Impacts of Sand & Dust Storms (On Agriculture)css.escwa.org.lb/SDPD/1827/5-3.pdf · 2012. 7. 5. ·...
Transcript of Impacts of Sand & Dust Storms (On Agriculture)css.escwa.org.lb/SDPD/1827/5-3.pdf · 2012. 7. 5. ·...
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Climate Change Signals and Impacts:
From region to sub region
Impacts of
Sand & Dust Storms
(On Agriculture)
Jaser Rabadi , Ph.D.,
Representative of WMO for
West Asia
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Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources and Socio-Economic Vulnerability in the Arab Region
Immediate Objectives of Initiative: (5) Identification and analysis of projected
extreme events in the Arab Region examples of severe weather conditions: flooding, drought, tropical storms, heat wave, cold spells, sand & dust storms, ..etc.
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IPCC Projected: Increase frequency of Occurrence & intensity of Sever Weather Conditions
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Noah’s ark .. And the floodgates of heavens
opened. And rain fell on the earth forty days and fort nights….
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Joseph, the son of Jacob… 7 years of plenty followed by 7 years of famine
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Climate & Climate Change:
Perpetual interaction of Earth’s System Components
Temperature Currents Chemistry ….
Surface characteristics; Biological Processes. .etc.
Thermal Regime; Hydrological Regime; Atmospheric chemistry;
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AWA/WBI Training Workshop, October 2, 2011 Abu Dhabi
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Looks familiar ??
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Frequency… Regional examples Rising Dust (Days) distribution over Middle & southern Iraq (1971-2000) days/month
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7 Decadal Mean number of days with S&D in Amman
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Years
Storms Kuwait (1962-2010)
Dust Storm ( Riyadh )
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1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Years
Nu
mb
er o
f D
ay
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Riyadh
Bahrain
Amman
Iraq
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Known Sources in the Region… another geopolitical issue !!!!
Tigris & Euphrates basin,
Sistan & Baluchistan Basin,
East of Alhejaz Mountains,
Southwest Alhajar Mountains,
Sahara Desert.
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SDS Recipe …
Weather conditions
(Temp., wind, rain, evpn., solar..,)
+ Soil Biophysical Characteristics (type, texture, moisture, vegetation cover, etc...).
Land degradation
SDS
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Identification Card
~100 μm or less 6000 μg/m3 Up 10 km high Life time: 4-7 days Intercontinental transport
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How much dust there is ?
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0 k
m
Global Flux of dust: 3 Billion tons/yr
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Impacts: Human Health (Respiratory, asthma, infections,
meningitis in Africa, valley fever in the America’s);
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Road blocker
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Transportation (air, ground, marine..)
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In 542 BC, Cambyses II, son of Syros the Great, sent 50,000 strong soldiers to Siwa Oasis to destroy the oracle at the Temple of Amun after the priests there refused to legitimize his claim to Egypt…. They all vanished in a sand storm…..
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More historical stories ????
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Other Impacts
Industrial activities (out doors works, oil
production, Precision Manufacture Industry, etc..);
Weather and Climate Processes : Radiation
Agriculture
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Impact of Sand & dust storms on Agriculture
1. Immediate Impact on ag. Systems: i. Plant & Crop’s yield;
ii. Operators, systems & infrastructure;
iii. Livestock (diseases, productivity,.. )
iv. Marine life (+ ve impact)
2. Wind erosion (removal of top soil)
AWA/WBI Training Workshop, October 2, 2011 Abu Dhabi
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Dust storms can be useful fertilizers
dedicated for SDS haters….
Amazon rain forest: receives from Sahara/Sahel dust 2.5 and 0.2 kg ha-1y-1 of K and P & 1-4 kg of phosphate ha-1 y-1;
Saharan dust is the most important parent material for clay-rich soils on Caribbean islands;
Dust from China is major component of alkali ice crystals which neutralize acid rain in Japan.
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10-13 October 2011, Tehran 20
ph
yto
pla
nkto
n
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SDS Impact Plankton
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Planktons: Who Care ???
Major source of food production "grass" of aquatic habitats….. Base in food chain;
Consume aquatic bacteria;
Generate 50% of world’s Oxygen, Sink of CO2; Oceans’ Invisible Forest;
Major Climate controllers (past-present).
Iron fertilization of the oceans (Return of Ice Age:16
tankers of Fe particles.. $b 20, John Martine 1991)
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1. Blasting of leaves
6CO2 + 12H2O
light
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20
Carbon Water Sugar Oxygen Water
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Timing Scenarios
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1. Emerging plants
Total loss
2. Early growing season
Minor damage
3.Flowering 4.Maturity & harvesting
Loss of flowers Major damage RCM Application & Analysis, Beirut, 1-6 July
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2. Impacts on irrigation systems: Regional examples
Yemen Morocco
Iraq
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2. Wind erosion of Soil
Removal of topsoil
Loss of vital nutrients (Potassium & Phosphorous)
Decrease in crop productivity:
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Erosion V3
Measures to mitigate SDS ??
1. Reduce wind: wind breakers
2. Protect surface:
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Distance from
windbreak 5H 10H 15H 20H 25H 30
H % reduction in wind speed
78% 66%
35% 14% 10%
4%
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H
Wind breakers: the higher, the more efficient
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Regional Examples-ACSAD
Egypt
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Regional Examples Wind breakers
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Sudan Morocco
Tunis
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Saudi Arabia: wind breakers
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Riyadh
Mecca
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Regional examples
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Sudan
Morocco
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Regional examples: Local Material
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Egypt
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Indigenous Technology Jordan
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Aden Tanks, Yemen
الصهاريج
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Thank you
Jaser Rabadi, Ph.D.
WMO Office for West Asia
UN House
PO Box 26814, Manama, Bahrain
Office: + 973 173 19 401
Fax: + 973 173 11 607
Cell: + 973 390 64 305
E-mail address: [email protected]
www.wmo.int
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References
IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC, WMO, Geneva.
Olga Kalashnikova and Ralph Kahn (2007), Dust over ocean surfaces - Capabilities & limitations of
space-borne passive remote sensing.
R Stefanski and M V K Sivakumar (2009), Impacts of Sand and Dust Storms on Agriculture and Potential
Agricultural Applications of a SDSWS.
Moutaz Al-Dabbas et al (2011), The Mineralogical and Micro-Organisms Effects of Regional Dust Storms
over Middle East Region
Hadi GERIVANI et al (2010), The Sources of Dust Storms in Iran, A case Study based on geological I I
I nformation and Rain Fall Data.
Len Barrie and SlobodanNickovic (2010), The WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning and Advisory Assessment System.
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