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Impact of Data Base Adminstration through SQL Server
Chapter -1: Introduction
In 2012, India will be the fourth largest enterprise software market in Asia/Pacific. The
country is forecast to account for 11 per cent of the regions total revenue of $29.33 billion USD
for Asia/Pacific this year, the equivalent to 1.15 per cent of the total worldwide software of
market share of $280 billion USD billion. By 2016, Indias share of the software market in
Asia/Pacific is expected to reach 12.1 per cent, representing $5.4 billion in revenue, or 1.5 per
cent of total worldwide software market revenue of $361 billion. In comparison to other
countries in the Asia/Pacific region, such as China (with 27 per cent share of regional spending
in 2011), the software market in India is still relatively small and evolving.
End users in Asia/Pacific are expecting to increase their spending on application and
infrastructure software, with China and India being the most optimistic and leading the way for
budget increases, followed closely by Malaysia and South Korea, said Mr. Raina.The high
intention to increase budgets in India is expected because of the rapidly growing economy,
globalization of operations, and ongoing investment in India as a customer service-related
outsourcing destination. Optimism regarding spending within Indian organizations reflects
confidence in Indias regional economic performance, as well as the need to adopt better
technology to effectively compete in a tougher global environment. Priority areas of software
spending include operating systems, DBMS, AIM and Application Development. In the next
five, the fastest-growing segments will be Web conferencing and team collaboration, enterprise
content management, CRM and ERP. According to Gartner, Indian enterprises are lagging
behind in terms of adoption of these tools, resulting in the fast growth of these markets.
Databases are organized collections of data that support storage, management, and retrieval of
information. Databases are qualitatively measured by accuracy, availability, usability, and
resilience. Computer software products known as database management systems (DBMS)
support access to data stored in databases.
A DBMS allows organizations to develop databases for various applications by database
administrators (DBAs) and other software specialists.
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Well known DBMS products include Oracle, Access, SQL Server, DB2, and MySQL. A DBMS
allows different user application programs to simultaneously access the same database. A DBMS
provides services for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency
control, recovering the database after failures, as well as sustaining database security.
Relational databases are the choice for storing data such as financial and medical records,
personal information, and manufacturing data. A relational database is a collection of tables
relating to one another. Other objects are often considered part of the database because they help
to organize and structure the data.
Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to communicate with relational database management
systems. This language allows users to perform basic functions to interact with data. In addition
to basic SQL functions, the DBMS in use provides additional proprietary functions.
SQL commands are divided into two sublanguages: data definition language (DDL) and data
manipulation language (DML). Data definition language includes commands to create and
destroy databases and their objects. Once structured with DDL, administrators use data
manipulation language (DML) to insert, select, and update the data contained within the
structure.
Oracle today announced that it has been named the leading Relational Database Management
Systems (RDBMS) vendor in India and Asia Pacific excluding Japan (APEJ)1, based on first
half 2007 Asia Pacific software revenues by IDC. In IDCs Asia/Pacific Semi-Annual Software
Tracker, September 2007 report, Oracle is the Asia Pacific market leader with 53 percent
market share, growing 19 percent year-over-year to reach US$373million in software revenue in
first half 2007. It has strengthened its market share lead by nearly four percent over its second
half 2006 figure of 50 percent. The company commands more than double the market share of its
nearest competitor in the RDBMS market who has 21 percent. In India, Oracle leads the
RDBMS market with 63 percent market share. This is nearly thrice that of its nearest competitor
who only has 23 percent share.
Oracle has, through a sustained flow of innovation, continued to develop and strengthen
its undisputed relational database market share leadership in Asia Pacific, said SPS Grover, vice
president, Technology Sales, Oracle India. With Oracle Database 11g, we expect to continue
revolutionizing the database world. Customers will benefit from unique features such as active
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standbys, real application testing and compression of all data types which will have a dramatic
impact on the performance, reliability and economics of their IT systems. Continued
Leadership in Database Innovation with Launch of Oracle Database 11g. In Q1FY08, Oracle
launched Oracle Database 11g - with new innovative features such as Oracle Active Data Guard,
Oracle Real Application Testing and Oracle Advanced Compression. With more than 400 new
features, 36,000 person-months of development, and 15 million test hours, Oracle Database 11g
is making the management of enterprise information easier than ever, enabling customers to
know more about their business and innovate more quickly.
Oracle also recently announced a new world record price/performance result with the
TPC-C benchmark running Oracle Database 11g on Windows. Achieving 102,454 transactions
per minute with a price/performance of $.73/tpmC, Oracle Database 11g Standard Edition Onedelivered 24 percent more performance at 13 percent less cost than its nearest competitor in the
price/performance category.
