Impact of energy from Bagasse on Mauritius/Society

8/19/2019 Impact of energy from Bagasse on Mauritius/Society

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IMPACT OF ENERGY FROM

BAGASSE IN THE

SOCIETY – MAURITIAN

CONTEXT

29. January. 2016

Faculty of Engineering

Mechanical and Production Engineering Department

University of Mauritius

RAMJAN ABDALLAH IRFAAN - 1413803

HALKHARI VEDHISH - 1413874

BEEKHORY ABDOOL ZUBER AHMAD - 1413875

RUGHOOA ASHISH - 1414148

JEEROBURKAN AHMAD SAIFALI - 1414202


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Impact of energy from bagasse on the society

Authors: RAMJAN ABDALLAH IRFAAN - 1413803

HALKHARI VEDHISH - 1413874

BEEKHORY ABDOOL ZUBER AHMAD - 1413875

RUGHOOA ASHISH - 1414148

JEEROBURKAN AHMAD SAIFALI - 1414202

Programme: BEng (Hons.) Mechanical Engineering (Minor: Energy

systems)

Done by: Group R

Recipient: Dr. Jaykumar Chummun

Code of Assignment: Assignment 1 (ASSG 1)

Module: MECH2011Y: Thermal Engineering I

Date of submission: 29. January. 2016


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ABSTRACT

This assignment aimed at identifying and harnessing the capacity of one source of energy on the society.

The chosen energy source in this case was energy obtained from bagasse fibre.- extracted from

sugarcane a widely grown crop plant in Mauritius. In line with the green energy systems and

mechanisms, the island is geared towards a sustainable environment. Thus, in the assignment, it

enlightens both the positive and negative impacts of tapping energy from bagasse. The rationale behind

using this natural fibre can be attributed to its cost-effectiveness and tackling climate improvement, the

benefits to the environment and achieving the Renewable Energy Target. This assignment detailed the

impact of engineering work, where the pyrolysis of biomass, gasification and direct combustion is

explained. Bagasse is highly suitable for production of electricity as well as coal, but since one of them is

ought to be the best, further description has been given in line during this assignment. Besides, health

and safety issues relation to the installation and use of bagasse has been explained, including

engineering controlled measures. Crucial factors influencing bio energy potential is discussed and key

issues such as land controlled measures and impacts examined. Moreover, measures for assessing a

better environmental potential through the impacts are suggested in the concluding comments such as

the use of CO2 scrubbers.


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i

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

TABLE OF TABLES iii

TABLE OF FIGURES iii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1: OBJECTIVES

1.2: REPORT OUTLINE

1.3. PROJECT SCHEDULE

1.3.1. Gantt chart

1

2

3

CHAPTER 2. RATIONALE BEHIND THE USAGE OF BAGASSE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION 4

CHAPTER 3. ENERGY FROM BAGASSE IN THE LOCAL CONTEXT

3.1: DEFINING ENERGY SOURCE 3.2: INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION

3.3: COMPARING BAGASSE WITH PETROLEUM (USAGE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION) IN

MAURITIUS

3.4: FUEL OIL IN MAURITIUS

5

6

CHAPTER 4. FEASIBILITY OF BAGASSE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN MAURITIUS

4.1: FUEL CHARACTERISTICS

4.2: BAGASSE AS A BIOMASS

7

CHAPTER 5. BAGASSE CONTENT 9

CHAPTER 6. IMPACT OF ENERGY FROM BAGASSE ON THE SOCIETY

6.1. Net energy ratio (society)

6.2. Subsystems and assumptions

6.3. CO2 emissions (society)

6.4. Impacts of gasification on the society

6.5. Main environmental impacts

6.6 Use of fertilizers

6.7. Water irrigation (associated activities)

10

13

14

15

16

17

CHAPTER 7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

7.1 Construction- Both positive and negative aspects

7.1.1. Land acquisition

7.1.2. Air quality

7.1.3. Surface water

7.1.4 Solid waste

7.1.5. Socio-economic

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7.2 Operation

7.2.1. Atmospheric pollution

7.2.2. Visual degradation

7.2.3. Water pollution

7.2.4. Fire risk

7.2.5. Transportation

CHAPTER 8. ENGINEERING WORK INVOLVING BAGASSE/NATURAL FIBERS

8.1. Pyrolysis of biomass

8.2. Gasification

8.3. Direct combustion

8.4. Fermentation

8.5.Anaerobic digestion

21

22

23

24

CHAPTER 9. HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES RELATED TO THE INSTALLATION AND USE OF BAGASSE

9.1. Storage of bagasse

9.2. Spontaneous combustion

9.3. Fire hazards while handling bagasse 9.4. Causes of fire in bagasse

9.5. Bagassosis

9.6. Health measures to bagassosis prevention

9.7. Health surveillance

9.8. Importance of training

9.9. Engineering controlled measures

9.10. Health and safety while removing bagasse ash

9.11. Welfare of workers

25

26

27

28

29

30

CHAPTER 10. CRUCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING BIO ENERGY POTENTIAL 31

CHAPTER 11. DISCUSSION 33

CHAPTER 12. CONCLUSION 35

REFERENCES 36


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iii

TABLE OF TABLES

CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Table 1: Typical bagasse composition 9

Table 2: Assumptions of calorific values and environmental effects on survey from power

plants10

Table 3:Net energy ratio defined as per source energy used 10

Table 4: Variation of parameters alongside electricity form used 13

Table 5: Eutrophication values as per as electrical form used 17

Table 6: Different types of irrigation systems and their change 17

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Gantt chart

3

Figure 2: Bagasse fibre remains after extraction5

Figure 3: Energy flows for an efficient system described in electricity production8

