Impact of public electric vehicles charging infrastructure on EV … · 2019. 2. 15. · Impact of...

Impactofpublicelectricvehiclecharginginfrastructure

onEVadoption

Preparedfor:CharlotteArgue,ProgramManager,PlugInBC,FraserBasinCouncil

ErikBlair,Sr.PolicyandPlanningAnalyst,MetroVancouver

Preparedby:

DianaAguilarandYehanChen,

UBCSustainabilityScholars,2018

August2018

Impact of Public Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure on EV Adoption: 2018 UBC SustainablyScholarsSurvey

2

TableofContents

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................4

Background..................................................................................................................................................6

ResearchApproach...................................................................................................................................7

Analysis.....................................................................................................................................................8

Discussions............................................................................................................................................26

Limitations............................................................................................................................................32

FutureConsiderations......................................................................................................................33

Conclusions................................................................................................................................................36

AppendixA.................................................................................................................................................37

AppendixB.................................................................................................................................................39

Surveydesign.......................................................................................................................................39

ChargingStations................................................................................................................................47


3

TableofFigures

Figure1NumberofpublicandDCfastchargingstationsforeachauthorityinMetro

VancouverRegionalDistrict.................................................................................................................5

Figure2Someoftheresponsesregardingshopandshopping..........................................21

TableofTables

Table1PercentageofthenumberofpublicchargersusedmonthlyforEVowners

whohavechargingaccessathomeandwhodon’t...................................................................26

Table2Venuetypevs.Stateofchargeuponarrival................................................................27

Table3Venuetypesvs.Havesomechargingornot................................................................27

Table4Venuetypevs.backupplanforpubliccharging........................................................28

Table5Behaviourshiftassociatedwiththechargervenuetype......................................29

Table6Havinghomechargingornotvs.wouldyouliketopayforcharging..............29

Table7Chargeuponarrivalatchargingstationvs.thewillingnesstopayfor

charging.......................................................................................................................................................30

Table8Stateofchargevs.EVtype..................................................................................................30

Table9EVrangeandownerschargingbehaviour(stateofchargeuponarrival).....31

Table10Homechargingandincome.............................................................................................31

Table11Homechargingandage.....................................................................................................32

Table12FuelconsumptionratingsBEVs.....................................................................................37

Table13FuelconsumptionratingsPHEVs..................................................................................38


4

Impact of public electric vehicle

charging infrastructure on EV adoption

Introduction

Theelectricvehicle (EV)markethasseensignificantgrowth in the last fewyears.

According to the International Energy Agency, the electric car market hit a new

record in 2017, surpassing 1 million sales worldwide that year. The total global

electriccarstocksurpassed3millionvehicles in2017aftercrossing the1million

thresholdsin2015,and2millionin20161.

Canada’sBatteryElectricVehicle(BEVs)salesincreasedatnearlydoubletherateof

Plug-inHybridVehicle(PHEV)sales.A totalof9,840BEVsweresoldnationally in

2017,which increasedby92%compared to thepreviousyear.PHEVsales across

theCountrywere8,730,whichincreased48%comparedtothepreviousyear.

In line with this trend, there are a growing number of electric vehicle charging

stationsinhomes,atworkplaces,andinpublicplacesthroughoutBritishColumbia,

withover1,000publicchargingstationsavailable.

TheuseofpublicchargingstationsisgrowinginMetroVancouver,butitisnotyet

clear the degree towhich they are relied upon compared to residential charging.

Currently, there are more than 500 public charging stations located through the

region.

1 International Energy Agency. (2018). Global EV Outlook 2018, 9. https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/1045?filename=global_ev_outlook_2018.pdf, 5.


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This projectwas developed to better understand the impact that public charging

infrastructurehasonEVadoption,tripbehaviourandlifestylesinMetroVancouver.

Table1 shows the totalnumberofpublicLevel1and2chargingstationsand the

total number of public Direct Current (DC) fast-charging stations in each

municipality,withVancouver, Surrey,RichmondandBurnabyaccounting forover

76%ofthetotal.

Figure 1 Number of public and DC fast charging stations for each municipality in Metro Vancouver.

Notes: This image uses the most updated information available on www.plugshare.com. It should

be noted that based on field survey experience, some of the charging stations shown on

www.PlugShare.com belong to the private sector or do not actually exist.


6

Background on EVs and Infrastructure

Electricvehicles (EVs)useabatterypack tostoreelectricalenergy,whichpowers

themotorandpropelsthevehicle.EVsincludefullyelectric,batteryelectricvehicles

(BEVs)2, or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)3. Plugging the vehicle into an

electric power source charges EV batteries. Although electricity production may

contributetoairpollution(theamountdependingontheregion’sgridgeneration),

BEVs are considered a zero-emission vehicle because it produces no direct

emissions at the tailpipe. InBC, electricity is a low carbon energy source,making

EVsaverygoodlow-carbonalternativetoconventionalfossilfuelvehicles.

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use batteries to power an electricmotor

anduse another fuel, such as gasolineordiesel, topower an internal combustion

engine.Usingelectricitytorunthevehiclesomeorallofthetimereducesoperating

costandfueluse,relativetoconventionalvehicles.

For a list of fuel consumption ratings for BEV andPHEVs, see table 12 and 13 in

AppendixA.

ThenetworkofchargingstationsinNorthAmericaisgrowingeveryday.Thereare

three levels of charging offering different amounts of power. The more power a

chargingstationprovides,thefasterthevehicleischarged4.

• Level1(120volt,Onehourofcharge~8kmofRange):Regularoutlet,also

knownas“tricklecharge”,bestusedwhenparkedovernightorlong-term;

• Level2(240volt,Onehourofcharge~30km):Typicalforathome,atwork,

orshort-tomedium-termparking,e.g.whileshopping;and

2https://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-all-electric-cars-work3https://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/how-do-plug-in-hybrid-electric-cars-work4http://pluginbc.ca/ev101/


7

• DCFastCharging(Onehourofcharge~250kmofRange):Best for longer

trips, allowing travel between cities. There are three standards: CHAdeMO,

CCS,andTeslaSupercharger(Tesla).

Manypublicchargingstationsare free touse,butrequiredrivers to joinaservice

networktoaccessthestations.Membersareoffereddiversewaystoauthorizethe

useofachargingstation,suchasscanningamembercardatthedesiredstation.By

registering online with the different charging service networks, EV owners can

obtainamembercard.Somenetworks’stations(ChargePoint,FLO,andGreenLots)

canalsobeauthorizedthroughasmartphoneapporacreditcard.