Oracle Database new wins for 1HFY08 in India include Commercial Taxes Department,
Government of Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu Electricity Board and Tata Tele Services Ltd; CAIRN
INDIA, Delhi International Airport Ltd., GENPACT INDIA, High Court Of Delhi, IFCI Ltd.,
Oriental Bank of Commerce, Oxigen India Prepaid Services Pvt Ltd. and some of the new wins
for Asia Pacific, excluding Japan, include: Alcatel (Australia), Australian Institute of Health and
Welfare (Australia), Bombardier Transportation Australia Pty Ltd. (Australia), Alibaba Group
(China), AU Optronics Corp (Taiwan), Bank of East Asia (Hong Kong), China Eastern Airlines
Co. Ltd. (China), Dah Sing Bank (Hong Kong), Department of Immigration and Emigration (Sri
Lanka), GreatWall Information Industry (China), Kodeco Energy (Indonesia), Korea Exchange
(Korea), PT Bank Central Asia (Indonesia), PT. Mobile-8 Telecom (Indonesia), SK Telecom
(Korea), Shell Autoserv (Thailand) Co., Shenzhen Airlines (China), Sun Hung Kai Securities
Limited (Hong Kong), Sunghwa College (Korea), Tata Steel (Thailand), Thai Nippon Steel
Engineering & Construction Corp Ltd. (Thailand), The Bank of East Asia Limited (Hong Kong),
Xiangya Hospital of Center-South University (China) and Yan Wal Yun (Thailand) to name a
few.
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Despite challenging economic conditions, the enterprise software market in India is projected to
grow 13 per cent in 2012, as revenue reaches $$3.22 billion USD in 2012, according to Gartner,
Inc. Indias enterprise software market is forecast to maintain its strong performance, with an
estimated compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.6 per cent from 2009 to 2016 the third
highest growth rate in the world. The increasing globalization of the Indian economy is leading
to a growing need for modern software with the latest features and improved functionality.
With Indian enterprises continuing to embrace IT to improve productivity and drive growth,
penetration of ICT infrastructure has been growing rapidly during the past decade. The primary
drivers of growth have been domestic demand, the growing maturity of users and incremental
enhancements in the technology, said Asheesh Raina, principal research analyst at Gartner.
India also enjoys a rich presence of all international software and hardware vendors, backed by
a very strong ecosystem of system integrators, service providers and business partners. A
combination of high domestic demand, presence of global vendors and entry of new small
vendors with innovative products have made the overall ecosystem apt for robust growth.
Research Methodology
Need for the Study
Growing trend of IT industry in India has many challenges ahead to gain a consistent
pace in the dynamic and competitive business environments. To overcome such challenges the
managers need have proper forecasts, analysis and data base management systems. This requires
a well established Database and Server management system. Security parameters gain
preference in database management systems and hence the challenge is to identify a highly
secured RDBMS or DBMS. Hence, this problem/ need invite a study to understand the Impact
of using SQL Server as a Database Management Administration tool.
Scope of the Study
The Study Impact of Database Administration through SQL Server focuses on theadvantages, satisfaction and impact in the SQL server and other advantages of SQL server
compared to other RDBMS.
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Objectives
To study the key decision areas Data Base Management systems. To analyze and evaluate the impact of the present of SQL Server To understand the Security Management aspects in SQL Server.
Sampling
Sampling Method: The sampling method used was Convenient sampling technique.
Convenience sampling(sometimes known as grabor opportunity sampling) is a type of non
probability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population
which is close to hand. That is, a sample population selected because it is readily available and
convenient. It may be through meeting the person or including a person in the sample when one
meets them or chosen by finding them through technological means such as the internet or
through phone.
Determination of Sample Design: There are many IT companies in the twin cities which are
operating in domestic and international markets. Companies that majorly contribute to the high
end database management software are selected to constitute the sample. Data is collected from
the Database administrators in such companies and it is based on convenience sampling
technique.
Limitations of the Study
Geographical Limitation: The study confines only to the twin city which might note givethe forecasted results would not be apt for.
Time: The project is under taken for 8 weeks duration which is not comfortable to fulfillthe complete scope of the study.
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Chapter -2: Conceptual Framework and Literature Review
Conceptual Framework:
SQL Server
Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by
Microsoft. As a database, it is a software product whose primary function is to store and retrieve
data as requested by other software applications, be it those on the same computer or those
running on another computer across a network (including the Internet). There are at least a dozen
different editions of Microsoft SQL Server aimed at different audiences and for workloads
ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many
concurrent users. Its primary query languages are T-SQL and ANSI SQL.
