneral Decoration of

Honour, 1871

l l1866 Campaign Cross

(Non-combatants)

1,il;il1870-71 War Medal

(Combatants)

lilillNursing Cross of

Merit, 1871

q i. :,.-.t: r::: 'j ! i--:- :a.Ei:.ar* *::::: r! trr, E a t::; r.il"#'j,l ,i

General Decoration ofHonour. 1890

Jerusalem Cross (Visitto Palestine), 1898

Centenary Medal,1897

": 51e='eE e.

'+siffii$ E'Generai Decoration ofHonour (Gold), 1900

Red Cross Medal,1898

Hohenzollern JubileeCross.1901

lllllrCross of Merit for

WarAid, 1916

il1ilFire Brigade Decoration

Cross of Merit forLadies,1907

IilBaltic Cross,

1914-18

I ',',; ' ilO. of the Silesian Eagle

(unofficial)

ffiCross of Merit,

t9t2

l,owenfeld BrigadeCommemoration Medal

58

2ls.t?.d{radrraqdk"d{rCdilrr..rdtradfraqdhe)rra"dil%"dNhq$rrr..ajk"elrrlrr. !r

lhrugg (floLnt)

Cross for 25 yearsService, 1847

War Cross ofHonour, 1814-15

O. ofthe Cross ofHonour(2nd Class), 1869

O. ofthe Cross ofHonour(2nd Class), 1869

Life Saving Medal,1 896

Cross for Eckenforde,1 849

Medal of Honour forLoyalty & Merit, 1861-67

Cross of Merit forArts & Science, 1885

Long Service Medal,1896

ftruss (Senior)

O. ofthe Cross ofHonour(1st Class), 1869

Cross of Merit forState Service. 1858

Decoration of Honourfor Labour. 1900

ihrusg (!unio\

O. ofthe Cross ofHonour(lst Class). 1869

Cross of Merit forState Serrice, 1857

59

4So\ro*)ro*ik*$raui%u)k uN6""NGuik

"il6ui[6"ilftr"J%uik.)l6uib"i[6ut[@rola.utl6"il6oltr. or,ro""Nauu%"ft

Tbsuit of Suxr

House O. of Saxe Ernestine, 1833(Grand Cross)(First Ribbon)

O. of Saxe Ernestine(Knight)

O. of Saxe Ernestine(Commander)

O. of Saxe Ernestine(Commander)

House O. ofSaxe Ernestine, 1833(Grand Cross)

O. of Saxe Ernestine(Knight)

Medal of MilitaryMerit, 1814

Cross of Merit,1 864

Cross of Merit ofSaxe Ernestine O.. 1833

Cross of Merit withSwords, 1864

War ServiceMedal

Medal of MilitaryMerit. 1914

r-Medal of Merit of

Saxe Ernestine O., 1833

60

,tGdh"$k6\ta."d\h.*dlhdltz.dlh"o\hediltrr..o\trr."

Campaign Medal,1814-15

Medal for Aid atAltenburg Castle Fire,

1865

*rt"' '.'. '1

Life Saving Medal,1882

Medal for Arts &Science, 1835

Suxt'9ltenburg

Officers' Long ServiceCross, 1836

War. Commem. Medal,1870-71

Duke Ernst. Medal,1906

Soldiers'Long ServiceDecoration. 1836

(21 years)

Medal for JubileeofDuchy, 1876

Duke Ernst JubileeMedal, 1903

Cross for Eckenforde.1851

Duke Ernst Medal, 1888(2nd Class)

f ,,l' lWedding Medal of Duke

Carl Eduard, 1905

$ffiffi.#Medal for Bravery,

1915

f-{Life Saving Medal,

1883

Suxe-@oburq @otbu

Officers' Service Cross, 1846Cross for Arts & Science. 1861

ffi,,.Duke Ernst Medal. 1888

( 1st Class)

Duke Carl Eduard Medalfor Bravery, 1905

6l

ttsdh-.ol%."dtra.olh."dho"ih""il6o$rr.*ih"u)heN%*iilrr."ot

$uxr-frlunmgen

€aE

Merit:s), 1915

; of Iv

tantsar Cross-combat

Officers'Long ServiceCross, 1852

War Cross of Merit(Combatants), 1915

Soldiers'Long ServiceDecoration, 1852

(21 years)