Research Approach

Thesurvey intentwas tounderstand theroleofpublicEVcharging infrastructure

and host organizations, to have a better sense for future investment in public

chargingassetsandtoidentifyhowtohelpincreasethenumberoffutureEVowners

andmaintainownershipamongcurrentEVowners.

ThesurveytargetedEVownersintheMetroVancouverregion.Threemethodswere

usedtodistributethesurvey:in-personatpublicchargingstations(Burnaby,North

Vancouver,Richmond,Surrey,VancouverandWestVancouver),online(EVowners

groups)andbyaflyerleftonelectricvehiclesthatwerechargingatpublicstations

(QRCodeandURL).

The85in-personsurveyswereconductedat52chargingstations,selectedbasedon

theirenergydispensed(higher-levelofusestationsweretargeted),andaccessibility

fortheresearchers.

Therewas a conventionalpretesting,which involveda relatively small numberof

interviews (Fraser Basin Council and Metro Vancouver employees) with a draft


8

versionofthequestionnaire,followedbyaninformalgroupdebriefingsessionand

pilotsurveys.Thisidentifiedsomeimprovementstothesurveydesign.

Analysis

The following analysis was done individually for each of the 29 questions in the

survey, using Excel and NVivo. Additionally, some groupings were done to test

correlationsandpotentialvalueforfutureinitiativesandprojects.

10%

17%

5%2%

5%

7%

27%

1%

1%

22%

1% 2%

EVMake BMWChevroletFiatFordKiaMitsubishiNissanPorscheSmartEDTeslaToyotaVW

14%

11%

41%4%

18%

12%

EVModel

ChevroletBolt

ChevroletVolt

NissanLeaf

TeslaModel3

TeslaModelS

TeslaModelX


9

Ofthe85surveys,two-thirdsoftherespondent’svehicleswereoneofthreemakes:

Nissan(27%),Tesla(22%),andChevrolet(17%).While9ofthe12othermakesof

EVcomprisedtheremainingthirdoftheremainingvehicletypes.

TheNissan Leafwas themost popular vehicle of those surveyed, followedby the

TeslaModelSandChevroletBoltat12%and9%,respectively.

Newer model years (2017 and 2018) were the most represented in the survey,

suggesting the survey included relativelynewEVdrivers (although somevehicles

mayhavebeentheowner’ssecondEV).

6%5%

15%

12%

15%

23%

22%

2%

WhatyearisyourEV?

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019


10

Whether a participant’s vehicle has a DC fast charging port is insightful to

understandwhatpublicstationstheyareabletoaccess.However,thisquestionalso

madeitapparentthatsomeEVownerslacksufficientknowledgeabouttheirEV.Of

the85 surveys,13%answered that theydon’thaveaDCFast chargingport.Two

Chevrolet Volt owners answered, “Yes”, however the vehicles do not have fast-

chargeportsandaTeslaModelXdriverownerresponded,“Idon’tknow”.Therefore,

anEVeasyownerguidethatcomeswiththevehiclepurchasemightbeveryhelpful

tooutlinechargingoptionsandvehiclecapabilities.

81%

13%

6%

DoesyourEVhaveaDCFastchargingport?

Yes

No

Idon"tknow


11

38%

43%

19%

Doyouhaveaccesstochargingathome?

Yes-Level1(120v)

Yes-Level2(240v)

No

71%

27%

2%

Doyouhaveabackupplanforgettingachargeifthisstationis

unavailable?

Yes

No

N/A


12

Ofthe85surveys,19%answeredthattheydon’thaveaccesstochargingathome.

This was higher than expected, an important consideration for charging plans in

MetroVancouver.

Whenaskedwhetherdrivershadaback-upplan,15EVownersansweredthattheir

backupplanwastheirhomecharger,fromwhichfouroftheseresponseshadLevel

1 (120v),and11of themhadLevel2 (240v). Additionally,45EVownersrelyon

othernearbypublicstationsastheirbackupplan.

Accordingtotheresponses,ofthe20%ofEVownersthatarrivedwithapercentage

chargebetween0-20%,88%didn’thaveabackupplan.

EVownersseemtobeusingpublicchargingstationsmostlybecausetheyhavean

immediateneedtochargetheirEVs,andwererelyingonthepublicinfrastructureto

doso.

20%

31%28%

20%

1%

Whatpercentagechargedidyouhavewhenyouarrivedatthe

station?

0-20%

20-40%

40-60%

60-80%

80-100%


13

Amongalltheintervieweeswhodon’thaveachargerathome,11ofthemprovided

areason,ofwhich64%answeredthattheydonothavebecausetheyliveinacondo.

Otherresponsesincludedthattherearepublicchargingstationsneartheirhome,or

theyparktheircaronthestreet.

Based on the fact that 74% of the EV owners commute to work, it’s possible to

concludethatelectricvehiclesarecontinuallymovingaroundMetroVancouver,and

manyareusedonadailybasis.

64%

36%

Ifno,whydon’tyouhaveachargeathome?

Liveincondo

Other(havechargingstationsnearby,etc.)

74%

22%

4%

Doyouoranotherfamilymembercommutebycartowork?

Yes

No

N/A


14

Due to the screening question included (question 7), 26% of the responseswere

blank,becausetheEVownersoranotherfamilymemberdidn’tcommutebycarto

work,whichalignswiththepreviousresults(22%“No”and4%“N/A”).

However,forthosewhodocommute,43%don’thaveaccesstoworkplacecharging.

Itseemslikethereisanopportunityforworkplacestoconsidertheincreasingtrend

ofEVadoption.

31%

43%

26%

DoyouhaveaccesstoanEVchargingatwork?

Yes

No

Blank

5%

24%

2%69%

Ifyes,whattype?

Level1:120V

Level2:240V

Level3:DC-Quick

Blank


15

There were 69% blank responses, from which 38% were because of screening

question7and62%because,eventhough,they hadchargingatwork,chosenotto

answer, indicating that creating an EV easy owner guide could be a great

opportunitytomakeEVownerseasiertounderstandthetypesofchargingstations

(ChargePoint,Flo,Greenlots,SunCountry,amongothers).

7%

34%

33%

26%

Howmanydifferentpublicchargerswouldyousayyouuse

onamonthlybasis?Justone

1-2otherstations

3-5otherstations

Morethan5otherstations

5%

12%

34%42%

7%

Onaverage,howoftenarethepublicchargersavailable?

Almostnever-lessthan10%ofthetime

Rarely-25%ofthetime

Sometimes-50%ofthetime

Often-75%ofthetime


16

Accordingtothesurvey,EVownersreliedonmorethanonepublicchargingstation,

with69%ofrespondentsindicatingtheyusebetween2and5differentstationsina

givenmonth.