Origin
Prior to version 7.0 the code base for MS SQL Server was sold by Sybase SQL Server to
Microsoft, and was Microsoft's entry to the enterprise-level database market, competing against
Oracle, IBM, and, later, Sybase. Microsoft, Sybase and Ashton-Tate originally worked together
to create and market the first version named SQL Server 1.0 for OS/2 (about 1989) which was
essentially the same as Sybase SQL Server 3.0 on Unix, VMS, etc. Microsoft SQL Server 4.2
was shipped around 1992 (available bundled with IBM OS/2 version 1.3). Later Microsoft SQL
Server 4.21 for Windows NT was released at the same time as Windows NT 3.1. Microsoft SQL
Server v6.0 was the first version designed for NT, and did not include any direction from Sybase.
About the time Windows NT was released in July 1993, Sybase and Microsoft parted ways and
each pursued its own design and marketing schemes. Microsoft negotiated exclusive rights to all
versions of SQL Server written for Microsoft operating systems. (In 1996 Sybase changed the
name of its product to Adaptive Server Enterprise to avoid confusion with Microsoft SQL
Server.) Until 1994, Microsoft's SQL Server carried three Sybase copyright notices as an
indication of its origin.
SQL Server 7.0 and SQL Server 2000 included modifications and extensions to the Sybase code
base, adding support for the IA-64 architecture. By SQL Server 2005 the legacy Sybase code had
been completely rewritten.
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Since the release of SQL Server 2000, advances have been made in performance, the client IDE
tools, and several complementary systems that are packaged with SQL Server 2005. These
include:
an extract-transform-load (ETL) tool (SQL Server Integration Services or SSIS) a Reporting Server an OLAP and data mining server (Analysis Services) several messaging technologies, specifically Service Broker and Notification Services.
SQL Server 2005:
SQL Server 2005 (formerly codenamed "Yukon") released in October 2005. It included native
support for managing XML data, in addition to relational data. For this purpose, it defined an
xml data type that could be used either as a data type in database columns or as literals in
queries. XML columns can be associated with XSD schemas; XML data being stored is verified
against the schema. XML is converted to an internal binary data type before being stored in the
database. Specialized indexing methods were made available for XML data. XML data is
queried using XQuery; SQL Server 2005 added some extensions to the T-SQL language to allow
embedding XQuery queries in T-SQL. In addition, it also defines a new extension to XQuery,called XML DML, that allows query-based modifications to XML data. SQL Server 2005 also
allows a database server to be exposed over web services using Tabular Data Stream (TDS)
packets encapsulated within SOAP (protocol) requests. When the data is accessed over web
services, results are returned as XML.
Common Language Runtime (CLR) integration was introduced with this version, enabling one to
write SQL code as Managed Code by the CLR. For relational data, T-SQL has been augmented
with error handling features (try/catch) and support for recursive queries with CTEs (CommonTable Expressions). SQL Server 2005 has also been enhanced with new indexing algorithms,
syntax and better error recovery systems. Data pages are checksummed for better error
resiliency, and optimistic concurrency support has been added for better performance.
Permissions and access control have been made more granular and the query processor handles
concurrent execution of queries in a more efficient way. Partitions on tables and indexes are
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supported natively, so scaling out a database onto a cluster is easier. SQL CLR was introduced
with SQL Server 2005 to let it integrate with the .NET Framework.
SQL Server 2005 introduced "MARS" (Multiple Active Results Sets), a method of allowing
usage of database connections for multiple purposes.
SQL Server 2005 introduced DMVs (Dynamic Management Views), which are specialized
views and functions that return server state information that can be used to monitor the health of
a server instance, diagnose problems, and tune performance.
Service Pack 1 (SP1) of SQL Server 2005 introduced Database Mirroring, a high availability
option that provides redundancy and failover capabilities at the database level. Failover can be
performed manually or can be configured for automatic failover. Automatic failover requires a
witness partner and an operating mode of synchronous (also known as high-safety or full safety).
SQL Server 2008:
SQL Server 2008 (formerly codenamed "Katmai") was released on August 6, 2008 and aims to
make data management self-tuning, self organizing, and self maintaining with the development
of SQL Server Always On technologies, to provide near-zero downtime. SQL Server 2008 also
includes support for structured and semi-structured data, including digital media formats for
pictures, audio, video and other multimedia data. In current versions, such multimedia data can
be stored as BLOBs (binary large objects), but they are generic bitstreams. Intrinsic awareness of
multimedia data will allow specialized functions to be performed on them. According to Paul
Flessner, senior Vice President, Server Applications, Microsoft Corp., SQL Server 2008 can be a
data storage backend for different varieties of data: XML, email, time/calendar, file, document,
spatial, etc as well as perform search, query, analysis, sharing, and synchronization across all
data types.