Figure 4: Stages of sugar cane till generation of electricity10

Figure 5: Welding14

Figure 6: Factory workers in India 15

Figure 7: Process of loss of phosphorus16

Figure 8: Pivot irrigation system18


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Figure 9: Drag irrigation system18

Figure 10: Drip irrigation system 18

Figure 11: Gasifiers

23


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1. INTRODUCTION

Energy production, ingress and consumption are an integral part of financial development. After UN

declaring the year 2009 as the “International year of natural fibre”, industries are attempting to

decrease the use of synthetic and petroleum based materials due to the increased environmental

awareness. Eventually this leads to explore eco-friendly materials to replace the present (mostly

synthetic) ones. Today bagasse remains the central source of green renewable energy with a total of

17% and only 4.2% from other renewable sources (United Nations, 2009).

Bagasse is widely known for its fibrous characteristics. It is the biomass remaining after processing

sugarcane for extraction of sugar. About 30% by mass of bagasse is generated by sugar mills expressed

on total amount of cane crushed (Deepchand, 2005). Bagasse is burnt to produce steam and the later is

used for production of electricity for the needs of industry. The electricity produced in excess is thensold to the electricity grid (K.Elahee, 2010). Bagasse is also used as an emerging attractive feedstock for

bioethanol production. For bioethanol production, the calorific value of bagasse plays a major role,

which is affected by its composition – water content and calorific value of the Sugarcane crop i.e.

sucrose content (Salman Zafar, 2015). “Bagasse has a net calorific value of about 8000kJ/kg at a

moisture content of 48%. In 2010, 1,406,371 tonnes of bagasse was used to generate 550.4GWh of

power.” (J.Chummun, 2012) This statement validates that the use of bagasse for production of energy is

highly efficient and is thus important.

The assignment focuses on the energy production from bagasse (through comparisons with the energy

obtained from coal) and the impacts on society. Health and safety issues related to the installation and

use of bagasse and others are also discussed. An attempt has equally been made to try to streamline the

impacts in the Mauritian context. The points mentioned describe the importance of bagasse chosen

1.1. OBJECTIVES

The aim of this assignment is to harness the impact of production of energy from bagasse on the

society. The points addressed include,


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1.

The impacts of using Bagasse as an energy source on the environment which is compared to

coal which is further detrimental.

2.

The impact of engineering work which is related to bagasse and how it affects the

environment.

3.

The benefits which are also brought by bagasse as a use of energy source.

4.

The health and safety hazards related to the installation and use of bagasse.

5.

The nature of pollution – net energy ratio and CO2 emission to the environment.

6.

Environmental impact assessment – both positive and negative aspects.

1.2. REPORT OUTLINE

This section (section 1.0) of the assignment gives a brief overview of bagasse fibres for the production of

energy and also presents a general layout of the assignment. Section 1.1 defines the objectives of this

assignment, while section 1.3 is the project schedule which includes the gantt chart. Section 2 explains

the reasons behind using bagasse for energy production. In section 3, the application of bagasse fibres in

the local context is discussed. The feasibility of bagasse for energy production is outlined in section 4

with sub sections fuel characteristics and bagasse as a biomass. Section 5 provides information about

the bagasse content. The impact of energy from bagasse on the society is explained in section 6.

Sections 7 and 8 describe the environmental impact assessment and engineering works respectively. A

section fully detailed in health and safety issues related to the installation and use of bagasse is in part 9

of the assignment. Discussion is made in section 11, and ultimately concluding remarks are done in

section 12. Note that the assignment ends up with the list of references.


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1.3. PROJECT SCHEDULE

1.3.1. Gantt chart

Figure 1.0: Gantt chart


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2. RATIONALE BEHIND THE USAGE OF BAGASSE FOR ENERGY

PRODUCTION

Cogeneration of bagasse has been exhibited in sugarcane producing countries such as Brazil, India and

Mauritius. The results over years and years have been significantly attractive and energy projects carried

out were successful. (Salman Zafar, 2015)

Some of the main reasons for the use of bagasse for producing energy are briefly outlined below:

(biomass producer, nd). They are impacts to the environment but in this part of this document, the

positive impacts are listed as follows:

Renewable energy options are exploited and this sustainable development is promoted.

Profitability and competitiveness in industry is increased.

Cost-effectively and tackles climate improvement.

When burnt in quantity, sufficient heat energy is produced to supply needs of a typical sugar

mill, enough energy to be spared.

Compared to other sources of energy – i.e. coal for example, bagasse is more beneficial to

the environment (discussed below in the contents).

It evacuates the requirement for transporting the bagasse away.

Additional power delivered can be sustained once again into the framework for a benefit.

Vitality from bagasse produces less nursery gas outflows than customary fossil-fuel era.

On the off chance that bagasse were left to decay, it would separate and discharge nursery

gasses, especially methane, which is 27 times a larger number of hazardous to the ozone

than carbon dioxide.

It assumes an essential part in offering Mauritius some assistance with achieving its

Renewable Energy Target.


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3. ENERGY FROM BAGASSE IN THE LOCAL CONTEXT

3.1: DEFINING ENERGY SOURCE

“Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. The

dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugar cane.” (en.wikipedia.org)

Figure 2: Bagasse fibre remains after extraction (goinggreenstore, nd)

It has the good point of interest of being carbon impartial, implying that utilizing it as a fuel does notadd

to the creation of carbon dioxide and subsequently greenhouse effects. It is likewise promptly accessible

in plenitude during half of the year. Mauritius produces around 6 million tons of sugarcane consistently

(every year) and around 35% of this is left as bagasse in the wake after handing out.