Mostpeoplefindthatpublicstationsareavailablemorethanhalfofthetime,with

49%indicatingthatthey’reavailableoftenoralways,whichindicatesasatisfactory

serviceofpublicchargingstationsinMetroVancouver.However,somepeoplewho

answered “always” mentioned that's due to the fact that they checked the

availability on applications or they knewwhen the stations aremore likely to be

available.

45%

12%4%

20%

3%

6%2% 1%

5% 2%

Pleasedescribethelocationofthelastpublicchargingstationyou

used Vancouver

Richmond

CityofNorthVancouver

Burnaby

Coquitlam

Surrey

PortMoody

NewWestminster

ElectoralAreaA

DistrictofNorthVancouver


17

ThesurveywasdesignedtogetanunderstandingofwhyEVdriverswereusingthe

public charging station at the survey location (in the case of in-person intercept

surveys),orthelastpublicstationtheyhappenedtofrequent(inthecaseofonline

survey).Half of the surveys conducted tookplace in theCityofVancouver,which

hasthehighestdensityofpublicchargersinMetroVancouver.

Of the85 surveys, 22%weredoneatOakridgeMall (Vancouver), and20%of the

surveys were done at Metrotown (Burnaby). These two station locations are the

mostfrequentlyvisitedpublicchargingstationsinMetroVancouver.Whileatotalof

27 sites were visited, high traffic in these locations allowed the surveyors to

interceptmorepeopleonthosevisits.

20%

21%

5%3%4%4%

43%

Pleasedescribethelocationofthelastpublicchargingstationyou

used 4700Kingsway

5733CambieSt

3185GrandviewHighway

1375096AveSurrey

2083AlmaStreet

6085ThunderbirdBoulevard

Other


18

Ofthe85surveys,35%ofthemusethesurveyedstation1-2timespermonth,and

27% of them use 1-2 times perweek, indicating thatmost of them don’t use the

surveyedpublicchargingstationsveryoften,orastheirprimarycharge.

The three EV owners who answered “No’ to this question, were referring to

Metrotown (Burnaby), 1st Street East, between Lonsdale and St. Georges (North

Vancouver) andThunderbirdParkade (Vancouver). For the first case, the reasons

includethattherearenotenoughchargingstations,EVsparkwithoutcharging,or

36%

30%

16%

18%

Howoftendoyouusethisparticularstation

1-2timespermonth

1-2timesperweek

3-5timesperweek

Firsttime

94%

4%2%

DoyouGindthisstationreliable

Yes

No

N/A


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non-electricvehiclestakethespot.Forthesecondcase,thestationisconstantlyin

use,probablybecauseitisaLevel3DC-fastcharger.Thelastcaseisthatthereare

notenoughchargersfordemand,andoftencarsaren'tmovedawayfromEVparking

oncechargingiscomplete.

Themostpopularreasonstochargeare“freecharging”(23%)and“accesstoshops

and services” (22%). Other popular answers are “close to work/home”, “usually

available/reliable”,and“fitsintomyroutine”.Mostpeoplewhoanswered“fitsinto

myroutine”alsoindicatedthatthestationsareclosetotheirwork/home.

11%

23%

10%10%

22%

7%

9% 4%1% 3%

Whydidyouchoosetochargehere? Closetomywork

Freecharging

Usuallyavailable/reliable

Fitsintomyroutine

Accesstoshopsandservices

Easytouse

Closetomyhome

Safe,securelot

Reasonableparkingprice

Weatherprotected


20

AlargeportionofEVownerschoosetochargeforunder4hours:0-1hour(32%),1-

2hours(30%)or2-4hours(31%),whichmeansthattheydonotneedthestation

forthewholedayorlongperiodsoftime.However,duringthein-personsurvey,a

coupleofthemmentionedthatsomeownersdonotmovetheirvehicleawaywhen

theirvehiclesarefullycharged.

Morethanhalfoftheintervieweeswouldnotbewillingtopayforcharging(atthe

stationinquestion)unlesstheyweredesperate.33%ofrespondentswerewillingto

pay$1perhourbutveryfewmorethanthis.Thismaybeduetothefactthatthere

32%

30%

31%

1% 6%

Howlongdidyoustay/doyouplanonstayingforcharging?

0to1hour

1to2hours

2to4hours

4to8hours

Morethan8hours

33%

9%1%

51%

6%

Iftherewasacosttousethischarger,wouldyoustilluseitifit

was: $1perhour

$2perhour

$3perhour

IwillnotpayanythingforchargingunlessI"mdesperate

Morethan$4perhour


21

arecurrentlymanyfreeoptions.Iffreechargingalternativesdidn’texist,theresult

mightbedifferent.

Forthequestion,“HasthefactthatthislocationprovidesEVchargingchangedyour

travelorshoppinghabits?”62.4%(53/85)oftheintervieweesrespondedthatpublic

EVchargingdoeschangetheirtravelorshoppinghabits.37.6%(32/85)answered

no.Amongthosewhoansweredno,23peopleprovidedaspecificreason.

When theywere asked, “Pleaseelaboratewhyorwhynot”, over half of thosewho

responded yes (22/43) mentioned an increase in shopping behaviour. Keywords

includeashop,shopping,grocery,store,andretail.

Forthosewhoanswerednoandelaborated,14ofthemindicatedthechargerfitinto

their routine: close to their home/ where their family lives/ on the way to

somewhere.3saidthere’snoshoppingnearby.

Figure 2 Some of the responses regarding the shop and shopping

shop

to come here more toto come here more to

I would patronize aI would patronize a

I willI will

II

One of several placesOne of several places

charge my car whilecharge my car while

80 % places now80 % places now

go to the local coffeego to the local coffee

while chargingwhile charging

where therewhere thereis charging , L2is charging , L2

are EV chargersare EV chargers

that has free or inexpensivethat has free or inexpensive

more heremore here

in the Canadian Storein the Canadian Store

has EV stationshas EV stations

Beyond Bread . Other stores andBeyond Bread . Other stores and

at locations with a chargerat locations with a charger

and charge up at theand charge up at the

shoppingyour car fully charged whileyour car fully charged while

now tend to do grocerynow tend to do grocery

I do most of myI do most of my

good local neargood local near

moremore

herehere

at locations with EV charging .at locations with EV charging .


22

Inthecaseofthequestion“Whatchangesorimprovementswouldyouliketoseefor

publicchargersinMetroVancouver?”88.1%(74/84)commentedthattheywantto

see more stations in general and 13.1% (11/84) mentioned more fast-charging

stations.