Other new data types include specialized date and time types and a Spatial data type for location-
dependent data. Better support for unstructured and semi-structured data is provided using the
new FILESTREAM data type, which can be used to reference any file stored on the file system.
Structured data and metadata about the file is stored in SQL Server database, whereas the
unstructured component is stored in the file system. Such files can be accessed both via Win32
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file handling APIs as well as via SQL Server using T-SQL; doing the latter accesses the file data
as a BLOB. Backing up and restoring the database backs up or restores the referenced files as
well. SQL Server 2008 also natively supports hierarchical data, and includes T-SQL constructs
to directly deal with them, without using recursive queries.
The Full-text search functionality has been integrated with the database engine. According to a
Microsoft technical article, this simplifies management and improves performance.
Spatial data will be stored in two types. A "Flat Earth" (GEOMETRY or planar) data type
represents geospatial data which has been projected from its native, spherical, coordinate system
into a plane. A "Round Earth" data type (GEOGRAPHY) uses an ellipsoidal model in which the
Earth is defined as a single continuous entity which does not suffer from the singularities such as
the international dateline, poles, or map projection zone "edges". Approximately 70 methods are
available to represent spatial operations for the Open Geospatial Consortium Simple Features for
SQL, Version 1.1.
SQL Server includes better compression features, which also helps in improving scalability. It
enhanced the indexing algorithms and introduced the notion of filtered indexes. It also includes
Resource Governor that allows reserving resources for certain users or workflows. It also
includes capabilities for transparent encryption of data (TDE) as well as compression of backups.
SQL Server 2008 supports the ADO.NET Entity Framework and the reporting tools, replication,
and data definition will be built around the Entity Data Model. SQL Server Reporting Services
will gain charting capabilities from the integration of the data visualization products from
Dundas Data Visualization, Inc., which was acquired by Microsoft. On the management side,
SQL Server 2008 includes the Declarative Management Framework which allows configuring
policies and constraints, on the entire database or certain tables, declaratively. The version of
SQL Server Management Studio included with SQL Server 2008 supports IntelliSense for SQL
queries against a SQL Server 2008 Database Engine. SQL Server 2008 also makes the databasesavailable via Windows PowerShell providers and management functionality available as
Cmdlets, so that the server and all the running instances can be managed from Windows
PowerShell.
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SQL Server 2008 R2:
SQL Server 2008 R2 (10.50.1600.1, formerly codenamed "Kilimanjaro") was announced at
TechEd 2009, and was released to manufacturing on April 21, 2010. SQL Server 2008 R2 adds
certain features to SQL Server 2008 including a master data management system branded as
Master Data Services, a central management of master data entities and hierarchies. Also Multi
Server Management, a centralized console to manage multiple SQL Server 2008 instances and
services including relational databases, Reporting Services, Analysis Services & Integration
Services.
SQL Server 2008 R2 includes a number of new services, including PowerPivot for Excel and
SharePoint, Master Data Services, StreamInsight, Report Builder 3.0, Reporting Services Add-in
for SharePoint, a Data-tier function in Visual Studio that enables packaging of tiered databases
as part of an application, and a SQL Server Utility named UC (Utility Control Point), part of
AMSM (Application and Multi-Server Management) that is used to manage multiple SQL
Servers.
The first SQL Server 2008 R2 service pack (10.50.2500, Service Pack 1) was released on July
11, 2011.
The second SQL Server 2008 R2 service pack (10.50.4000, Service Pack 2) was released on July
26, 2012.
SQL Server 2012:
At the 2011 Professional Association for SQL Server (PASS) summit on October 11, Microsoft
announced that the next major version of SQL Server (codenamed "Denali"), would be SQL
Server 2012. It was released to manufacturing on March 6, 2012. SQL Server 2012 Service Pack
1 was released to manufacturing on November 9, 2012.
It was announced to be the last version to natively support OLE DB and instead to prefer ODBC
for native connectivity.