Coal utilized as a

part of Mauritius is foreign made from South-Africa or Mozambique and is usually low in sulfur content.

The fundamental issue connected with coal-fired generation is as to its carbon-dioxide emission.

(tradechakra, nd)

3.2: INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION

Bagasse is a strong waste item connected with sugar factories. Already, bagasse was smoldered as

method for strong waste transfer. Be that as it may, as the expense of fuel oil, normal gas, and power

have expanded, the meaning of bagasse has changed from decline to a fuel. Right now, most bagasse is

smoldered as a fuel, not as the incineration of refuse. In no less than one plant, bagasse is sent to an

adjoining synthetic creation plant for use in making furfural; the bagasse deposit is returned as fuel for

producing steam for both facilities. (Emission factor documentation, April 1993)


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3.3: COMPARING BAGASSE WITH PETROLEUM (USAGE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION) IN MAURITIUS

Mauritius is blessed with a rich biodiversity of indigenous plants, such as “Coconut (Cocos Nucifera),

Vacoas (Pandanus Utilis and Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)”, amongst others. Mauritius, acting as

per UN Millennium Goal project, is set towards sustainable development with the "Maurice Ile Durable"

project - established in 2008. In fact, the little island aims at diversifying its economy using the plants

native to the island, and renewable resources. (Mrc.org.mu, n.d.)

Bagasse is mainly used in energy production. Bagasse is burnt for generation of steam in sugar cane

factories – the high pressure steam obtained is used for prime movers and generation of power is

commonly known in Mauritius. (vcampus.uom, nd). The power segment in Mauritius has experienced

intense changes amid the most recent couple of years. The country has moved from a condition of

practically finish reliance on petroleum items for power era to another position whereby the greater

part of the power is produced from coal and bagasse. The sugar business has contributed colossal sums

to produce more power from bagasse amid yield season and from coal within off-season.” (tradechakra,

nd)

Realization of system reliability is met when the generation capacity is able to adjust the need efficiently

at all times, even under conditions of scheduled maintenances and forced outages (Google.mu, 2015).

Sugar cane, representing over 85% of the cultivable land in Mauritius, is the one of the most productive

plant in terms of its regeneration properties that is from solar energy to chemical potential energy.

However, on the grounds to international crisis, the sugar industry is at cross-roads (Ramjeawon, 2015).

Fortunately, with the scope of breakthrough co-generation techniques, the sugar industries not only

produce the own electricity but also can produce additional electricity for sale to other electricity users

such as the national grid. So in one line, we could say that bagasse has already helped us a lot.

3.4: FUEL OIL IN MAURITIUS

Fuel oil is the principle wellspring of vitality utilized for power era as a part of Mauritius. The remaining

power is created utilizing coal and bagasse. Be that as it may, soon, the nation would enter a new era,

where the vast majority of the electrical vitality will be produced utilizing bagasse/coal. This change has

been conceivable because of huge speculation from the private divisi on which as of now accommodates

around 40% of the total electricity produced. (tradechakra, nd)


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4. FEASIBILITY OF BAGASSE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION IN MAURITIUS

4.1: FUEL CHARACTERISTICS

Bagasse is a fuel of differing structure, consistency, and warming worth. These attributes rely on upon

the climate, sort of soil whereupon the cane is developed, grown, yielding method, amount of cane

washing, and the effectiveness of the processing plant. When all is said to be done, bagasse has a

heating quality between 1,600 and 2,200 kcal/kg (3,000 and 4,000 Btu/lb) on a wet, as-let go premise.

Most bagasse has a humidity content somewhere around 45 and 55 percent by weight.. The sulfur and

nitrogen substance of bagasse are for the most part close or beneath 0.1 weight percent with burning

debris substance for the most part under 2 weight percent, as let go. Table 1 demonstrates a run of

bagasse structure for a typical power plant. (Emission factor documentation, April 1993)

4.2: BAGASSE AS A BIOMASS

Bagasse is mainly one of the two types of biomass produced by sugarcane. (Bagasse and Cane trash)

(biomassproducer, nd). Through the use of bio power, biomass is burnt to produce electricity. The first

reason for a high suitability is due to the prologue of high-efficiency gasification* combined-cycle

systems. *” Biomass is heated to convert it into a gas. The gas is used directly in a gas turbine, which

drives a generator. The waste heat from the gas turbine is then used to drive a secondary steam

turbine, thus converting more of the fuel energy into electricity.“ (A green source of energy, October2003). Cogeneration is used for burning the biomass and this achieves:

1.

Lowers cost

2.

Reduction of emission

3.

High efficiency by usage of both power and surplus heat from biomass which is burnt.

Mauritius has been one of the first countries across the globe to implement the use of cane bagasse to

achieve cogeneration capacity. This has been part of the country’s “Sugar Sector Strategic Plan” (the

production of power from renewable assets, particularly bagasse.)

The pros are as follows:

1.

Non-polluting fuel to the environment

2.

Low-cost power production via cogeneration


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3.

Sugar factories are capable of now harnessing the on-site bagasse supply to go

ahead of meeting their own energy necessities and generate surplus electricity for

trade to the national grid or directly to users.

Figure 3: Energy flows for an efficient system described in electricity production (Dr J Woods, PhD

Thesis, 2000)


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5. BAGASSE CONTENT

Bagasse consists mainly of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, pentosans, lignin, sugars, wax and minerals. The

fibre content in bagasse varies from 22 to 36 %.