Saving M1903

Military Long ServiceCross. 1 834

Cross of Honour fbrBravery, 1871

General Decoration ofHonour, 1902

ffi

}EF

ffiedal,

ffi

ffireffiLife

ffiErisWar

(Non-c

ffiRecognition Medal,

1892

Gold Cross of Honour,1858

Fire Service DecorationofHonour,1890

Golden Wedding Medal,1892

$iuxt-Wrimur @.iawvilS

O. of the White Falcon. 1732(Grand Cross)

O. of the White Falcon(Knight)

Medal of Merit,1829

War Medal of Merit,1 870

Medal for Arts &Science, 1889

62

4S"ih.)h""ih"uih"o{la""i!6"ih*.'\h.""ik*M"")r!ir'*)k"o{rr'"uiila*M"ui[rr..ujh

O. ofthe Rue Crown. 1807(Grand Cross)

O. of Albert the Valorous. 1850

Suxonp

(Grand Cross)

I

++F#. ffii:sl:Hffi;€€*'€O. of St. Henry(Commander)

Iof Meritight)

I

,il'"''Civil O.

(Kn

IO. ot Alberl the Valorous

(Commander)

Military O. of St. Henry, 1736(Grand Cross)

O. of St. Henry(Knight)

O. of Alberl the Valorous(Knight)

63

,*G

"slra.orrlrGd1rr."uilA"ujfA"dh"olh.ool7a"u)lA"ol7a"u)la"ujfa"drrr."ollrr.*)t

d-puxonp

O. of Sidonia, 1871(for Ladies)

Military Medal ofMerit, 1796

tt#O. for Women

t",rCivil Medal of

Merit, 1815

Commem. Cross for 1866(Combatants)

t'ffi'{Crown Pcss. Carola

Medal, 1871

O. of Maria Anna.1906

Life Saving Medal,1831

ffiCommem. Cross for 1866

(Non-combatants)

Medal for Arts &Science. 1873

Commem. Cross for 1849(Non-combatants)

1874

F',,'.ffi'$

m'ffi,#,Long Service Decorations,

1874Commem. Cross for 1849

(Combatants)1874

Medal for Loyal Service(Women), 1875

rffifiAlbert Cross. 1876

t*ffirffitFire Services Decoration

ofHonour.1885

Equestrian O. of St. Joachim, 1755(unofficial)

ttlMedal of O. of Albert,

1861

Medal for Loyal Service(Men), 1875

t '''

Silver Cross of Merit,1876

64

,*GOlAOrlr.oAh"lh"ilaO%Ob"ila.ilaOf rr."O'r..""ilao%Sla

Suxonp

Friedrich Augustus Medal(War). 1905

Cross for 1863-64Holstein Campaign,

1890

Friedrich Augustus Medal(Peace), 1905

Cross for VolunteerNurses, 1915

ffi.'ti#Military Cross of

Merit, 1915

Medical Service Medal

Carola Medal. 1892

Medal for Bravery

4S,$@"lh".lho*r..*lh"$h..")l'a*)h".M"o$rr.".th.ort!'r."o{rr

Srbsumburg-I{"rppe

Fire Brigade ServiceMedal, 1870

Kre.

ffireSilver Wedding Meoal,

1907

Civil Medal ofMerit, 1830

Cross of Merit ofthe House O., 1869

Ladies'Medal of Merit.1899

Military Medal ofMerit, 1850

fxreMilitary Cross of

Merit. 1914

O. ofthe Cross ofthe HouseLippe, 1869

rLong Service Cross,

1850

lil' ]1870-71 War Cross,

1877

66

br PMb[tstuis:Tholst

I-..I1848-49 War Cross,

1850

5rltfrurtburg (flntnt)

Cross ofHonour, 1837(1st Class)

O. ofSt. Anne.1735-96

Cross of Honour(original ribbon)

Ofltcers'Long ServiceCross, 1850

Medal of Merit forLong Service, 1853

Medal of Honour forWar Merit. 1870

iffiSoldiers' Long Service

Decoration, 1867(15 years)

gffiffisEffiffiEl@E%cg

Good Service Medal,1899

9ffiffi rMedal for Arts &

Science, 1899

9iillfrwthurq.il&uDoldt E! t

Soldiers'Long ServiceDecoration, 1867

(21 years)