SQL Server 2012's new features and enhancements include AlwaysOn SQL Server Failover
Cluster Instances and Availability Groups which provides a set of options to improve database
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availability, Contained Databases which simplify the moving of databases between instances,
new and modified Dynamic Management Views and Functions, programmability enhancements
including new spatial features, metadata discovery, sequence objects and the THROW statement,
performance enhancements such as ColumnStore Indexes as well as improvements to OnLine
and partition level operations and security enhancements including provisioning during setup,
new permissions, improved role management, and default schema assignment for groups.
SQL Server 2014:
SQL Server 2014 is still in Community Technology Preview stage. As of November, 2013 there
have been two such revisions, CTP1 and CTP2. SQL Server 2014 will provide a new in-memory
capability for tables that can fit entirely in memory (also known as Hekaton). Whilst small tables
may be entirely resident in memory in all versions of SQL Server, they also may reside on disk,
so work is involved in reserving RAM, writing evicted pages to disk, loading new pages from
disk, locking the pages in ram while they are being operated on, and many other tasks. By
treating a table as guaranteed to be entirely resident in memory much of the 'plumbing' of disk-
based databases can be avoided.
For disk-based SQL Server applications, it also provides SSD bufferpool extension, which can
improve application performance transparently by leveraging SSD as the intermediate memory
hierarchy between DRAM and spinning media.
SQL Server 2014 also enhances AlwaysOn (HADR) solution by increasing the readable
secondaries count and sustaining read operations upon secondary-primary disconnections, and it
provides new hybrid disaster recovery and backup solutions with Windows Azure, enabling
customers to use their existing skills with the on-premises product offerings to take advantage of
Microsofts global datacenters. In addition, it takes advantage of new Windows Server 2012 and
Windows Server 2012 R2 capabilities for database application scalability in a physical or virtual
environment.
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Editions of SQL Server:
Main Stream editions;
Datacenter
SQL Server 2008 R2 Datacenter is the full-featured edition of SQL Server and is designed for
datacenters that need the high levels of application support and scalability. It supports 256
logical processors and virtually unlimited memory. Comes with StreamInsight Premium edition.
The Datacenter edition has been retired in SQL Server 2012, all its features are available in SQL
Server 2012 Enterprise Edition.
Enterprise:
SQL Server Enterprise Edition includes both the core database engine and add-on services, with
a range of tools for creating and managing a SQL Server cluster. It can manage databases as
large as 524 petabytes and address 2 terabytes of memory and supports 8 physical processors.
SQL Server 2012 Enterprise Edition supports 160 physical processors.
Standard:
SQL Server Standard edition includes the core database engine, along with the stand-alone
services. It differs from Enterprise edition in that it supports fewer active instances (number of
nodes in a cluster) and does not include some high-availability functions such as hot-add
memory (allowing memory to be added while the server is still running), and parallel indexes.
SQL Server Web Edition is a low-TCO option for Web hosting.
Business Intelligence:
Introduced in SQL Server 2012 and focusing on Self Service and Corporate Business
Intelligence. It includes the Standard Edition capabilities and Business Intelligence tools:
PowerPivot, Power View, the BI Semantic Model, Master Data Services, Data Quality Services
and xVelocity in-memory analytics.
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Work Group:
SQL Server Workgroup Edition includes the core database functionality but does not include the
additional services. Note that this edition has been retired in SQL Server 2012.
Express
SQL Server Express Edition is a scaled down, free edition of SQL Server, which includes the
core database engine. While there are no limitations on the number of databases or users
supported, it is limited to using one processor, 1 GB memory and 4 GB database files (10 GB
database files from SQL Server Express 2008 R2). It is intended as a replacement for MSDE.
Two additional editions provide a superset of features not in the original Express Edition. The
first is SQL Server Express with Tools, which includes SQL Server Management Studio Basic.
SQL Server Express with Advanced Services adds full-text search capability and reporting
services.
Architecture:
The protocol layer implements the external interface to SQL Server. All operations that can be
invoked on SQL Server are communicated to it via a Microsoft-defined format, called Tabular
Data Stream (TDS). TDS is an application layer protocol, used to transfer data between a
database server and a client. Initially designed and developed by Sybase Inc. for their Sybase
SQL Server relational database engine in 1984, and later by Microsoft in Microsoft SQL Server,
TDS packets can be encased in other physical transport dependent protocols, including TCP/IP,
Named pipes, and Shared memory. Consequently, access to SQL Server is available over these
protocols. In addition, the SQL Server API is also exposed over web services.