Table 1: Typical bagasse composition (Emission factor documentation, April 1993)

Parameter Weight %

Proximate Analysis

Moisture 58.7

Ash 0.8

Volatile Matter 35.8

Fixed Carbon 4.7

Ultimate Analysis

Carbon 19.2

Hydrogen 2.6

Sulfur < 0.1

Ash 0.8

Oxygen (by difference) 77.1

Heating value

7620kJ/kg

The table above describes the composition of bagasse. Proximate analysis exhibits behavior on internalmechanisms/properties of bagasse whereas ultimate analysis implies on the origin nature of the natural

fibre. (yahoo, nd)


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6. IMPACT OF ENERGY FROM BAGASSE ON THE SOCIETY

6.1. Net energy ratio (society)

This survey was performed in the production of 1 GWh of electricity from burning bagasse

(Ramjeawon, 2015).

The following flowchart below shows the stages of sugar cane plants till the generation of electricity.

Figure 4: Stages of sugar cane till generation of electricity

6.2. Subsystems and assumptions

This table below shows the assumptions made before carrying the survey on the power plant.

Table 2: Assumptions of calorific values and environmental effects on survey from power plants

Subsystem Assumptions

Cane cultivation and harvest 1 ha=75.8 t of cane=8.35 t of sugar

Cultivation area of 78,000 ha

•Waterconsumption

•Wastesgeneration

•Electricitygeneration

Sugarprocessing and

electricitygeneration

•Herbicidesmanufacture

•Fertilizersmanufacture

Fertilizer andherbicides

manufacture

•Cane transport

• Fertilizertransport

• Herbicidestransport

• Sugar transport

Transportations

•Emissions

Cane burning

•Machine timehours

•Tractor fuelconsumption

•Irrigation

•Herbicides andfertilizersapplication

•Cane harvest

• Nutrientleaching andemissions

Cane cultivationand Harvest


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Cultivation with a seven years plant cycle

315 mm3 of irrigation water

Electricity consumption of 216 kWh/ha for irrigation

N2O emissions from soil - 1.25% of nitrogen input NOx

emissions from soil - 0.5% of nitrogen input

138 kg N, 50 kg P2O5 and 175 kg K2O applied per ha

7.8 kg a.i of herbicides applied per ha 10% of nitrogen and 0.2%

of herbicides lost in water bodies

1 kg of phosphorus lost in surface runoffs per ha

Cane burning 2.3% of cane area burnt every year (i.e 1817 ha)

500 kg/ha of particulate matter emitted

Inorganic fertilizer and herbicides

manufacture

Energy required to produce herbicides=190 MJ/kg

Fuel input in production of herbicides is 15% diesel, 70% coal

and 15% electricity

Energy required to produce 1 kg of NPK fertilizer is 56.6 MJ

Fuel input in production of fertilizers is electricity, coal, diesel

and natural gas

Transportation

Cane transportation over an average distance of 7 km and

diesel consumption of 0.075 l/t km

Fertilizers and herbicides transport over an average distance of

20 km from harbour to field

Sugar transport over an average distance of 60 km from factory

to storage in harbour area Dieselh37 MJ/l


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Sugar processing and electricity

generation

50 mm3 of water used for cane processing on the island

Pollutant loadings of 2.07 kg COD;

0.72 kg BOD5 and 1.37 kg TSS/t of cane 0.27 t of molasses/t of

sugar and 0.3 t of bagasse/t of cane produced as by-products

360 GWh of electricity exported to the grid, equivalent to 65

kWh/t of cane

500 kg of steam consumed/t of cane processed and electricity

consumption of

22.5 kWh/t of cane Bagasse ash production of 0.015 t/t of

bagasse

(Ramjeawon, 2015)

NOTE:

The net energy ratio may be defined as the electric energy received by the utility grid per amount of

fossil fuel energy provided within the system. (energy-reality.org, nd)

Results

Table 3: Net energy ratio defined as per source energy used

Fuels Bagasse Fossil fuels Natural gas

Net Energy Ratio 13.0 0.3 0.4

(Ramjeawon, 2015)

It is found that the net energy ratio of bagasse is approximately 13. When compared to coal is

0.3 and to that of natural gas electricity is 0.4 (Ramjeawon, 2015).

That is for the same amount of electricity generated; much less fossil fuels are involved within

the system for bagasse compared to that of coal and natural gas.


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This makes bagasse a very reliable and renewable energy source but only to a certain extent

when 7% of its electricity is from fossil fuels indirectly through its fertilizers and production

process.

6.3. CO2 emissions (society)

Most of the carbon from bagasse is recycled through bio-ethanol, food grade CO2 and other

manufacturing processes. Therefore, the contribution of net CO2 gas emissions is due to the inputs of

fossil fuel only through the agricultural and transportation processes.

For a better estimation of the net savings in the emissions of CO2 gas in the bagasse-based electricity

production in Mauritius, four components are taken into account:

The emissions due to fossil utilization in the production of sugar cane and in sugar manufacture,

The methane emissions from sugar cane burning and the N2O emissions from the soil,

The avoided emissions due to bagasse substituting for fuel oil (or coal) in sugar manufacture

The emissions avoided due to the export of electricity, substituting for fuel oil.

The table shown below represents the gaseous emissions from oil, coal and bagasse, producing 1GWh of

electricity under the African conditions.

