Aura Light • BLV • GE Lighting • NARVA • OSRAM GmbH • Philips Lighting • Havells Sylvania • Toshiba

Impact of Energy Saving Lamps on the Power Quality of the Grid

VERMOGENSELECTRONICA EVENT21 JUNI 2011

2

European Lamp Companies Federation (ELC)

� Collectively employs over 50,000 people in Europe

� Annual turnover in Europe of €5 billion

� www.elcfed.org

HID

� 8 Member companies

HID

3

Lighting consumes 19% of all electricity in the world(source: www.iea.org)

Lighting consumes 10% of all electricity in a common household(source: cityofames.org)

Primary Energy Electricity

Facts & trendsof the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment

4

[Approved CAN] 2012-2014

[Approved USA] 2012-2014

[Approved California & Nevada] 2011-2013

[Approved AUS] 2008-2010

[Approved EU27] 2009-2012

[Approved CU] 2005

[Approved CO] 2011

[Approved AR] 2011

[Announced Br] 2013

[Approved NZ] 2009-2011

[Approved CH] 2009-2011 [Announced

TUR] 2009-2012 [Announced JP] 2012

[Announced TW] 2008 - 2012

[Announced Phi] 2010 -2012

[Announced KO] 2013

[Announced Sri L] 2008 - 2010

Under discussion in RSA, Egypt and many other countries in APR and LATAM.

Banning of Incandescent lamps

Facts & trendsof the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment

5

Sep. 2009 Sep. 2010 Sep. 2011 Sep. 2012 Sep. 2013 Sep. 2014 Sep. 2015 Sep. 2016

15W 15W 15W 15W

25W 25W 25W 25W

40W 40W 40W 40W

60W 60W 60W 60W

75W 75W 75W 75W

100W 100W 100W 100W

15W

25W

40W

60W

75W

100W

Special

Clear

Opal

Reflector

Special Purpose Lamps

Banning of all Incandescent Lamps

Banning of all opal Incandescent Lamps

Directives in preparation

Banning of Incandescent lamps (EU example)

Facts & trendsof the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment

6(source cityofames.org & Philips Lighting market research information)

2010 2015

Facts & trendsof the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment

Lighting = 12% Lighting = 5%

7

Notes:2010: Present situation:•A common household has 40 lamp sockets:•1/3 is equipped with energy saving lamps – 2/3 is equipped with incandescent lamps2015: Forecast:•All sockets are equipped with energy saving lamps (same Lumen level as in 2010)2020: Forecast:•See 2015•Includes increase of total electric energy consumption per household (air-conditioners, charging of electrical cars, etc..)•Excludes effects of decentralized energy generation (solar, wind, etc..)

Facts & trendsof the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment

88

What is Power Quality (PQ)?

According EN 50160:Power frequencySupply voltage variations

Rapid voltage variationsSingle rapid voltage variations (load changes, switching, faults)Flicker severity

Supply voltage unbalanceHarmonic voltageInter-harmonic voltageMains signaling voltages

Voltage eventsInterruption of the supply voltageSupply voltage dips / swellsTransient over-voltages

According utilities / installation owners / installers:LossesOverload of the PEN conductor

Affectedby electronic Lighting

equipment

How to Quantify the impact?

Impact of electronic Lighting equipment on the Power Quality of the grid

9

PF is NOT a quantification of the efficiency or quality of an individual product

Efficiency and quality are independent of PF:�PF = 1 ≠ High efficiency or high quality

�PF = 0 ≠ Poor efficiency or low quality

PF is a quantification of the power flow in our electrical energy system

� PF = 1 � Optimal power flow

� PF = 0 � Poor power flow

and is determined by:

� Grid configuration

� All loads

The impact of individual products on the PQ of the grid is often quantified by the Power Factor (PF) of that individual product. This is incorrect, because:

Quantification of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ

10

Power Factor is a composite metric, it’s better to use the fundamental metrics

Power Factor Displacement (cosϕ1)&

Distortion (individual harmonics)

Quantification of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ

11

The THD and the displacement -- quantified by the difference in phase (cos ϕ1) between the first harmonic of the mains current and the mains voltage -- are the basis of the Power-factor λ. The relation between λ, cosϕ1 and THD is given by the following equations:

Note: Typical cos ϕ1 of electronic lighting equipment ≈ 0.9 - 1

2

1

1

cos

THD+= ϕλ

Relation between the composite Power Factor metric and it’s fundamental metrics

The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is quantified by the injected harmonics. The relation between the individual harmonics and the THD is given by the equation:

Were in is the amplitude of the nth harmonic of the mains current

∑∞

=

=

2

2

1n

n

i

iTHD

Quantification of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ

12

Quantification of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ

Distortion

13

Potential PQ issue:Cause / Fundamental metrics:

Displacement (cos ϕ1) Distortion:

Additional losses in the grid Yes Minor effect380V: All harmonics

10kV: only 5th, 7th, 11th, …

Overload of the PEN conductor

n.a. YesOnly 3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st, …

Distortion of the mains-voltage

n.a. Yes380V: All harmonics

10kV: only 5th, 7th, 11th, …

Relation between the potential PQ issues and the fundamental metrics

Quantification of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ

14

Proposed requirements for the fundamental metrics

MetricLimit *)

P ≤ 5W 5W < P ≤ 25W P > 25W

κdisplacement (cos ϕ1) No Limit ≥ 0.7 ≥ 0.9

κdistortionRegulated by IEC 61000-3-2

No Limit Clause 7.3b Clause 7.3a

MetricLimit *)

P ≤ 2W 2W < P ≤ 5W 5W < P ≤ 25W P > 25W

κdisplacement (cos ϕ1) No Limit ≥ 0.4 ≥ 0.7 ≥ 0.9

κdistortionRegulated by IEC 61000-3-2

No Limit No Limit Clause 7.3b Clause 7.3a

*) These limits are set and continuously monitored by the regional regulators and the International Electronic Committee (IEC).