$rrbfruttburg-SonDprbuugen

Military Long ServiceCross, 1838

:R*!a:i ,: :S : ::.+E'ffi*t:r-E1'-14ffiffi5?.#+ . n F.sSffi:i' a# ,::;*{

The Order ofthe Cross oftheLion of Schwarzburg,

1853

re'IMedal for Proclamation ofDuke Fried'k. VIII, 1864

Medals for Arts &Science, & Agriculture,

1846

!ffi8Faithful Service Medal, 1896

Fite Brigade ServiceDecoration, 1895

Cross of Honour

Campaign Medal,1814- 15

Life Saving Medal,1870

4S

O. of Civil Merit, 1857(Grand Cross)

O. of Civil Merit(Knight)

Bu[lerh

Gi.,,,'-,'General Medal of

Merit, 1878

-

Long Service Cross,1848

ftt",''''ffiMilitary Cross of Honour

(2nd Class), 1854

Medal for Arts &Science. 1857

Cross ofHonour,1899

1813-15 War Medal,

68

O. of the Crown of Wiirttemberg, 1g1g(Grand Cross)

O. of the GoldenEagle,1702(Knight)

Wtntttmhrrg

O. of the Crown(Commander

- 2nd Class)

O. ofFrederick, 1830(Grand Cross)

O. of the Crown(Commander

- 1st Class)

Military O. of Merit(original ribbon)

O. of the Crown(Knight)

Military O. of Merit(Knight)

O. of Frederick(Commander)

O. of Frederick(Knight)

O. of the Crown of Wiirttemberg, 1818

:i

#u)l6.eilfa"ol%.rEill'a"ofrh..eilh*Va"o\lrr.oo{fr uft"

f JCivil O. of Merit.

1 806

War Cross of Honour.1815

Military Long ServiceCross, 1833

Civil Medal of Merit, 1878

Large Medal fbr Arts& Science. 1824

Medal for Veteransof 1793 & 1815 Wars.

1840

Civil Medal of Merit,1892

Hiirtternbprq

*l ' llCharlotte Cross,

1916

O. of Olga, 1871(for Ladies)

Small Medal for Arts& Science. 1824

Landwehr Long ServiceCross,1879

Medal of Merit ofO. ofthe Crown, 1892

Cross of Merit.1900

Fire Brigade ServiceDecoration

IIMedal for Military

Merit. 1794

ILife

Ial,Medal bf Merit of

O. ofFrederick. 1892

HilWilhelm Cross,

1915

Saving Med1897

70

A. House Order of Peter Frederick Lo'!s - Oldenburg. Insignia of Knight First Class. This Order ...:-

founded on the 27th November, 1838 by the then Grand Duke Paul Frederick. The reverse ofthe badgebears the armorial bearings o-f O ldenburg on a white background and the dates in the four arms are thebirthday (17thlanuary 1755), the date oJ accessionto thethrone (6thJuly 1785) and the date qfdeath (2ncM ay I829) of Duke Peter Fredeick Louis and .finally the date qf the foundation oJ the Order (27thNovember I83B). The ribbon is dark blue with a red stripe towards each edge.

B. Order of Maria Anna - Saxony. This Order was.t'itunded on May 15th 1906 by King Frederick Augti::III to be awarded to Ladies for works of a charitable welfhre and nursing character. The Order came in on;class onht as shown here. The cross wqs sometimes surmounted by a crown and sometimes not. The centrehas the bust of the Patron. The reverse oJ the central plaque bears the initials 'M.A.'.

C. House Order of Peter Frederick Louis - Oldenburg .Insignia of Knight First Class. The obverse qf : i. .

badge has a central medallion in blue enamel with the gold initials of the Grand Duke inscribed in thecentre. On the suwounding dark red enamel band is written "Eine Wahrheit, ein Gott, ein Recht" (OneTruth, One God, One Right).

D & F. House Order of Saxe-Ernestine - Saxony.Insignia of the Second Class. This Order, founded itt1833, had as its motto "Fideliter et Constanter" (Loyalty and constancy). The Order wus one in whichvarious embellishments could be conJbred-for special acts e.g. in crosses given toJoreigners the oak wreari;round the blue band on which the motto was inscribed was omitted and when awardedfor gallantry a laure:wreath was substituted Jbr the oak leaves and the space befr.oeen the pales of the cross Jilled with crossedswords - as here. The central medsllion of the badge bears the e-ffigy oJ Emest the Pious, while the revers.poftrays the Coat of Arms of Saxony. The centre of the Star is embellished with a Crown in gold and greenenamel. The ibbon is o.f a purple colour with a dark green stripe towards each edge.