Table 4: Variation of parameters alongside electricity form used

ELECTRICITY FORM

Parameter Oil Coal Bagasse

Greenhouse, kg CO2 eq 898,000 1,030,000 35,600

Human toxicity, HC 15,600 8290 449

Acidification, kg AP 10,700 6110 356

Summer Smog, kg POCP 920 81 23.8

Non-renewable energy 12,400,000 12,000,000 261,000

(Ramjeawon, 2015)


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Comparing bagasse-based electricity to oil-based electricity, the former provides a total saving of 900 t

of CO2 (eq)/GWh and 10 t of SO2 (eq)/GWh.

The use of bagasse substituting for oil as fuels results in about 310,000 t CO2 which equivalent to about

15%-18% of the entire CO2 emissions from fossil fuels on the island.

From the statistics described in the table above, it can be deduced that from all the parameters, the

most favorable source for production of electricity is bagasse. The only drawback amongst is the cause

of eutrophication and this is due to the use of fertilizers and is explained in the next section.

6.4. Impacts of gasification on the society

When biomass is gasified it can be used as a fuel rather than fossil fuels for power generation. This helps

in using locally available resources and this increases employability in the local context. This also aids in

reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

In remote villages, electricity can be made available and smoky kerosene lamps can be replaced. Electric

power can be provided for newly setup businesses and existing ones can extend their working hours

with better quality light.

The producer gas can be used in rural areas for temperature control activities.

Figure 5: Welding (ashden.org, nd.)

Electricity provided to

small welding businesses


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Figure 6: Factory workers in India (ashden.org, nd.)

6.5. Main environmental impacts

The heating value of bagasse varies between 7-9 MJ/Kg. During the combustion of bagasse gases like

CO2, CO, TSP, SOx and NOx are emitted. These gases are considered to be highly hazardous as they have

adverse effects on both human and the environment.

Due to low level of sulfur and nitrogen associated with bagasse, the emission of SO2 and NOX are lesser

than conventional fossil fuels. However the emission of these gases can increase if the moisture content

of bagasse is high, as high moisture content favors combustion process.

Basically the emission of CO2 does not contribute to global warming. This is because the production of

CO2 during the combustion process of bagasse is part of the natural carbon. But if the bagasse is

incompletely burnt, CO is produce and this has negative impacts on the environment. Incomplete

combustion is due to high moisture content (50%) and the dense arrangement of bagasse. One way to

prevent incomplete combustion is to dry the bagasse before burning. (A. S. Energy Environment, 2006)

The impacts discussed above happen when bagasse is used for electricity generation. However the

impact is even detrimental when bagasse is produced. The main categories of impacts are:

Fossil fuel usage

Respiratory inorganics

Eutrophication

The left over ash in the

gasification process is used

making incense stick


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Climate change

6.6 Use of fertilizers

(Anon, 2015)

Figure 7: Process of loss of phosphorus

A better systematic way of irrigation will efficiently lead to a more justified use of water irrigations in the

future.

Over the past four decades, the use of fertilizers in the sugar industry has greatly increased.

“Under the South African conditions the aerial parts of an adequately fertilized 12 month-old rain fed

plant cane crop contained 168kg of N, 18kg of P and 214 kg of K /ha. An irrigated plant cane crop of

similar age and variety removed 276 kg N, 29kg P and 790kg K /ha.” (Wood, 1990)

As it can be seen the sugar cane plants rapidly deplete the nutrients from the soil, notably N and K.

This extract was taken from a test carried: (T Mardamootoo, 2015)

The test revealed that the agronomic threshold range of 80 to 100 mg P kg -1 overlays the environmental

critical range of 85 to 95 mg P kg-1

. These demonstrate that the soils which are agronomically suitable

for sugarcane cultivation in Mauritius are unsafe from the freshwater viewpoint. 52%, implying 32, 000

ha of the sugarcane lands of the island consisted of excessive P after soil testing was carried out. This

can damage the quality of the existing freshwater and eventually the biodiversity of those resources if

no corrective actions are taken. (T Mardamootoo, 2015)


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Table 5: Eutrophication values as per as electrical form used

Electricity from

Oil Coal bagasse

Eutrophication, kg NP 270 392 442

Unfortunately bagasse comes from a green renewable source. Thus, it requires some fertilizers and

water, which gradually leads to eutrophication.

6.7. Water irrigation (associated activities)

From the reports of the Water Resources Unit (WRU), it was found that 50% of the total exploited water

resources go to agricultural purpose in Mauritius. And 80-90 % goes to the sugarcane cultivation and

production.

Some sources of water irrigation include freshwater bodies and underground water. 30 000-40 000 m3

per day of treated urban waste-water at St Martin are diluted with river water in the ratio of 1 to 1 to

meet irrigation requirements and is used mainly for medium sugar cane planters.

Statiscally speaking, 1999 was considered to be the driest year and 2006 also. Water shortage is

incrementing day by day, so the government envisages priority on drinking water supply rather than on

irrigation purposes. This sequentially affects the agricultural sector.

Table 6: Different types of irrigation systems and their change

IRRIGATION

SYATEM

1996

(Ha.)

2005

Ha.)% change

High pressure gun 6 350 4 500 -29%

Surface irrigation 1 600 780 -51%

Pivot, Drag line,

Drip5 950 10 500 +76%


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7.1.5. Socio-economic

During period of harvest, a lot of workers will be hired, hence providing local employment

opportunities.

