Impact of Pesticides on Pollinators and other Non-target ... · Impact of Pesticides on Pollinators...
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Impact of Pesticides on Pollinators and other Non-target Organisms
Keith Tignor Virginia Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services
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What is an Ideal Pollinator?
• Mobile
• Large number of individuals
• Attracted to pollen source
• Apparatus to carry pollen
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Presidential Memorandum June 20, 2014
• Created a Federal Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators
• Establish Pollinator Health Task Force
• Mission and Function of the Task Force: – Pollinator Research Action Plan – Public Education Plan – Public-Private Partnerships
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Status Review for the Monarch Butterfly
• Migration more perilous for many monarchs because of threats along their migratory pathways and on their breeding and wintering grounds.
• Habitat loss – Over wintering site – Migratory pathways
• Mortality resulting from pesticide use – Adult mortality from insecticides – Loss of milkweed from herbicides
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What is a Pesticide
• Agent used to kill or control undesired insects, weeds, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms
• Pesticides are classified according to function: – Avicide – birds – Herbicides – weeds – Fungicides – fungi, mold and mildew – Insecticides – insects – Rodenticides – rodents
• Herbicides are the most widely used type of pesticide in agriculture
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Pesticides Registered for Use in Virginia
11,861
14,214 14,500 14,875 15,211 14,570
0
3000
6000
9000
12000
15000
18000
2003* . . . 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Re
gist
ere
d P
est
icid
es
(no
.)
Year
Product count based on number registered on October 1 of each year.
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Categories of Pesticides
ALGAECIDE HERBICIDE FERTILIZER WITH INSECTICIDE INSECTICIDE & NEMATICIDE PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
ALGICIDE FERTILIZER WITH INSECTICIDE
& HERBICIDE INSECTICIDE & REPELLENT
PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR WITH FERTILIZER
ANTIFOULANT PAINT FERTILIZER WITH INSECTICIDE
AND FUNGICIDE INSECTICIDE & TERMITICIDE
PLANT-INCORPORATED PROTECTANT
AVICIDE FUMIGANT INSECTICIDE ACARICIDE REPELLENT
BIOCIDE (ALGAE, SLIME, BACTERIA, FUNGI)
FUNGICIDE INSECTICIDE, DISINFECTANT
& FUNGICIDE RODENTICIDE
BIONEMATICIDE FUNGICIDE & NEMATICIDE INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE,
MITICIDE SANITIZER
DEFOLIANT FUNGICIDE, HERBICIDE,
INSECTICIDE & NEMATICIDE LURE (PHEROMONES) SANITIZER & ALGICIDE
DISINFECTANT HERBICIDE MISCELLANEOUS SANITIZER & DISINFECTANT
DISINFECTANT, ALGAECIDE INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR MITICIDE (ACARICIDE) SANITIZER, DISINFECTANT, &
VIRUCIDE DISINFECTANT, FUNGICIDE,
VIRUCIDE INSECTICIDE MOLLUSCICIDE
SANITIZER, DISINFECTANT, FUNGICIDE, VIRUCIDE
FERTILIZER WITH FUNGICIDE INSECTICIDE & FUNGICIDE NEMATICIDE TERMITICIDE
FERTILIZER WITH HERBICIDE INSECTICIDE & MITICIDE OTHER TERMITICIDE, INSECTICIDE,
FUNGICIDE
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Registered Pesticides in Virginia in 2014
INSECTICIDE
DISINFECTANT
HERBICIDE
FUNGICIDE
ALGAECIDE
REPELLENT
RODENTICIDE
ACARICIDE
PRESERVATIVE
FUMIGANT
NEMATICIDE OTHER
MOLLUSCICIDE
AVICIDE
Total number of registered pesticides = 15,211
from Office of Pesticide Services, VDACS
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Active Ingredient of Conventional Pesticides Used in the U.S., 1980-2007
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Am
ou
nt
Ap
plie
d (
lb. x
1 m
illio
n)
Year
16.7% decline
from EPA website (http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/pestsales)
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Estimated Amount of Conventional Pesticides Used in the U.S. in 2007
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Herbicides/PlantGrowth Regulators
Insecticides/Miticides Fungicides Nematicide/Fumigant Other Conventional
Act
ive
Ingr
ed
ien
t (m
illio
n lb
.)
Type of Pesticide
from A. Grube, Donaldson D., Kiely T., and Wu L. (2011)
Total Usage = 857 million lb.
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Estimated Amount of Conventional Pesticides Used in the U.S. in 2007
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Agriculture Ind/Comm/Gov Home & Garden
Act
ive
Ingr
ed
ien
t (m
illio
n lb
.)
Sector of Usage
from A. Grube, Donaldson D., Kiely T., and Wu L. (2011)
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One man’s beneficial, is another man’s Pest One man’s trash, is another man’s treasure
Money
Politics
Emotion
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Environmental Fate of Pesticides
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Ideal Pollinator – Honey Bee
• Year round activity
• Transportable population
• Capable of Flight
• 60,000 to 80,000 individuals in hive
• Hairy – Nearly 100% of body covered with hair – Plumose hair – Pollen basket
• Pollen and nectar are primary food source
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Detected Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Bees Wax Pollen
Pe
stic
ide
co
nta
min
ants
(#)
Sample Source
from Mullin CA, Frazier M, Frazier JL, Ashcraft S, Simonds R, et al. (2010)
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Occurrence of Samples with Multiple Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries
0
2
4
6
8
10
Bees Wax Pollen Total
Me
an M
ult
iple
Pe
stic
ide
s (#
)
Sample Source
from Mullin CA, Frazier M, Frazier JL, Ashcraft S, Simonds R, et al. (2010)
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Correlation of Fungicide Residues with Pesticide Contents of Pollen Samples
from Mullin CA, Frazier M, Frazier JL, Ashcraft S, Simonds R, et al. (2010)
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Pesticide Impact on Honey Bee
• R. Fell, Tignor K. (2001) – Reduced drone fecundity – Reduced queen cell production
• J. Wu, Anelli C., Sheppard S. (2011) – Increased larval mortality – Delayed adult emergence – Reduced adult longevity
• L. Dahlgren (2012) – Reduced queen survival
• J. Berry, Hood W., Pietravalle S., Delaplane K. (2013) – Decreased brood survival – Increase queen supercedure
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Winter Hive Losses in Virginia
0
10
20
30
40
50
Co
lon
y L
osse
s (
%)
Year
Overall colony losses of 32.9% during the period 2000-2014
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Status of Bumble Bee Populations in Northern and Coastal Eastern States of the U.S.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Re
lati
ve A
bu
nd
ance
Bombus spp.
1900-99
2007-09
from S. Cameron, Lozier J., Strange J., Koch J., Cordes N., Solter L., Griswold T. (2011)
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Impact of Pesticides
• Lethal – Broad spectrum – Toxicity to adult – Toxicity to immature – Lethal determination
• Dosage • Concentration • Time
• Sub-lethal – Weight loss – Shorter life span – Behavior changes – Reduced fecundity – Reduced immunity – Deformity – Mutation – Loss of habitat/food
source
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Factors Affecting Pollinator Populations
• Environment –Temperature extremes –Climate change –Bloom dates –Drought
• Nutrition – Habitat loss – Food resources
• Genetics – Diversity – Isolation – Integrity
• Toxicants/pollutants – Point source – Non-point source