E. The Order of Saxe-Ernes tine-Knight Second Class.

G. The Order of Saxe-Ernestine-Knight First Class.

72

A. Order of the Cross of the House of Lippe-Knight. This wns a joint Order awarded by bothSchuumburg-Lippe and Lippe. The Badge was an eight pointed white enamel cross with a small golden br;".

at each tip. The central plaque beqrs the red rose ofLippe on a white background. The motto ofthe Orderborne on a band of blue was "Fur Treue und Verdienst" (For Truth and Merit). The whole badge wassuspendedfrom a gold crown. The ribbonwas red and gold.

B. Cross of Merit for Ladies and Young Ladies 1870/71-Prussia. This Award was instituted on the 22ndMarch 187I by King William of Prussia and is an awardfor ladies who gave assistance in hospitals andgeneral welJare of the wounded. The initials W and A standfor William (King) and Augusta (his Queent.This Award was purely a feminine Award and wus worn on a bow ibbon as illustrated, similar to Biri: "Awards to ladies. The cross is rare and nowfetches a pice in excess o.f {100. Apparently the cross was onllbestowed in the Frunco-Prussian War and in the 1914-18 War the Red Cross medal was given instead.

C. Order of Friedrich-Wiirttemberg. Knight. This Order was founded by King William I oJ Wiirttembe.;as a general awardfor Military and Civil services in 1838 and until 1856 came in one class only. Originallrthe Order gave personal nobility and free access to the Court. The Badge in the higher grades is a goldrimmed white enamel cross with rays of gold in the angles. The centre medallion of the obverse has an e-l1ig.of the King on a ground oJ dull gold. This is surrounded with a blue enamel band bearing the name oJ-theKing. The reverse has the words "Dem Verdienste" (For Merit) on the reverse and a similur blue bandcarries the motto oJ the order "Gott und mein Recht" (God qnd my right). In the lower grades the obversebears the initial "F" surmounted by a gold crown with no blue band. The ibbon is blue and when awarde;.t'br military merit the badge, as here, was suspendedfrom crossed swords in gold.

D.F.G.H. & J. The Order of Albert the Yalor6qs-g4y6ny.D. Knight, First ClussF. Knight, Second ClassG. Star o.f Commander lstH. Star of Commznder lstJ. Star o.f Grand CrossThis OrderwasJbunded on 31st December, 1850 by King FrederickAugustus and could be awarded-1br

merit in general and alsofor civil, military, literary or scientific merit. The insignia are attractive and thebadge consisted of an oblong white enamel cross with gold edges surrounded by a wreath o-f oak leaves butthe lower arm of the cross is longer than the other three. The centre is white and displays the gold ffig, o-fDuke Albert. The reverse beurs the Saxon Coat of Arms in the centre suflounded by a blue enamel band inwhich is placed the date qf ;foundation. The motto o.f the Order was "Albertus Animosus" (Albert theBrave). The badge is suspended from a gold crown in thefirst three grades and the insignia could beembellished with crossed swords when awardedJor military merit. The Stars oJthe First and Second gradesbear the same centre, being placed on eight pointed andfour pointed stars respectively.

E. Honour Cross of the Order of the House of Lippe.

ClassClass with Swords

74

The Order of the Black Eagle -

Prussia. Grand Cross. This was Prussiu's highest Order and came in oneclass only. Any recipient qf the Order automatically received hereditary nobility. The Order was founded onITth January 1701 by Fredeick I of Prussia, previously Elector of Brandenburg, on assuming the title ofKing of Prussia. The Orderwas rarely bestowed, except.for exceptional merit, on persons otherthanmembers of rullng or princely Houses. Originally the members of the Order, in addition to their insignia,wore a uniform oJ blue velvet with a cloak or mantle of aflesh colour lined with a slq-blue watered silk.Attached to the mdntle was a train, which was long in the case of the Croin Pince if Prussia, but shon ittthe cuse of the other Knights andfastened in Jront with cords embellished with tassels. The Star of theOrder was embroidered in silver on the left side of the breast and each Knight wore q blue velvet hat towhich was attached a white plume. The insignia of the Order consisted oJ a blue enamelled octagonal crosswith the initiuls "F.R." in the centre medallion. Between each arm of the cross is placed a black eagle withoutstretched wings. The Star is eight pointed with a central plaque displaying on an orange backgroind anoutstretched black eagle with a thunderbolt in one claw and a laureltrreath in the other. This is sunoundedby a white enqmel bqnd bearing the motto qf the Order in gold letters "Suum Cuique" (To everyone his duetThe ribbon is of a watered orange silk.