7.2 Operation

7.2.1. Atmospheric pollution

Atmospheric pollution is on different levels depending whether it is crop season or not. When the

plant operates on coal, it releases greenhouse gases contributing to global warming. Ever during

crop season, carbon dioxide gas is released; however, it is also argued that the sugar cane plantabsorbs a considerable amount of carbon dioxide that is given off during the whole process of

harvesting the crop, transporting it to the plant and the burning of the bagasse.

Carbon monoxide emissions contribute to global warming, such that 1 gram of CO is considered to

harm the same harmful effect as that of CO2. This gas also poses health risks affecting the nervous

system, the circulatory system in the human body as well as the respiratory system.

Release of oxides of nitrogen contributes to greenhouse effect, acid rain and eutrophication as

described before in the previous chapter 6.6.

7.2.2. Visual degradation

As particulate matter accumulates in the atmosphere, the particles scatter and absorb light thus

obscuring views. This is due to dark high optical density flue gases. In addition, this also cause harms

and illness to the eyes over time.


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7.2.3. Water pollution

Liquid effluents from boiler water demineralization unit (resin wash water) as well as oily and dust

contaminated water from the plant are rejected into the environment. Also there is the possible

pollution by wastes such as used lube oil sludge from the plant

7.2.4. Fire risk

There is a great fire risk in the coal storage unit. A fire would result in injury for workers on site as

well cause a great amount of pollution – this is further explained in chapter 9 - health and safety

related to the use and installation of bagasse.

7.2.5. Transportation

Increase in traffic due to greater number of lorries being used to transport coal/sugarcane to the

plant. It also increases noise and air pollution. In addition, fuel is used to power the lorry which

makes another environmental negative effect by release of harmful gases.

8. ENGINEERING WORK INVOLVING BAGASSE/NATURAL FIBERS

Bagasse is combusted in big boilers and follows a series of thermodynamic processes to produce steam.

The steam is in turn used to drive turbines to produce electricity. Bagasse is also used for the production

of the increasingly demanding bioethanol.

Bagasse is used as a fuel in many engineering tasks like power generation. The calorific value of bagasse

determines its usage as a fuel. The calorific value depends on the moisture content. The higher the

moisture content, the lower is the calorific value. Most mills produce bagasse with a moisture content of48%. And most boilers are designed to burn bagasse with 50% moisture.

Normally, 30 tons of bagasse is produced for every 100 tons of sugarcane crushed. Primarily, bagasse is

used as a fuel source in sugar mill to produce enough heat and electrical energy to satisfy the need of

the sugar mill. The resulting CO2 emissions are equal to the amount of CO2 that the sugarcane palnt


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absorb from the atmosphere during its growing phase, which makes the process of cogeneration

greenhouse gas-neutral. (Salman Zafar, 2015)

In many countries including Mauritius, bagasse is used as a biomass for ethanol production.

8.1. Pyrolysis of biomass

This is the thermal decomposition of organic matters without oxygen occurring at low temperatures.

This process converts biomass to hydrocarbon rich gas mixture and a carbon rich solid residue. The main

products of pyrolysis depend on heating rate, particle size, temperature and catalyst used. The major

products include CO, CO2, CH4 and H2.

Biomass → charcoal + Volatile matter

8.2.Gasification

It is the conversion of biomass into gaseous fuels. This is achieved by the oxidation of the biomass at

high temperatures. This process allows the production of methanol and hydrogen, each of which can be

used as a fuel in the near future. (Some details about the impacts of gasification on the society have

been discussed in section 6.4.)

Gasification normally occurs in gasifiers. This takes place in four stages:

Drying: Water vapour is extracted from the biomass

Pyrolysis: When a high temperature is applied to the dry biomass, it decomposes into organic

vapours, gases, carbon and tars.

Reduction: A series of gases reaction occurs in this process. Hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide

is produced when water vapour reacts with carbon. Carbon monoxide is produced when carbon

dioxide reacts with carbon.

Combustion: The carbon and tars that is produced during pyrolysis reacts with oxygen to produce

heat and carbon dioxide. The heat is used further in the gasification stages.


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Figure 11: Gasifiers (ashden.org, nd.)

Updraft gasifier: The gas produced in this gasifier is too dirty to use in internal combustion engine as it is

contaminated by tar.

Downdraft gasifier: The main reactions occur at the throat where carbon monoxide and hydrogen is

produced by the breakdown of tar and volatile gases. This type of gasifier produces cleaner air.

The power output of the gasifiers ranges from 10 kW to 1000 kW.

8.3. Direct combustion

In this process biomass is burnt directly, without any chemical treatment from waste-to-energy to

produce steam, which in turns is used for power generation. Engineers claim that direct combustion is a

promising method in the foreseeable future. Biomass can also be burned for the production of heat for

homes and industries.

8.4. Fermentation

It is the process whereby ethanol is produced. There are two most commonly used methods to produce

ethanol. One way is to ferment the starch in the plant using yeast and the other way is to use enzymes

to break down the cellulose in the plant’s fibers.


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8.5.Anaerobic digestion

This is the conversion of organic matter to biogas. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide. In

this process, biomass is converted by bacteria in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic digestion is widely

used for treating wet organic wastes. The biogas produced can be upgraded to natural gas and use it in

grids.


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9. Health and safety issues related to the installation and use of

bagasse

The health and safety are essential for the good unwinding of the company. Due to health and

safety issues, the plant must be operated within the limits of the environmental standards and

guidelines and it must be in line with international standards.

For the safety of the workers, regular maintenance programmes must be performed to reduce

dust nuisance, smoke nuisance, odour nuisance and noise nuisance.