For the question “Doyouhaveadditional comments that youwould like to share?”

additional commentsweremostly related to improvements for public chargers in

MetroVancouver.Forexample,tohavemorepublicchargingstationsaswellasDC

fast-charging stations, to have lower rates for charging, and to have uniformed

charging station availability information available to the public, to encourage

customers to leave the spot when they don't need charge, to provide more

incentives,toreducethetimeittakestomaintainchargingstations.

Finally, for thedemographicdata, the analysiswasperformed tounderstandhow

ouraudience,electricvehiclesowners,differfromaverageBritishColumbiansand

Canadians.

4% 6%

16%

11%

9%8%

21%

11%

6%7%

1%

Howoldareyou?20-24yearsold25-29yearsold30-34yearsold35-39yearsold40-44yearsold46-49yearsold50-54yearsold55-59yearsold60-64yearsold65-69yearsold75-79yearsold


23

Thereweremoreoptionsthatarenotshowninthisfigure:15-19yearsold,70-74

yearsold,80-84yearsold,85-89yearsoldand,90andolder.Becausethereareno

intervieweesfromtheseageranges,theyarenotdisplayed.

TheagerangeofEVownersthatwasmorerepresentativewasbetween50and59

yearsoldwith32%, followedbytherangebetween30and39yearsold(27%). It

seems to be a good strategy for automakers to set those as target age groups for

potentialEVownerstoincreaseEVadoptioninMetroVancouver.

Additionally, it’s important toadd thatbothof theseagerangesrepresent14%of

the2017Canada’spopulation,aswellasBritishColumbia’s5.

Ofthe85surveys,79%ofourintervieweesweremale.

5https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000501https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000501&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.11&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1

19%

79%

2%

Whatisyourgender?

Female

Male

Prefernottosay


24

The two most representative racial groups in the EV owners interviewed were

WhiteandAsian.Only4%didn’tanswer.

According to the 2016 Census, British Columbia population origins are 51%

European,Asian23%,andOtherAmerican17%6.

6https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=933&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1

7%

41%48%

4%

Howwouldyoudescribeyourself?

FirstNations

Asian

White

Blank

1% 1% 5%6%

11%

23%18%

12%

3%

7%

13%

Whatwasyourtotalhouseholdincomebeforetaxesduringthe

past12months?Under$5,000$20,000and$24,999$25,000and$34,999$35,000and$49,999$50,000and$74,999$75,000and$99,999$100,000and$149,999$150,000and$199,999$200,000and$249,999$250,000andoverBlank


25

Ofthe85surveys,87%answered,although,duetothesensitivenatureofthisfinal

question, some interviewees during the in-person survey didn’t feel comfortable

providingaresponse.

Over one-third of the interviewees live in the City of Vancouver, followed by

BurnabyandRichmond.Thisresultcomplieswiththesurveyedlocations.However,

the responses suggest that some respondents live in interior BC and Vancouver

IslandandwerevisitingMetroVancouverintheirelectricvehicleswhentheytook

thissurvey.

15%4%

15%

4%39%

7%

3%

3% 10%

WhataretheGirst3numbersofyourpostalcode?

Other

Anmore/Belcara/PortMoody

Burnaby

Surrey

Vancouver

DistrictofNorthVancouver

Delta

PittMeadows

Richmond


26

Discussions

Basedonthesurveydata,someadditionalquestionscameup,whichexploredbelow.

1. HomeCharger

Public Chargers Used

Monthly

Percentage

(Have Charging at Home)

Percentage

(Have No Charging at Home)

Just one 6% 13%

1-2 other stations 35% 31%

3-5 other stations 32% 38%

More than 5 other stations 28% 19%

Table 1 Percentage of the number of public chargers used monthly for EV owners who have charging access at home

and who don’t.

ThetableshowsthatalargerportionofEVownerswhohaveachargerathomeuse

morethan5publicchargingstationspermonthcomparedtothosewhodonothave

charging access at home. A smaller portion of EV ownerswho have a charger at

homeusejustonepublicchargingstationpermonthcomparedtothosewhodonot

havechargingaccessathome.Thesamplesizeofdriverswhodon’thavechargingat

homewasfairlysmall(16drivers)comparedwiththosewhodo(69drivers),soit’s

hardtoinferwhatthesenumbersmighttellus.

2. EVownersknowledge

Amongthe85responses,5ofthemdonotevenknowiftheirvehicleshaveDCfast

chargingport.However,ifanelectricvehicleisequippedwiththefastchargingport,

thechargingtimecanbecutbyhalfwithfastchargingcomparedtolevel2charging.

3. Chargingbehaviour

Venue Type 0-20% 20-40% 40-60% 60-80% 80-100%

Retail 22.9% 29.2% 25.0% 22.9% 0.0%


27

Parking Lot/Garage 25.0% 37.5% 25.0% 12.5% 0.0%

Government 50.0% 16.7% 33.3% 0.0% 0.0%

Education 0.0% 60.0% 20.0% 20.0% 0.0%

Business/Commercial 0.0% 0.0% 80.0% 20.0% 0.0%

Leisure Destination 20.0% 40.0% 40.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Table 2Venuetypevs.Stateofchargeuponarrival

Thereisnomeaningfulconclusiondrawnfromthedataanalysis.

No interviewee charged their vehicle when they had a 80-100% charge, which

indicates that they had adapted good charging etiquette without using public

chargingstationswhentheydonotactuallyneedthem.

However,around40%ofintervieweesusechargingstationswhentheyhada40-80%

charge,inwhichcasetheownersdon’tnecessarilyneedthecharge.

Workplace, street parking,medical, and library locations are excluded because of

thelimitednumberofsurveycollectedatthosestations.

Venue Type Have Home Charging

Retail 81.3%

Parking Lot/Garage 75.0%

Government 100.0%

Education 80.0%

Business/Commercial 60.0%

Leisure Destination 80.0%

Table 3 Venue types vs. Have some charging or not

According to the table,business/commercialhas the lowestpercentageofvisitors

who have home charging. However, all the EV owners surveyed at government

locationshavehomecharging(interestingly, thiscategoryhadthehighestnumber

of drivers below 20% state of charge,which couldmean they are driving further

distances). It will be interesting to find out if these stations are less reliable or


28

available. Workplace, street parking, medical, and library locations are excluded

becauseofthelimitednumberofsurveycollectedatthosestations.

Venue Type Backup Plan

Retail 62.5%

Parking Lot/Garage 87.5%

Government 100.0%

Education 80.0%

Business/Commercial 100.0%

Leisure Destination 100.0%

Table 4 Venue type vs. backup plan for public charging

All the EV owners surveyed at a government, business/commercial, and leisure

destination locations have backup plans for public charging, from which

government also has the highest percentage of customerswho have a charger at

home. Thatmay also indicate low availability at those stations.Workplace, street

parking,medical,andlibrarylocationsareexcludedbecauseofthelimitednumber

ofsurveycollectedatthosestations.