76

The Order of the Red Eagle - Prussia. This Order ranked second in theJinal hierarchy oJ-the PrussianOrders. The insignia illustrated is that oJthe Grand Cross. The Orderwas oiginallyJbunded in 1705 byGeorge William the then hereditary Prince of Ansbach and Bayreuth as the "Order of Sincerity". Theoriginal insignia'consisted of a gold cross set in diamonds and other precious stones and an example of thebadge oJ this period was recently sold at Chisties for over f3000. After undergoing considerablere-organisation in 1734 by the then Margrave George Frederick Charles, the Orderwas re-named "TheBrandenburg Red Eagle" and membership was restricted to 30 knights who could show noble descentthrough eight generations by both parents. The Order was constituted in its finalform in 1791 by FredeickWilliam II and the insignia altered to the type illustrated, which continued until 1918. The motto of theOrder was " Sincere et Constanter" (Sincere and with Constancy). The Order is interesting in that there x'eremany devices and permutations attached to the badges of the Order indicating the past history of therecipient and his advancement within the degrees ofthe Order e.g. three golden oak leaves above the badgewhere a knight ofthe second grade had been promotedfrom the third grade or a similar appendage where aknight ofthertrst class had been promotedfrom the previous ttvo grades.

78

orderof CivilMeiitof theBavarianCrown- GrsndCross.ThisorderwasfoundedinlS0SbyKingM a:cimillian Joseph and was intended according to its Statutes: "to confer an honourable distinction on the

sen,atts of the State and oi alt citizens of all cliss-es oJ society who shoild .huve distinguished themselves by

proninent vitues and *"rliri:' . ihn Ori", in its finaiform clme infour classes and con;ferred personal

knighthood upon the *"iplnrt.ii" irtig"iy as itlustiated consistei of an octagonal white ensmel cross with

16 points surcounded by in oakwreathind suspeniledfrom a gold ciown. Thi middte plaque of the obverse

torftairted a blue and golil ,*o*n ,uoounded by a red inomellid band upon which is witten the motto of the

order "Virtus "t

noros'i iClo"';;;; ";; i.noli. The reverse shows thi effig1t of the fo-under of the order'

The Stur is similar to tn, ,iitrrii.iion of the obverse of the badge but-ii sunounded by a green and white

..j"iti of tournl leaves. fliitti", as heie, is of a light-blue wateied coloutwith white stripes to each edge'

80

The House Order or Family Order of the Wendian Crown - Mecklenburg. The insignia illustrated is,that

of the Grand Cross. Apart'from this grade the ordir came in three other classes and was founded on l2thMay 1864 by Grand Dukes Fredeick Franz II and Frederick William of the Duchies ofMicktenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz respectively. The Order could be awarded to both male

andfemale inemb"rs of the Ruling Housi, and when awarded to Ladies was often encrusted with dismonds.

The"Badge of the Ordir was a golil rimmed white enamel cross with gold balls at each of the eight tips. A,o*ponlgo[d griffin appears i"nrnn, each ray of the cross_.The central plaque is of blue enamel and,bears

the Weniian Crown in gold surrounded by a red enamelled band on which is inscribed the motto of the

Order - "Per Aspera id Astra" wh"n awarded by the Schwerin branch qf the Royal House, and inscibed

"Ayito Viret Honire" when awarded by the other branch. The Badge is attached to a gold crown by the

initials and cyphers of the founders. The ibbon of the Order is blue moird.with narrow stripes of red and

y"itii it "tii.dge. "Th" ibbon of the Grand Criss is peculiar in that, as in the illustration, the red and

yellow stripes weie ofteh only attached.below the bow oJ the sash where it rested on the hip of the wearer and

the ribbon above this point was solely in blue.

82

A. House Order of Hohenzollern - Prussia. Knight First Class. Founded on Sth December 1841 by the

Princes Fredeick of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaingen. The badge illus-trated is of the second type issued ajter the Orderwss absorbed by Pntssia in 1851, when the Hohenzollemcoat of arms in the centre medallion was replaced by the Prussian Eagle.