Data Storage:
Data storage is a database, which is a collection of tables with typed columns. SQL Server
supports different data types, including primary types such as Integer, Float, Decimal, Char
(including character strings), Varchar (variable length character strings), binary (for unstructured
blobs of data), Text (for textual data) among others. The rounding of floats to integers uses either
Symmetric Arithmetic Rounding or Symmetric Round Down (Fix) depending on arguments:
SELECT Round(2.5, 0) gives 3.Microsoft SQL Server also allows user-defined composite types
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(UDTs) to be defined and used. It also makes server statistics available as virtual tables and
views (called Dynamic Management Views or DMVs). In addition to tables, a database can also
contain other objects including views, stored procedures, indexes and constraints, along with a
transaction log. A SQL Server database can contain a maximum of 231 objects, and can span
multiple OS-level files with a maximum file size of 260 bytes. The data in the database are
stored in primary data files with an extension .mdf. Secondary data files, identified with a .ndf
extension, are used to store optional metadata. Log files are identified with the .ldf extension.
Storage space allocated to a database is divided into sequentially numbered pages, each 8 KB in
size. A page is the basic unit of I/O for SQL Server operations. A page is marked with a 96-byte
header which stores metadata about the page including the page number, page type, free space on
the page and the ID of the object that owns it. Page type defines the data contained in the page -
data stored in the database, index, allocation map which holds information about how pages are
allocated to tables and indexes, change map which holds information about the changes made to
other pages since last backup or logging, or contain large data types such as image or text. While
page is the basic unit of an I/O operation, space is actually managed in terms of an extent which
consists of 8 pages. A database object can either span all 8 pages in an extent ("uniform extent")
or share an extent with up to 7 more objects ("mixed extent"). A row in a database table cannot
span more than one page, so is limited to 8 KB in size. However, if the data exceeds 8 KB and
the row contains Varchar or Varbinary data, the data in those columns are moved to a new page
(or possibly a sequence of pages, called an Allocation unit) and replaced with a pointer to the
data.
For physical storage of a table, its rows are divided into a series of partitions (numbered 1 to n).
The partition size is user defined; by default all rows are in a single partition. A table is split into
multiple partitions in order to spread a database over a cluster. Rows in each partition are stored
in either B-tree or heap structure. If the table has an associated index to allow fast retrieval of
rows, the rows are stored in-order according to their index values, with a B-tree providing the
index. The data is in the leaf node of the leaves, and other nodes storing the index values for the
leaf data reachable from the respective nodes. If the index is non-clustered, the rows are not
sorted according to the index keys. An indexed view has the same storage structure as an indexed
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table. A table without an index is stored in an unordered heap structure. Both heaps and B-trees
can span multiple allocation units.
Buffer Management:
SQL Server buffers pages in RAM to minimize disc I/O. Any 8 KB page can be buffered in-
memory, and the set of all pages currently buffered is called the buffer cache. The amount of
memory available to SQL Server decides how many pages will be cached in memory. The buffer
cache is managed by the Buffer Manager. Either reading from or writing to any page copies it to
the buffer cache. Subsequent reads or writes are redirected to the in-memory copy, rather than
the on-disc version. The page is updated on the disc by the Buffer Manager only if the in-
memory cache has not been referenced for some time. While writing pages back to disc,
asynchronous I/O is used whereby the I/O operation is done in a background thread so that other
operations do not have to wait for the I/O operation to complete. Each page is written along with
its checksum when it is written. When reading the page back, its checksum is computed again
and matched with the stored version to ensure the page has not been damaged or tampered with
in the meantime.
Concurrency and Locking:
SQL Server allows multiple clients to use the same database concurrently. As such, it needs to
control concurrent access to shared data, to ensure data integritywhen multiple clients update
the same data, or clients attempt to read data that is in the process of being changed by another
client. SQL Server provides two modes of concurrency control: pessimistic concurrency and
optimistic concurrency. When pessimistic concurrency control is being used, SQL Server
controls concurrent access by using locks. Locks can be either shared or exclusive. Exclusive
lock grants the user exclusive access to the datano other user can access the data as long as the
lock is held. Shared locks are used when some data is being readmultiple users can read from
data locked with a shared lock, but not acquire an exclusive lock. The latter would have to wait
for all shared locks to be released. Locks can be applied on different levels of granularityon
entire tables, pages, or even on a per-row basis on tables. For indexes, it can either be on the
entire index or on index leaves. The level of granularity to be used is defined on a per-database
basis by the database administrator. While a fine grained locking system allows more users to
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use the table or index simultaneously, it requires more resources. So it does not automatically
turn into higher performing solution. SQL Server also includes two more lightweight mutual
exclusion solutionslatches and spinlockswhich are less robust than locks but are less
resource intensive. SQL Server uses them for DMVs and other resources that are usually not
busy. SQL Server also monitors all worker threads that acquire locks to ensure that they do not
end up in deadlocksin case they do, SQL Server takes remedial measures, which in many
cases is to kill one of the threads entangled in a deadlock and rollback the transaction it started.