4. Shoppingbehaviour

Of the 85 surveys, 28 out of 48 (58.3%) interviewees at retail charging stations

believed that use of that station changed their behaviour. 24 of them provided

explanations, with 13 saying the station increased their patronization of the

business in that location. 27% of the EV owners who visited retail locations for

chargingbroughtnewbusiness.

Based on the result and previous analysis in the data analysis section, it can be

concludedthathavingchargingsignificantlychangedpeople'sbehaviour.


29

Venue Type Total Behaviour

Changed Percentage

Retail 48 28 58.3%

Parking Lot/Garage 8 6 75.0%

Government 6 6 100.0%

Education 5 4 80.0%

Business/Commercial 5 4 80.0%

Leisure Destination 5 1 20.0%

Table 5 Behaviour shift associated with the charger venue type

According to the table, it is interesting to find that all EV owners who charge at

governmentstationshavechangedtheirbehaviour.Thisconclusionmightbecaused

bysmallsamplesize.Retail,parkinglot/garage,educationandbusiness/commercial

locations have also seen a large shift in behaviour. However, leisure destination

locationshaveseenlittleshiftinbehaviour.

5. Willingtopayforpubliccharging

According to the previous table, business/commercial locations have the highest

percentageofpeoplewhodidn'thaveaccesstohomecharging.

Have home charging Would pay for charging Would pay more than

$4 per hour

Yes 69.6% 2.9%

No 62.5% 12.5%

Table 6 Having home charging or not vs. would you like to pay for charging

Basedontable6,thereisnocleartrendshowingthatpeoplewhodonothavehome

chargingaremorewillingtopayforchargingingeneral,butofthosewhowouldbe

willingtopay,thereisamuchhigherpercentageofthosewhowouldpaymorethan

$4perhourcomparedtothosewhohavehomecharging.


30

6. Thelinkbetweenowners’EVrangeandstateofchargeuponarrival

Charge upon

arrival

Won't Pay

unless

Desperate

$1 per

hour

$2 per

hour

$3 per

hour

More than

$4 per

hour

0-20% 41.2% 29.4% 17.6% 0.0% 11.8%

20-40% 46.2% 34.6% 15.4% 0.0% 3.8%

40-60% 54.2% 33.3% 4.2% 4.2% 4.2%

60-80% 58.8% 35.3% 0.0% 0.0% 5.9%

80-100% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Table 7 Charge upon arrival at charging station vs. the willingness to pay for charging

According to table 7, there is a clear trend showing that there is an increasing

percentageofpeoplewhowouldnotliketopayforchargingwhentheyarriveatthe

charging stationwithahigher stateof charge, and there is alsoa clear trend that

peoplearemorewillingtopaymorewhentheyarriveatthestationwithlesscharge,

which couldbe associatedwith their charginghabits: someEVownerswouldnot

like to rechargeunless theyarerunningoutof charge,whilesomeEVownersare

moreconservativeandchargewhentheycan.

EV Type\state of

charge 0-20% 20-40% 40-60% 60-80% 80-100%

PHEV 37.5% 18.8% 12.5% 25.0% 6.3%

BEV 16.2% 33.8% 30.9% 19.1% 0.0%

Table 8 State of charge vs. EV type

PeoplewhohaveaPHEVtendtochargeatlowbatterycomparedtothosewhoown

aBEV,whichmightbeduetothefactthatPHEVcanstillrunonfossilfuelswhenit

isrunningoutofelectricity.

EV range (Km) 0-20% 20-40% 40-60% 60-80% 80-100%

51-100 17.9% 32.1% 32.1% 17.9% 0.0%


31

101-150 8.3% 50.0% 25.0% 16.7% 0.0%

151-200 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 0.0%

201-250 16.7% 0.0% 33.3% 50.0% 0.0%

251-300 20.0% 40.0% 40.0% 0.0% 0.0%

301-350 25.0% 75.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Table 9 EV range and owners charging behaviour (state of charge upon arrival)

There is aweak trend indicating that ownerswhohave largerEV rangeprefer to

chargewhenthebatteryislow,andownerswhohavelowEVrangearemorelikely

tochargewhentheirbatteryisstillhigh.

7. Stationsdemographics

Thereisnoremarkabledifferenceindemographicsatanyvenuetype.

Income\ Home Charging Yes No

Under $5,000 0.0% 7.7%

$5,000 and $9,999 0.0% 0.0%

$10,000 and $14,999 0.0% 0.0%

$15,000 and $19,999 0.0% 0.0%

$20,000 and $24,999 1.6% 0.0%

$25,000 and $34,999 3.3% 15.4%

$35,000 and $49,999 4.9% 15.4%

$50,000 and $74,999 14.8% 0.0%

$75,000 and $99,999 24.6% 38.5%

$100,000 and $149,999 21.3% 15.4%

$150,000 and $199,999 16.4% 0.0%

$200,000 and $249,999 4.9% 0.0%

$250,000 and over 8.2% 7.7%

Table 10 Home charging and income


32

Thereisnoclearindicationthatpeoplewhohaveachargerathomehaveahigher

income than thosewhodonot.However, there is a greaterportionof EVowners

whohaveachargerathomeearnahigherincome(over$100,000/year)compared

tothosewhodonothave.

Home Charging Yes No

20-24 years old 2.9% 6.3%

25-29 years old 4.3% 12.5%

30-34 years old 17.4% 12.5%

35-39 years old 11.6% 6.3%

40-44 years old 8.7% 12.5%

45-49 years old 10.1% 0.0%

50-54 years old 20.3% 25.0%

55-59 years old 8.7% 18.8%

60-64 years old 7.2% 0.0%

65-69 years old 7.2% 6.3%

70-79 years old 0.0% 0.0%

75-79 years old 1.4% 0.0%

Table 11 Home charging and age

Accordingtothetableabove, itshowsaweaktrendthatyoungpeople(<30years

old)tendtonothaveachargerathome,whilepeoplewhoareolder(>60yearsold)

prefertohavehomecharging.

Limitations

! There are 23 member municipalities/electoral areas members located in

Metro Vancouver Regional District, and 19 of them provide public electric

vehicle charging stations. In the survey, only 10 regions are covered. A

portionofthesurveyswasconductedonline,andthustheauthenticityofthe

informationgatheredcannotbeguaranteed.