B. This early example qf the Order Pour le Merite w as awarded to Kapitan und QuartiermeisterlieutnantBernhard Wilhelm Von Widerhold on 2nd December 1792. This Order, oiginally known as The Order o.f

Generosity andfounded in 1665 by Prince Charles Emil, the brother of ElectorFredeickIII, was completelyre-organised in 1740 by Frederick II of Prussia into an Order of Merit which could be awardedJor bothmilitary and civil distinction. The nature of the Order was again changed in 1810 when it could only be givert

for military merit. Insignia of this early period are very rare.

C. House Order of Hohenzollern - Prussia. Knight First Class, with Swords, awardedfor military meit.

D. Cross of Merit of the Wendian Crown - Mecklenburg.

E. House Order of Hohenzollern - Prussia. Kz ight First Class. This is an example of the type

awarded -for Civil M erit aJter the absorption of the Order by Prussia and is much rarer than the militarytype. This pafticular example is beautifully enamelled and in gold. Probably awarded to a member o-f themedical profession.

F. Another early example oJ the OrderPour le Merite - Prussia.

G. TheOrderof theBlackEagle-Prussia theGrandCross Star, specially made.fbrKaiserWillhelm II.This Star is cut withfacets quite diJferentJrom the usual type - see illustration on puge B5.

H. Neck Badge of the Prussian Order Pour le Merite with Oak leaves. Such embellishment was gruntedwhen the Order was awarded Jor an act oJ an especially brave nature.

J. Cross of flonour-Reuss.

K. House Order of Hohenzolle m. Starof the Grand Cross, (with Sworcls) ol'thc 2nd rypc.

L. Honour Cross of thc House Order of Hohenzollern bejbre its ubsorption by Prussiu. In this Iypc ol'insign.ia the centre medallion beurs the Coat o.f Arms oJthe House ol Hohenzollern surrountled b),u blucenumel band beuring the inscription "Fur Treue und Verdienst" (For loyalty und merit). The reverse hus theinitiuls ol'the co--lbunders of the Order and the dute ofits institution.

84

.1 =r-

A. The Order of the Zahringen Lion - Baden..ita r of Commander, First Clsss. This Order was foundedin 1B12 by the Grand Duke Charles Fredeick on the anniversary o.f the christening of his wife Stephanie o7'

Beauharnais. It was so named after the House qfZahingen, who were the ancestors ofthe Princes of Baden.The badge of the Order is similar to the centre of this Star and the rays of the lower grades of the Order areoften in green glass instead of green enamel. The motto of the Order is "Fur ehre und Wahreit" (For honourand truth) and the ribbon is green with a gold stripe towards each edge. It is possiblefor the insignia to beadorned with oak leaves.

B. The Order of the Crown-Pxussia. Grand Cross Star. This Order wus founded by King William I oJPrussia on IBth October 1861 and came infour classes. It wqs awardedfor both military and civil merit. TheStar, as here, consisted ofthe badge superimposed on an eight pointed golden star. The badge itselfwas agold edged white enumel cross with a central plaque portraying a gold crown. Round the medallion is a blueband inscibed "Gott mit uns" (Godwith us). The reverse has the initials of thefounder and the date oftheJbrmation of the Order.

C. The Order of the Guelph - Hanover.Knight Commander Star. This Order was founded on 12th August1815 by George IV oJ England when Prince Regent and was both a British and Hanoverian Order until theStatutes o.f the Order were revised on 20th May I B41 when the digni4t and power of the Grand M aster wassaid to be permanently vested in the Crown of Hanover. The Order could be bestowed.for military and civilmerit and *-henlbr the-fbrmer, as here, the insignia was adonted with swords. The central plaque o.f theobverse bears the White Horse of Hanover surrounded by a blue enumel band bearing the inscription "NecAspera Terrent" (Dfficulties do not daunt). The reverse oJ the badge carries the initials of the.founder andthe date o.f the.foundation of the Order.

D. Order of the Crown - Prussia. The illustration is of a Badge of the Grand Cross suspended on aneck ribbon snd adomed u,ith swords.

E. The Order of the Zahringen Lion - Baden . Grand Cross Star. The Star ofthis grade was unlike theother insignia gfthe Order and consisted of an eight pointed stqr on which was imposed a centremedallion in red enamel portraying the gold rampant Lion of Zahringen.

F. The Iron Cross - Prussia. Grand Cross Star. This wus the highest grade ofthe Order and was onlyawarded 21 times. The last t'tvo recipients were Field Marshal Von Hindenburg in 191B and Reich MarshalHermann Giiring in 1940.