To implement locking, SQL Server contains the Lock Manager. The Lock Manager maintains an
in-memory table that manages the database objects and locks, if any, on them along with other
metadata about the lock. Access to any shared object is mediated by the lock manager, which
either grants access to the resource or blocks it.
SQL Server also provides the optimistic concurrency control mechanism, which is similar to the
multiversion concurrency control used in other databases. The mechanism allows a new version
of a row to be created whenever the row is updated, as opposed to overwriting the row, i.e., a
row is additionally identified by the ID of the transaction that created the version of the row.
Both the old as well as the new versions of the row are stored and maintained, though the old
versions are moved out of the database into a system database identified as Tempdb. When a row
is in the process of being updated, any other requests are not blocked (unlike locking) but are
executed on the older version of the row. If the other request is an update statement, it will result
in two different versions of the rowsboth of them will be stored by the database, identified by
their respective transaction IDs.
Data Retrieval:
The main mode of retrieving data from an SQL Server database is querying for it. The query is
expressed using a variant of SQL called T-SQL, a dialect Microsoft SQL Server shares with
Sybase SQL Server due to its legacy. The query declaratively specifies what is to be retrieved. Itis processed by the query processor, which figures out the sequence of steps that will be
necessary to retrieve the requested data. The sequence of actions necessary to execute a query is
called a query plan. There might be multiple ways to process the same query. For example, for a
query that contains a join statement and a select statement, executing join on both the tables and
then executing select on the results would give the same result as selecting from each table and
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then executing the join, but result in different execution plans. In such case, SQL Server chooses
the plan that is expected to yield the results in the shortest possible time. This is called query
optimization and is performed by the query processor itself.
SQL Server includes a cost-based query optimizer which tries to optimize on the cost, in terms of
the resources it will take to execute the query. Given a query, then the query optimizer looks at
the database schema, the database statistics and the system load at that time. It then decides
which sequence to access the tables referred in the query, which sequence to execute the
operations and what access method to be used to access the tables. For example, if the table has
an associated index, whether the index should be used or not - if the index is on a column which
is not unique for most of the columns (low "selectivity"), it might not be worthwhile to use the
index to access the data. Finally, it decides whether to execute the query concurrently or not.
While a concurrent execution is more costly in terms of total processor time, because the
execution is actually split to different processors might mean it will execute faster. Once a query
plan is generated for a query, it is temporarily cached. For further invocations of the same query,
the cached plan is used. Unused plans are discarded after some time.
SQL Server also allows stored procedures to be defined. Stored procedures are parameterized T-
SQL queries, that are stored in the server itself (and not issued by the client application as is the
case with general queries). Stored procedures can accept values sent by the client as input
parameters, and send back results as output parameters. They can call defined functions, and
other stored procedures, including the same stored procedure (up to a set number of times). They
can be selectively provided access to. Unlike other queries, stored procedures have an associated
name, which is used at runtime to resolve into the actual queries. Also because the code need not
be sent from the client every time (as it can be accessed by name), it reduces network traffic and
somewhat improves performance. Execution plans for stored procedures are also cached as
necessary.
SQL CLR:
Microsoft SQL Server 2005 includes a component named SQL CLR ("Common Language
Runtime") via which it integrates with .NET Framework. Unlike most other applications that use
.NET Framework, SQL Server itself hosts the .NET Framework runtime, i.e., memory, threading
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and resource management requirements of .NET Framework are satisfied by SQLOS itself,
rather than the underlying Windows operating system. SQLOS provides deadlock detection and
resolution services for .NET code as well. With SQL CLR, stored procedures and triggers can be
written in any managed .NET language, including C# and VB.NET. Managed code can also be
used to define UDT's (user defined types), which can persist in the database. Managed code is
compiled to CLI assemblies and after being verified for type safety, registered at the database.
After that, they can be invoked like any other procedure. However, only a subset of the Base
Class Library is available, when running code under SQL CLR. Most APIs relating to user
interface functionality are not available.
When writing code for SQL CLR, data stored in SQL Server databases can be accessed using the
ADO.NET APIs like any other managed application that accesses SQL Server data. However,
doing that creates a new database session, different from the one in which the code is executing.