9.1. Storage of bagasse

Bagasse has the disadvantage of a high moisture content of about 50%. This decreases its fuel

value and is likely to decompose on storage.

The main problems in storing bagasse include:

Loss of fuel value due to microbial activities

Spontaneous combustion Environmental impacts

Health issues associated with bagassosis

If bagasse were left to decompose, it would break down and release greenhouse gases such as

methane which is more dangerous to the ozone than carbon dioxide. So bagasse needs to be

suitably stocked in order not to rot or spontaneously combust. (Purchase BS et al., 2013)

An improvement in storing bagasse is that it is stocked in piles. This lead to advantages like

a) Economise space

b) Reduce fire risk

c) Prevent deterioration


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Even though information is lacking, the risk of severe loss during storage is obvious. In the

situation of overall efficiency in the conversion of biomass to electricity, the storage phase is

significant because it can most likely affect energy recovery by as much as 25%.

9.2. Spontaneous combustion

Large piles of bagasse are susceptible to self-heating leading to spontaneous combustion. Care

must be taken while bailing bagasse. The monitoring of the temperature in bagasse pile is

important so as to get an indication of the heat liberated by an exothermic reaction through

bacterial action. This will help to predict any outbreak of fire through spontaneous combustion.

(Dhurman Krist, 1991)

9.3. Fire hazards while handling bagasse

Any business leading to success must preserve the constancy of its production. Facilities must

be planned not only for the progressing production but to prevent destructive effect like fire or

even explosion.

Cellulose is the main chemical composition of bagasse consisting about 50% and is a highly

inflammable material. Thus precautions have to be taken to forecast and control any explosion.

The result leading to fire from bagasse is the destruction of the factory itself or cost the lives of

the workers. (Dhurman Krist, 1991)

9.4. Causes of fire in bagasse

Smoking: a potential cause of fire in sugar mills is smoking. Workers tend to throw

their lighted cigarette everywhere and due to bagasse combustible nature, it can easily

spread fire rapidly.


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9.7. Health surveillance

Regular health surveillance must be carried out on staffs exposed to dust while handling

bagasse. The process must begin at the time of employment and continues at regular intervals

considering the health hazard, level of exposure and health status of the workers.

9.8. Importance of training

The boiler is the centre of each sugar mill, and the loss of steam is a serious issue in the efficient

operation of the company. Yearly inspections throughout the off crop show up imperfection in

the physical and control aspects of the steam generation plant. Rectification of the shortcoming

could be by improving the equipment or particular maintenance.

When advanced technology is applied, the basics are often forgotten. Boiler operation is not a

secure work, and there are rising numbers of failures caused by trusting digital systems and

neglecting the basics. For that reason, boiler operators and maintenance personnel know the

process of boiler operation and the outcome of their actions. Thus training gives staff the

opportunity to gain knowledge from preceding mistakes without incurring the cost penalties of

repeating them.

Even though a large amount of money is invested in the improvement of electrical and

mechanical systems, the most vital factor is the human one. Operators need to be trained to be

familiar with the signals exhibited by faulty equipment, and must be aware of what action to

take. (H VERBANCK, K MCINTYRE and Q ENGELBRECHT, 2003)

9.9. Engineering controlled measures

The key purpose of engineering control measures is to plan safe building equipment and

method to eliminate causes of fire and explosions. (Dhurman Krist, 1991)


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a) Fencing- the area where bagasse is handled and stored must be well fenced to prevent

intruders from getting access and to prevent any malicious act

b) Intermittent spray system- this system controls the temperature in bagasse piles

minimising the risk of spontaneous ignition. Water is sprayed all over the piles when the

temperature reaches a critical value. But it contributes to bagasse decaying due to the

presence of water.

c) Ventilation- both natural and artificial system are important depending where bagasse

is stored. For the reason that the workers do not suffocate and also for their safety.

d) Fire fighting equipment- different places in the same section where bagasse is stored

must contain appropriate fire fighting equipments just in case of any outbreak of fire.

9.10. Health and safety while removing bagasse ash

During the production of energy, huge amount of bagasse is being burnt and the residue of the

bagasse so –called bagasse ash must be removed on a weekly basis to maintain the continuous

production of energy. This process is carried out manually in some factories and in some with

sophisticated machines. It is regarded as the most dangerous operation by the workers.

It consists of cooling down the ash with the help of hoses and by means of spades and forks

they are removed. The workers must wear wet clothes on them when performing this

operation since they are exposed to temperatures ranging from 40 to 45oc. (Dhurman Krist,

1991)

9.11. Welfare of workers

1) Provision of toilet and shower facilities

2) Source of potable and drinking water

3) Adequate protective clothing to withhold heat


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4) Regular medical check up

5) Limited hours of work weekly

6) Established a smoking zone

(Dhurman Krist, 1991)


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10. CRUCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING BIO ENERGY POTENTIAL

Although the varieties of mechanical possibilities for green energy from crop growing are imposing, the

optimal biomass-energy potentials for any chosen country is determined by numerous key issues, where

they are overviewed below. (Emission factor documentation, April 1993)

Key issues include:

• The ease of use of land for energy crops manufacture (as against for food crops production) and

other competing land uses.

• Different methods of land use possibilities for degraded land, like protected and recreational

areas, carbon confiscation, or for example the usage of nitrogen fixing crops.

• Yielding levels of energy crops, as characterized due to physical factors

1.

Climate

2.

Water availability

3.

Soil quality

4.

As well as socio-economic factors; primarily the costs of labor and land.