G. The Order of the White Falcon - Saxe-Weimar Eisenach. Grand Cross Star. This Order was.foundedon 2nd August 1732 by Emest Augustus, Duke o.f Saxe-Weimar. The Star qf the Order consists oJ a whiteernntel.f alcon superimposed on a green enamel star of.four arms with gold edges. This in turn is placedLtpon on eight pointed star cut with brilliant.facets. The motto oJ the Order is "Ascendimus Vigilando"(Ascend by Vigilancd which is on a blue band round the centralfigure of a-falcon.

86

A. Order of Military Merit - Bavaria. Officer or Knight First Class.

B. Johanniter Order - Prussia. Knight oJJustice. In 1382 the Grond Bailiwick or Commandry ofBrandenburg separated from the Order of Malta ond elected its own Grand Master. A.fter many vicissitudesduring ctnd after the Reformation the Orderwas re-constituted on 23rd May, 1B12 by King FrederickWilliam III of Pntssia with a new Protestsnt constitution. The King was Sovereign Protector and SoleDispenser of the Order. The original insignia comprised q Maltese octagonal cross in white enamel with theangles filled with Prussiun Eagles which were in black or gold depending upoh grade, and with a gold cro$'nin the case of the higher two classes of the Order. The ribbon was oJ black wstered silk.

C. Order of Civil Merit - Waldeck. Knight.

D. Order of Military Merit -

Bavaria. Communder with Swords. The Order was established on I9th Jult1866 by King Louis II J'or acts of bravery which did not \rarrant the award of the Order of MaximiliunJoseph. The Order came infive classes and the badge is s most attractive design comprising an eight pointedblue enamel starwith goldenflames between each arm. The central medallion bears the initial of the

-fbunder in gold with a crown ubove it. Themotto of the Order "M erenti" (For Merit) surrounds this on awhite enamel band. The reverse centre is a lion with the date I 866. The Badge is usually suspended Jromcrossed swords when awardedJ'or military merit but can be awsrded without swords in which case theribbon is different. In the case oJ the Officer Class a crown is placed between the crossed swords and theribbon.

E. Order of the Griffin - Mecklenburg. Commander. This Order was founded on 15th September 1BB4hy the Gruntl Duke Frederick Franz III.t''or civil or military merit. It came inJour classes and the badgecom prises a dork red enumel star with u centre medallion in dark gold on which was emblazoned a grifftnitr u lighter gold. The motto of the Order was "Altior Adversis" (Against all odds) and this was inscibed onu retl bund itr the centre of the Star o-fthe Order but not on the badge.

F. Order of St. Michael - Bavaria. Grand Cross Star. In point of time this is one oJ the earliest GermanOrders, having been.fbuncled os long ugo as 29th September 1693 by Joseph Clemens, Elector qf Cologneond Duke o.f'Bavuria. It wos originally an association oJ Nobles qf'Catholic religionJbr "dqt'bnding religionund the honour of'God". The Order u,as completely re-organised in 1837 and became sn Order of Meritwithout regard to hinh, rank or religion, being co4t'brredJbr loyalty, patiotism and distinction. The badgeis a dark blue enamel cross on which is ponrayed in the centre the.figure of the Archangel slaying thedragon. The initials P.F.F.P. standing -fbr Principi, Fidelis, Favere, Patriae, appear in gold letters on thearms oJthe cross which is suspendedfrom a gold crown. The Star is eight pointed. The ibbon of the.Order isred edged with blue stripes and the motto "Quis ut Deus" (Who is like God?).

G. Order of Civil Merit - Waldeck. Commander with Swords. Founded oiginally as a Medal of Merit on

3rd July 1857 it was enlarged into an Order by Prince George Victor of Waldeck in 1871. The Order hadthree cilasses and comprised an eight pointed white enamel cross on which was displayed a black and goldstar. In turn a centre medallion of white was pleced on this portraying a red cross. The badge in some cases

was suspendedJrom a gold oak leaf and swords could be sdded as in illustration (G). The ribbonwas yellov'vtith stripes oJ red and black.