33

! Thissurveyonlyfocusedonalimitednumberofchargingstationsandmost

were done near the shopping mall because those stations are most

frequently visited,whichmight createbias. Future research should include

morestreetparkingandworkplacelocations,orlowerfrequentedstationsto

provide comparison across a wider variety of public charging types and

locations.

! Insurveyquestion9:“Onaverage,howoftenarethepublicchargersavailable

onyourfirstattempt?”someofthemansweredalwaysduetothereasonthat

theycheckedtheavailabilityonapplicationsortheyknewwhenthestations

aremorelikelytobefree.

! 85 survey responses are reasonable but not a large enough sample size

considering there are currently over 3,000 electric vehicles in the Metro

Vancouver region. As a consequence, the result might not be really

representativeoftheentireregion.

FutureConsiderations

! The charging station selection shouldbebasedon thedifferentplatforms that

exist,suchasChargePoint,Flo,andothers;thatmentionifthechargerisbeing

used and the popular times. It is more effective to conduct surveys on sites

wheretherearemorechargingportsandavenuetypesuchasretail,duetothe

highervisitors’flowrate,unlikemedicaltype.

! Atthebeginningofthein-personsurvey,abriefintroductionexplainingthatthe

studentsareworking forPlug InBC/FraserBasinCouncil shouldbegiven to

interviewees so that the interviewees will be more comfortable giving their

answersbecausetheywillmakeadifferenceontheEVcharginginfrastructure.


34

! The survey shouldhave fewernumbersofquestionsbecause the interviewees

don’tusuallyhavemorethan3to5minutestoanswerit.

! Theopen-endedquestions,where the interviewers shoulddescribeevenmore

of their answers, should be evaluated because there were not commonly

answered.

! It’s very important to take into account that surveys are more feasible when

peoplearrivetochargecomparedtowhentheyleavechargingstationsbecause

whentheyarereadytogo,thetimethattheyhaveisreduced.

! Having a pamphlet/flyer designed to be placed on the windshield of those

vehiclesthatwerechargingresultedtobeeffective.SomepassionateEVowners

thatreceiveditdidthesurveyintheirowntimeandgreatlycontributedtothe

85responsescollected.

! Is also important to take into account that the following questions should be

evaluatedsothattheanswerswillbeeasiertoanalyzeandtounderstandeven

better what the EV owner meant. Some suggestions on survey questions for

futureconsiderationinclude:

- Howmanydifferent public chargerswould you say youuse onamonthly

basis?

Itwillbebettertomodifythisquestionbyreplacingmonthlybasiswith

weeklybasis.

- Pleasedescribethelocationofthelastpublicchargingstationyouusedin

MetroVancouver?(Pleaseprovideaddressand/ordetaileddescription)


35

Thisquestionshouldbemorespecific for the in-personmethod,so that

the interviewee would be able to indicate, exactly, at which charging

stationtheyreceivedtheflyer.

Thiswillfacilitatetheidentificationoftheeffectivenessoftheflyers.

- Why did you choose to charge here? (Please check all the answers that

apply)

Thisquestionshouldbemorespecific.Itwasnotveryconclusive,because

when the interviewee saw thatmanyoptions, therewerenotvery sure

which3optionstoselect.

- Iftherewasacosttousethischarger,wouldyoustilluseitifitwas:

This question should be asked in a different way, such as a multiple

choice,inthefollowingway

“Howmuchareyouwillingtopaytousethischarger”

! $1perhour

! $2perhour

! $3perhour

! Other

! Iwillnotpayanythingextraforcharging

- What was your total household income before taxes during the past 12

months?

Thisquestionshouldbemodifiedtofindoutthetotalhouseholdincome

beforetaxduringthelastmonthtomakeiteasierfortheinterviewee.

Additionally, it has to be taken into account that not everybody feels

comfortablechoosingtheaccurateoption.


36

Conclusions

! Duetothelimitationsofthissurvey,theresultsprovidesomehigh-levelinsight

towhy people are using public charging stations, but no definitive conclusion

shouldbemade. It is the researchers’ hope that these insightsmight generate

additional questions to consider for future research and analysis, to better

understandtherelationshipbetweenEVdriversandpublicchargingstations.

! IngeneralEVownersagreedon theurgentneed formorechargers, especially

DCFastchargingthatwillbeaccessedfreelyatadifferenttime.EVownerswill

like to find more chargers in the streets and to take less time during their

charging time. Making these changes will increase EV adoption as well as

customersatisfaction.

! Thereshouldbemoreenforcementforthoseownersthatleavetheirvehiclesat

thestationwithoutrequiringacharge.Whilethishappensotherelectricvehicles

thatdon’thaveenoughchargearenotabletousethestation.Theenforcementof

aspecificcontrolwillincreasethenumberofcarschargingataspecificstation.

! The development of an EV User Guide seems to be an opportunity for those

ownersthatdon’tknoworarenotsureof theirchargingpossibilities(Level1,

Level2,DC-fastcharger).ThisGuidewillfacilitatetheowners’understandingof

theirvehicleandwillgenerateaviralmarketingthatwill increaseEVadoption

andfacilitatethechargingprocess.

! There is a constant request toquicklydealwithmaintenance inconvenient for

charging stations. When it is required, it causes a decrease in the chargers

availability(e.g.Metrotown).Thisquicknesswillaugmentthechargersofferand

thesatisfactionandreputationtowardsthehosts’organizations.


37

Appendix A

Battery-electricvehicles

Make Model Fuel type

Range (km)

Recharge time (h) Specifications

BMW i3 S, 125 kW, A1 B 183 5

CHEVROLET BOLT EV WS, 150 kW, A1 B 383 9.3 FORD FOCUS ELECTRIC C, 107 kW, A1 B 185 5.5

HYUNDAI IONIQ EV M, 88 kW, A1 B 200 4

KIA SOUL EV WS, 81 kW, A1 B 179 5

NISSAN LEAF M, 110 kW, A1 B 242 8

TESLA MODEL 3 Long Range, AWD, AWD Performance M, 192 kW, 358 kW, A1 B 499 10

TESLA MODEL S 100D L, 386 kW, A1 B 539 12

TESLA MODEL X 100D UL, 386 kW, A1 B 475 12

VOLKSWAGEN e-GOLF C, 100 kW, A1 B 201 5.3

Table 12 Fuel consumption ratings BEVs


38

Plug-inhybridvehicles

Make Model Fuel type Range (km)