The accessible technology for energy crop production, treatment and transport and alteration to

energy. Technology is a main concern as it impacts energy expenses as well as being vital to

make certain, the most favorable carbon/energy balances, and also to lessen local emissions (air

quality issues).

• Biomass manufacture improvements could likely improve biomass yield (plant genetic

and breeding technology), as fit to reduce manufacture costs and progress

environmental quality.

• Biomass handling issues:

Handling systems can report for a great percentage of the capital deal and in use costs

of a bioenergy conversion competence. The handling necessities vary according to the

kind of biomass to be practiced. It also includes the feedstock preparation necessities of

the alteration technology.

• Biomass collection logistics and infrastructure:

1.

Harvesting biomass crops

2.

The collection of residues

3.

Storage and transportation


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These are critical elements to be taken into account in a biomass resource supply chain.

• The cost of biomass crops as aligned with other crops (farmers participation relies on financial

aspects: profitability is a key choice criterion), as well as the decisive manufacture cost of the

renewable energy which regulates its competitiveness with fossil fuels.

• Policy and regulatory surroundings, and the degree at which it is conducive to the progress of

renewable energy circumstances.

The significance of these key problems will turn out to be all the more logical by turning out awareness

to sugarcane biomass, the leading biomass source in Mauritius (covering more than 80 percent of its

arable land). (Emission factor documentation, April 1993)


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11. DISCUSSION

Based on the comments made by several authors, the following general analysis has been made.

As it is seen in this research work, till now bagasse has already offered Mauritius a successful approach

towards the green society. The numerous clear-cut impacts of bagasse make it suitable to be used in

multiple of ways to meet our necessary requirements. However, despite being the primary green energy

in Mauritius, it contributes to only a small extent of about 16-18% of the total electricity generated.

Researchers have been trying to increase the level of the fibrous content for generation of power and in

line such that our sugarcane plants are more reliable and efficient. More energy will be released

producing more electricity. However, the choice will then be between sugarcane with more fibre and

sugarcane with more sugar content. Of course this will have an impact on the socio-economic

development. (mrc.org.mu, 2016)

While other sections (social factors) such as cutting labour, transportation labour, milling factories are

already developed, there are some sections such as the above mentioned, biotechnology still imparts

some employability. Hence, this offers the potential individuals an opportunity to explore and apply the

theory.

The impacts related to bagasse are eutrophication, climate change and respiratory inorganics. The

impacts are due to fly ash emissions from the boiler. A solution to this problem would be to equip the

plant with fly ash removal systems. Besides, fertilizers and pesticides should be effectively used.

Electricity produced from bagasse offer eco-friendly benefits for human toxicity, acidification, and non-

renewable energy input and greenhouse gas emissions). On the other hand, it does not stipulate

environmental benefits for freshwater consumption and eutrophication.

The environmental impact assessment shows that only a few problems arises during the construction

and operational period, notably air pollution and water pollution being the most important ones.

However, we do also notice the creation of employment during and after the construction phase namely

for the running of the plant exploiting bagasse as an energy source as well as in the cultivation of

sugarcane plant, from which the bagasse is extracted. As such, the process of harnessing energy from

bagasse isn’t as harmful compared to other fuels used in plants. “The environmental impact triggered by

the manufacture of bagasse through sugar cane cultivation is almost five times more than that of

electricity production in the power plant itself.” (T Ramjeawon, 2007)


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12. CONCLUSION

This assignment has thrown light onto the benefits and impacts of using bagasse as a source of energy

production (and coal). Most, specifically the impacts on both socio and environmental sides have been

analyzed. Mauritius must branch out its energy supplies beyond dependence on petroleum. The use of

coal is encouraged by companies since it is cheap and is readily accessible anytime during the year.

Contrarily, bagasse is available only during crop-harvest season of sugarcane. Mauritius should evade

any jeopardy of locking itself into a never-ending coal energy prospect. We must keep its options open

for other cleaner, less costly energy source (fuel) of the future. “Without coal, bagasse power plants

would be unprofitable, and without bagasse as a mitigating factor, the higher level of environmental

damage caused by coal power plants would have been unacceptable.” (Felix Ah-Kee, 2013). Sugarcane

is considered to have high bioconversion efficiency due to its high ability of capturing sunlight

to fix atmospheric carbon into biomass. The biomass is considered to be a major renewable

energy in countries producing sugarcane like Mauritius. The usage of bagasse as a fuel and form of

energy result in sustainable production and power generation which in turns can solve the essential

issues of environmental pollution, energy crisis, wasteland development, power transmission losses and

rural employment generation. From the research carried out, it has been found that the positive impacts

outnumber the negative impact. Bagasse is a non-polluting fuel if it is completely burnt to produce CO2

which forms part of the natural carbon cycle. However safety measures should be taken in consideration

when using bagasse in plants and alternative policies should be implemented to counter drawbacks,

which side-effects the environment. Thus, bagasse is a renewable, elegantly available carbon neutral

fuel and can greatly increase employability in the thermal industry. This is because bagasse can reduce

the dependency on other fuel which needs to be imported from other countries and this is costly but

has proven to be very positive for the environment.

However, the government should definitely consider reviewing the percentage use of coal for

production of electricity such that an appropriate balance is made – between the generated profits and

the level of damage to the environment to be minimized. Concerning the “Gas Carbo” (leading food

grade gas supplier) project at Omnicane, again, the government should review the amount of CO2

released in air by other powerplants so as to reduce the emission of CO2 in the atmosphere which would

eventually lessen the contribution to global warming. More CO2 scrubbers should be used such that the

exhaust gases are treated before release to the atmosphere.


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