88

Group A.,42 interesting group to Peter Heine late of the Royal Saxon Grenadier Regiment. It is mostunusualtofind in a German Group the award of theLeague of Mercy, a Bfitish Decoration. The Groupcompises:

St. Henry Medal. SaxonyMilitary Cross of Merit. SaxonyFranco- Prussian War M edalCentenary Medal Prussia 1897Order of Saxe-Entestinewith Swords. KnightOrderLeague of Mercy. Great Britain

GroapB.Afine group to a German Officer-name unknown, comprising:Wound Bad.ge 1914-1BPourle Meite. PrussiaIron Cross - I st Class

I ron Cross - 2nd ClassHouse Order of Hohenzollern. PrussiaOrder of Red Eagle - 2nd IssueOrderof Military Meritwith Swords. BavaiaOrder of ZahringenLion in goldwith Swords and OakLeaf Cluster. BadenOrder of ZahringenLion in silverwith OakLeaf Cluster. BadenOrder of Albertwith Swords. SaxonyOfficers Long Service Cross. Prussia

90

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lft#Hl.,F,+

F

Group A. Group of Medals and Decorations awarded to Lt. Franz Hassel compising:Iron Cross - 2nd ClsssMilitary Order qf St. Henry. SaxonyOrder of Civil Merit. SaxonyOrder oJ Albert. Saxony1914-1918 War MedalLong Service CrossCentenary Medal Prussia 1897Cross of Military Merit. AustriaOrder o-f Franz Joseph. Austris

Iron Cross I st ClassGallipoli Star. TurkeyBulgarian Stsr 1915-17 War Seruice Cross

Group B. Group o.f Medals snd Decorations awarded to a German Air Force Pilot (name unknown) with along record of service compising:

3rd Reich Pilot's Badge 1939-45Gallipoli Star. TurkeyIron Cross - lst ClassPrussian Army Pilot's Badge I 9 I 4- 1 B

Iron Cross - 2nd ClassHouse Order of Hohenzollern. Prussia. 2nd IssueWar Cross of Merit. Hamburg 1914Air Force Long Service Medals.Cross of Military Merit. AustriaImtiaz Medal 1915. TurkeyLiakat Medal 1915. Turkey

92

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lfnlmKINGDOMS, STATES, DUCITIES

and FREE CITIES

Alsace-LorraineAnhaltAnhalt-BernburgAnhalt-DessauAnhalt-KtithenBadenBavaria

BergBohemiaBosnia-HerzegovinaBrandenburgBremenBrunswickCasselClevesCoburg & GothaDucal PrussiaEssenFrankfurtHamburgHanseatic lragueHanoverHesseHesse-CasselHesse-DarmstadtHesse-HomborgHohenloheHohenzollernHolsteinHungaryJadeLiechtensteinLippeLombardyLubeckMark

8,12.8,11,25,28,38.

8.8.8.

r0, 2s, 28, 39, 40, 86, 90.t0, tt,28,32,4r,42,

43,44, 80, 88, 90.10.

9.23.

9,32.t7,29,46.11,29,45.

10.9.

11.9.

11.11,29,32,46.

tt,29,46.lt,29,46.

11,29,32,47,86.30,48,49.

lt,32.11.

32'30,50.

31,32,50,84,90,92.11.

9.32.12.

tl,3l,51,74.9.

tt,29,46.9.

Mark BrandenburgMecklenburgMecklenburg-SchwerinMecklenburg-StrelitzMinden Paderborn

8.31,52, 53, 82,84,88.

11.11.11.9.

tt,31,32,v.tt,3t, v,72.

13.32.32.

9, 10, 11, 12,32,55,56, 57, 58,74, 76, 78, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92.

9.11,34,59, M.

11.

32.It,32.

34,60,72.lt,34,6t.

34,61.11,34,62.

tt,34,62,86.ll,32,35,63,64,65,

72,74,90,92.1 1, 36, 66.

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32,36,67.67.

MoravlaNassauOldenburgPolandPomeraniaPosenPrussia

RavensburgReussReuss-GreizRhenish PrussiaRuhrSaxe, House ofSaxe-AltenburgSaxe-Coburg GothaSaxe-MeiningenSaxe-WeimarSaxony

Schaumburg-LippeSchleswigSchleswig-HolsteinSchwarzburgSchwarzburg-RudolstadtSchwarzburg-SonderhausenSilesiaVenetiaWaldeckWestphaliaWiirttemberg

tt,36,67.tt , 36, 67.9,I0,32.

9-

11,36,68,88.10,32.

lo, 12, 37 , 69, 70,74.

94

A Balfour Book, Printed and Published by Photo Precision Ltd.,St. Ives, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England

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