Recharge time (h) Specifications

BMW 330e C, 65 kW, 2.0 L,

B/Z 23 2 4 cyl, AS8 BMW i3 Rex S, 125 kW, 135 kW, 0.6 L,

B/Z 156 5 2 cyl, A1 BMW X5 xDRIVE40e UL, 83 kW, 2.0 L,

B/Z 23 3 4 cyl, AS8 CHEVROLET VOLT C, 111 kW, 1.5 L,

B/X 85 4.5 4 cyl, AV FORD FUSION ENERGI M, 68 kW, 2.0 L,

B/X 35 2.5 4 cyl, AV KARMA REVERO S, 300 kW, 2.0 L,

B/Z 60 3.75 4 cyl, A1 KIA OPTIMA PLUG-IN M, 50 kW, 2.0 L,

B/X 47 2.7 4 cyl, AM6 HYUNDAI IONIQ ELECTRIC PLUS M, 32 kW, 1.6 L,

B/X 47 2.3 4 cyl, AM6 MITSUBISHI OUTLANDER PHEV AWD US, 60 kW, 2.0 L,

B/X 35 3.5 4 cyl, A1 TOYOTA PRIUS PRIME M, 71 kW, 1.8 L,

B/X 40 2 4 cyl, AV

Table 13 Fuel consumption ratings PHEVs

! Fueltype:X=Regulargasoline;Z=Premiumgasoline;D=Diesel;E=E85;B

=Electricity;N=NaturalGas.


39

! Range: For PHEVs and battery-electric vehicles (BEVs), the range is the

estimateddrivingdistance(inkilometers)onafullychargedbatteryorafull

tankoffuel.

! Rechargetime:ForPHEVsandBEVs,rechargetimeistheestimatedtime(in

hours)tofullyrechargethebatteryat240volts.

Appendix B

Survey

a) Introduction

EVsmake a continued difference!We are UBC Students conducting a survey on

behalfofPlugInBC(aninitiativethatincludestheFraserBasinCouncilandMetro

Vancouver).WewouldliketoknowmoreaboutyourEVexperienceandhowpublic

chargingstationsarerelatedtoEVadoptiontohelpnon-profitsandgovernment

betterrespondtocurrentandfutureneedsofEVowners.Additionally,wewantto

usetheresultstoidentify,whatopportunitiestherearetoencourageandengage

evenmorecurrentandpotentialEVowners.

Anyinformationthatyoucontributethroughthissurveywillbeanonymizedinthe

final results to protect your privacy. If you have any additional questions about

howthisdatawillbeusedbyUBCoritspartners,pleasefeelfreetocontactKaren

Taylor, Program Manager of the UBC Sustainability Scholars Program, UBC

([email protected])orCharlotteArgue,ProgramManager,Plug InBC, Fraser

BasinCouncil([email protected]).

QuestionnaireUBC-FBC-MVC-001


40

b) Mainbody

! Ownershipknowledge

Type:Open-ended

1) Whatmakeisyourvehicle(e.g.Nissan)?

___________________________________________________

Type:Open-ended

2) Whatmodelisyourvehicle(e.g.Leaf)?

___________________________________________________

Type:Open-ended

3) WhatyearisyourEV?

___________________________________________________

Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongnominalcategories

4) DoesyourEVhaveaDCFastchargingport(e.g.canyouchargeatfast

chargingstationsorSuperchargers?

o Yes

o No

o Idon’tknow


5) Doyouhaveaccesstochargingathome

o Yes-Level1:120V

o Yes-Level2:240V

o No

Type:Open-ended

a. Ifno,whydon’tyouhaveachargeathome?


41

(E.g.Liveinacondo,can’tafford,nopower,don’tneedone,etc.)


6) Doyouoranotherfamilymembercommutebycartowork?

o Yes

o No

o N/A

Iftheinterviewerdoesn’tworkorcommutebycar,skipquestioningNo.8.


7) DoyouhaveaccesstoanEVchargingatwork?

o Yes

o No

b. Ifyes,whattype?

o Level1:120V

o Level2:240V

o Level3:DC-Quick

! ChargingStationUse

Type:Closed-ended–Selectionamongordinalcategories

8) How many different public chargers would you say you use on a

monthlybasis?

o Justone

o 1-2otherstations

o 3-5otherstations

o Morethan5otherstations



42

9) Onaverage,howoftenarethepublicchargersavailable(onyourfirst

attempt)?

o Always~100%ofthetime

o Often~75%ofthetime

o Sometimes~50%ofthetime

o Rarely~25%ofthetime

o AlmostNever~lessthan10%ofthetime

Type:Open-ended

10) Please describe the location of the last public charging station you

used in Metro Vancouver? (Please provide address and/or detailed

description)

___________________________________________________


11) Howoftendoyouusethisparticularstation?

o Onadailybasis

o 3-5timesperweek

o 1-2timesperweek

o 1-2timespermonth

o Firsttime

Type:Closed-ended–SelectionamongnominalcategoriesandOpen-ended

12) Doyoufindthisstationreliable?

o Yes

o No(pleasedescribe)

o N/A(pleasedescribe)

Type:Closed-ended–SelectionamongnominalcategoriesandOpen-ended

13) Do you have a backup plan for getting a charge if this station is

unavailable?


43

o Yes(pleasedescribe)

o No

o Other


14) Whatpercentagechargedidyouhavewhenyouarrivedatthestation?

o 0-20%

o 20-40%

o 40-60%

o 60-80%

o 80-100%

! TripbehaviourinMetroVancouver

Type:Closed-ended–Checklist

15) Whydidyouchoosetochargehere?(Pleasecheckalltheanswersthat

apply)

o Accesstoshopsandservices

o Usuallyavailable/reliable

o Weatherprotected

o Easytouse/lowbarriertoaccess

o Safe,securelot

o Reasonableparkingprice

o Freecharging

o Fitsintomyroutine

o Closetomyhome

o Closetomywork

Type:Closed-ended-Selectionamongordinalcategories

16) Howlongdidyoustay/doyouplanonstayingforcharging?

o 0to1hour


44

o 1to2hours

o 2to4hours

o 4to8hours

o Morethan8hours


17) Iftherewasacosttousethischarger,wouldyoustilluseitifitwas:

o $1perhour

o $2perhour

o $3perhour

o Morethan$4perhour

o Iwillnotpayanythingextraforcharging


18) Has the fact that this location provides EV charging changed your

travelorshoppinghabits?

o Yes

o No

Type:Open-ended

19) Pleaseelaboratewhyorwhynot

___________________________________________________

Type:Open-ended

20) What changes or improvements would you like to see for public

chargersinMetroVancouver?

___________________________________________________

Type:Open-ended

21) Doyouhaveadditionalcommentsthatyouwillliketoshare?