Table 2: Lighting Equipment (except mains-voltage self-ballasted lamps):

Table 3: Mains-voltage self-ballasted lamps

15

Laboratory investigations / simulations

Egypt, 2004: Sadek, Abbas, El-Shar kawy, and M ashaly, 2004, Impact of Using Compact Fl uorescent Lamps on Power Quality, IEEE, 0-7803-8575- 6/04

New Zealand, 2006: Parsons Brinckerhoff Associ ates , 2006, Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps Assessment of Benefits, C ommissioned by the Elec tricity C ommission of New Zealand.

Slov ania, 2008: Matvoz D. and Maksic M, 2008, Impac t of Compact Fluorescent Lamps on the Electrical Power Network, IEEE, 978-1-4244-1770-4/08.

Switzerland, 2009: Durrenberger G. and Klaus G, 2009, Rebounce Effects of the Grid of Energy Saving Lamps, Commissioned by the Swiss Federal Energy Agency.

Australia, 2010: Elphick, S. and Smith, V., Februar y/March 2010, Results of Laborator y Tests and Anal ysis to Quantify the Electrical Behaviour of the Modern CFL, Transmission and Distribution Magazine.

Sweden, 2010: S. K Rönnberg, M.H.J. Bollen, M Wahl berg, Harmonic emission before and after changing to LED and CFL – Part I : laborator y measurements for a domestic customer. Paper presented at the International Confer ence on Har monics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Italy, September 2010. E.O.A. Larsson, M.H.J. Bollen, M easurement result from 1 to 48 fluorescent lamps in the frequency range 2 to 150 kHz, Paper presented at the International C onference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Ital y, September 2010.

Colombia, 2010: A. M Blanco, E.E Parra, Effects of High Penetration of CFLs and LEDs on the Distribution Networks , Paper presented at the International Confer ence on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Ital y, September 2010.

Iran, 2010: A.H. Jahani kia, M. Abbaspour, Studying the Effec ts if Using Compact Fluorescent Lamps in Power Systems, Paper presented at the International C onference on H armonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, I tal y, September 2010.

Field test

Sweden, 1997: Gothelf , N., 1997, Power Quality Effec ts of CFLs – A Field Study, Right Light 4

Poland, 1997: Bredenkamp, B., 1997, Effects of CFLs on Power Quality of Electricity Distribution Networks , Commission by the Efficient Lighting Initi ati ve (ELI).

Sweden, 2010: S.K. Rönnberg, M. Wahl berg, M.H.J. Bollen, Harmonic emission before and after changing to LED and CFL – Part II : Field measurements for a hotel, Paper presented at the International C onference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Italy, September 2010.

California, 2010: The Cadmus Group, 2010, C ompact Fluorescent Lamp Market Effects Final R eport, Commissioned by the C alifornia Public Utilities Commission. KEMA, Inc, 2010, Final Evaluation Report: Ups tream Lighting Program, Commissioned by the California Public Utilities Commission.

Conclusion:Field tests have failed to find evidence of the types of harmonic issues that many of the simulation studies had predicted.

Source: E. Page, M. Ton, Power Factor: Policy Implications for the scale-up of CFL programs, USAID | ASIA, December 2010.

Measurement resultsof the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ

16

HOTEL

Mixed load scenario’s:(76 rooms; multiple appliances + 560 lamps)

– Before: incandescent lamps (PF=1)

– After: energy saving lamps (PF=0.6)

Result:– Before: PF total hotel = 0.95

– After: PF total hotel = 0.93

Source: S.K. Rönnberg, M. Wahlberg, M.H.J. Bollen, Harmonic emission from a hotel before and after changing to CFL and diodelamps, ICHQP 2010, Bergamo, September 2010.

HOME

Mixed load scenario’s:(6 appliances + 32 lamps)

– Before: incandescent lamps (PF=1)

– After: energy saving lamps (PF=0.6)

Result:– Before: PF total home = 0.92

– After: PF total home = 0.91

Source: S.K. Rönnberg, M.H.J. Bollen, M. Wahlberg, Harmonic emission before and after changing to LED and CFL - Part I: laboratory measurements for a domestic customer, ICHQP 2010, Bergamo, September 2010.

a negligible effect of energy saving lamps on the PQ of the grid

Practical “Small-village” test upcoming in Q1, 2011

Field tests by Luleå University in Sweden showed

Measurement resultsof the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ

17

Source: www.netbeheernederland.nl

Notes:•Dutch grid has mainly subterranean LV & MV cables (High R/X)•Situation can be different in grids with mainly overhead LV & MV lines (Low R/X)

Field tests by KEMA & Tennet in the Dutch LV, MV and HV grid show:

A significant decreasing THDv trend over the period 1998 - 2009

Measurement resultsof the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ

18

� Significant reduction of the electrical usage of Lighting equipment during the next 10 years (12% � 5% � 2% of total electrical usage)

� Electronic lighting equipment can affect the following PQ related topicso Additional losses in the grido Potential overload of the PEN conductoro Increase of THDv

� The effect of individual products on the PQ of the grid should be quantified by: o Primary metrics “displacement” and “distortion”o So, not the Power Factor

� Mass introduction programs of electronic lighting equipment and field studies didn’t show significant PQ issues.

Conclusions

19