___________________________________________________


45

! Demographicdata


22) Howoldareyou?

o 15-19yearsold

o 20-24yearsold

o 25–29yearsold

o 30-34yearsold

o 35-39yearsold

o 40-44yearsold

o 46-49yearsold

o 50-54yearsold

o 55-59yearsold

o 60-64yearsold

o 65-69yearsold

o 70-74yearsold

o 75-79yearsold

o 80-84yearsold

o 85-89yearsold

o 90andolder


23) Whatisyourgender?

o Female

o Male

o Other

o Prefernottosay



46

24) How would you describe yourself? (Choose one or more from the

followingracialgroups)

o FirstNation

(ApersonhavingoriginsinanyoftheoriginalpeoplesofNorth

and South America (including Central America), and who

maintainsatribalaffiliationorcommunityattachment.)

o Asian

(ApersonhavingoriginsinanyoftheoriginalpeoplesoftheFar

East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for

example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia,

Pakistan,thePhilippineIslands,Thailand,andVietnam.)

o BlackorAfricanCanadian

(A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of

Africa–includesCaribbeanIslandersandotherofAfricanorigin.)

o NativeHawaiianorOtherPacificIslander

(ApersonhavingoriginsinanyoftheoriginalpeoplesofHawaii,

Guam,Samoa,orotherPacificIslands.)

o White

(ApersonhavingoriginsinanyoftheoriginalpeoplesofEurope,

theMiddleEast,orNorthAfrica.)

o Other


25) Whatwasyour totalhousehold incomebefore taxesduring thepast

12months?

o Under$5,000

o $5,000and$9,999

o $10,000and$14,999

o $15,000and$19,999

o $20,000and$24,999

o $25,000and$34,999


47

o $35,000and$49,999

o $50,000and$74,999

o $75,000and$99,999

o $100,000and$149,999

o $150,000and$199,999

o $200,000and$249,999

o $250,000andover

Type:Open-ended

26) Whatarethefirst3numbersofyourpostalcode?

___________________________________________________

! Thankyouforyourtimeandeffort.

ChargingStations

Forthefollowingaddresses,wehaveidentifiedwhattypeofchargingstationthere

wereusingthefollowinglegend:

! Level1(120V)

! Level2(240V)

! Level3(DCQuick)(CHAdeMOandCCS)

! Level3(DCQuick)(Tesla)

! Burnaby

Retail:

1. 4700Kingsway,Burnaby,BCV5H4M1,Canada

! NorthVancouver

StreetParking:

2. 1401stSt.E.NorthVancouver,BCV7L1B1,Canada


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3. CivicPlaceMews,NorthVancouver,BCV7M1P2,Canada

Business/Commercial:

4. 2300LonsdaleAve.,NorthVancouver,BCV7M3L1,Canada

Medical:

5. 23115thSt.E.,NorthVancouver,BCV7L2L7,Canada

! Richmond


6. 3320JacombsRoad,Richmond,BCV6V1Z6Canada

7. 9251AlderbridgeWay,Richmond,BCV6X2K5,Canada

8. 7008No3Rd,Richmond,BCV6Y2C6,Canada

StreetParking:

9. 13091VanierPl,RichmondBCV6V2J1,Canada

10. 12800CambieRoad,Richmond,BC

ParkingLots/Garages:

11. TempletonStationRd,RichmondBC,Canada

12. 7373WestminsterHwy,RichmondBCV6X,Canada

Government:

13. 6911No.3Rd,Richmond,BCV6Y2C1

! Surrey

Medical:

14. 1375096AveSurrey,BCV3V1Z2Canada

Library:

15. 15288105Ave,Surrey,BritishColumbia,V3R1R9


16. 15250104thAvenueSurrey,BCV3X6N8,Canada

Workplace:

17. 1238888Ave,Surrey,BCV3W7R7,Canada

1238888Ave,Surrey,BCV3W7R7,Canada



49

18. 10355152St,Surrey,BCV3R7C1,Canada

19. 10025KingGeorgeHighwaySurrey,BCV3T2W1,Canada

20. 13450102Ave,Surrey,BCV3T0A3,Canada

! UBC


21. 3335WebberLn,Vancouver,BCV6S0H3,Canada

22. 3228RossDrive,Vancouver,BritishColumbia,V6S0C6

Education:

23. 6085ThunderbirdBoulevard,Vancouver,BCV6T1Z3

24. 6163/6133UniversityBlvd,Vancouver,BCV6T1Z1,Canada

25. 6115StudentUnionBoulevard,Vancouver,BCV6T1Z1,Canada

! Vancouver

LeisureDestination:

26. 4915W16thAve,Vancouver,BCV6T2H2


27. 5503WestBlvd,Vancouver,BCV6M3W6,Canada

28. 3185GrandviewHwy,Vancouver,BCV5M2E9,Canada

29. 489InterurbanWay,Vancouver,BCV5X0C7,Canada

30. 500W.CordovaSt.,Vancouver,BCV6B4N4,Canada

31. 900WCordovaSt,Vancouver,BCV6C0A7,Canada

Retail:

32. 1077GreatNorthernWayVancouver,BCV5T1E1,Canada


33. 999CanadaPlace,Vancouver,BCV6C0C3,Canada

34. 1661NapierSt,Vancouver,BCV5L4X4,Canada

35. 596W16thAve,Vancouver,BCV5Z,Canada

36. 2675OakSt,Vancouver,BCV6H3Z6,Canada

37. 1333WBroadway,Vancouver,BCV6H4C1,Canada

38. 1470WBroadway,Vancouver,BCV6H1H4,Canada


50

39. 3161ArbutusSt,Vancouver,BCV6K,Canada

40. 535RichardsSt,Vancouver,BC,Canada

Medical:

41. 890W12th,Ave,Vancouver,BCV5Z4S5,Canada

Government:

42. 1580WBroadway,Vancouver,BCV6J5K9,Canada

StreetParking:

43. 977MainlandSt,Vancouver,BCV6B1A9,Canada

44. 310West4thAvenue,Vancouver,BCV5Y1G9,Canada


45. 1055EveleighSt,Vancouver,BC,Canada

46. 1050WPenderSt,Vancouver,BC,Canada

Government:

47. 455W10thAve,Vancouver,BCV5Y,Canada

Retail:

48. 2083AlmaSt,Vancouver,BCV6R4N6,Canada

49. 5733CambieSt,Vancouver,BCV5Z2M9,Canada

5733CambieSt,Vancouver,BCV5Z2M9,Canada

! WestVancouver

Retail:

50. 964ParkRoyalNorthWestVancouver,BCV7T,Canada

51. 2100ParkRoyalSouth,WestVancouver,BCV7T2W4,Canada

52. 901ParkRoyalSouth,WestVancouver,BCV7T,Canada

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