To avoid this, SQL Server provides some enhancements to the ADO.NET provider that allows
the connection to be redirected to the same session which already hosts the running code. Such
connections are called context connections and are set by setting context connection parameter to
true in the connection string. SQL Server also provides several other enhancements to the
ADO.NET API, including classes to work with tabular data or a single row of data as well as
classes to work with internal metadata about the data stored in the database. It also provides
access to the XML features in SQL Server, including XQuery support. These enhancements are
also available in T-SQL Procedures in consequence of the introduction of the new XML Data
type (query, value, nodes functions).
Services:
SQL Server also includes an assortment of add-on services. While these are not essential for the
operation of the database system, they provide value added services on top of the core database
management system. These services either run as a part of some SQL Server component or out-of-process as Windows Service and presents their own API to control and interact with them.
Service Broker:
Used inside an instance, programming environment. For cross instance applications, Service
Broker communicates over TCP/IP and allows the different components to be synchronized
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together, via exchange of messages. The Service Broker, which runs as a part of the database
engine, provides a reliable messaging and message queuing platform for SQL Server
applications.
Replication:
SQL Server Replication Services are used by SQL Server to replicate and synchronize database
objects, either in entirety or a subset of the objects present, across replication agents, which
might be other database servers across the network, or database caches on the client side.
Replication follows a publisher/subscriber model, i.e., the changes are sent out by one database
server ("publisher") and are received by others ("subscribers"). SQL Server supports three
different types of replication.
Transaction Replication:
Each transaction made to the publisher database (master database) is synced out to subscribers,
who update their databases with the transaction. Transactional replication synchronizes databases
in near real time.
Merge Replication:
Changes made at both the publisher and subscriber databases are tracked, and periodically the
changes are synchronized bi-directionally between the publisher and the subscribers. If the same
data has been modified differently in both the publisher and the subscriber databases,
synchronization will result in a conflict which has to be resolved - either manually or by using
pre-defined policies. rowguid needs to be configured on a column if merge replication is
configured.
Snapshot:
Snapshot replication publishes a copy of the entire database (the then-snapshot of the data) and
replicates out to the subscribers. Further changes to the snapshot are not tracked.
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Analytical Services:
SQL Server Analysis Services adds OLAP and data mining capabilities for SQL Server
databases. The OLAP engine supports MOLAP, ROLAP and HOLAP storage modes for data.
Analysis Services supports the XML for Analysis standard as the underlying communication
protocol. The cube data can be accessed using MDX and LINQ queries. Data mining specific
functionality is exposed via the DMX query language. Analysis Services includes various
algorithms - Decision trees, clustering algorithm, Naive Bayes algorithm, time series analysis,
sequence clustering algorithm, linear and logistic regression analysis, and neural networks - for
use in data mining.
Reporting Services:
SQL Server Reporting Services is a report generation environment for data gathered from SQL
Server databases. It is administered via a web interface. Reporting services features a web
services interface to support the development of custom reporting applications. Reports are
created as RDL files.
Reports can be designed using recent versions of Microsoft Visual Studio (Visual Studio.NET
2003, 2005, and 2008) with Business Intelligence Development Studio, installed or with the
included Report Builder. Once created, RDL files can be rendered in a variety of formats
including Excel, PDF, CSV, XML, TIFF (and other image formats), and HTML Web Archive.
Notification:
Originally introduced as a post-release add-on for SQL Server 2000, Notification Services was
bundled as part of the Microsoft SQL Server platform for the first and only time with SQL
Server 2005. SQL Server Notification Services is a mechanism for generating data-driven
notifications, which are sent to Notification Services subscribers. A subscriber registers for a
specific event or transaction (which is registered on the database server as a trigger); when the
event occurs, Notification Services can use one of three methods to send a message to the
subscriber informing about the occurrence of the event. These methods include SMTP, SOAP, or
by writing to a file in the file system. Notification Services was discontinued by Microsoft with
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the release of SQL Server 2008 in August 2008, and is no longer an officially supported
component of the SQL Server database platform.
Integration Services:
SQL Server Integration Services is used to integrate data from different data sources. It is used
for the ETL capabilities for SQL Server for data warehousing needs. Integration Services
includes GUI tools to build data extraction workflows integration various functionality such as
extracting data from various sources, querying data, transforming data including aggregating,
duplication and merging data, and then loading the transformed data onto other sources, or
sending e-mails detailing the status of the operation as defined by the user.
Full Text Search Service:
SQL Server Full Text Search service is a specialized indexing and querying service for
unstructured text stored in SQL Server databases. The full text search index can be created on
any column with character based text data. It allows for words to be searched for in the text
columns. While it can be performed with the SQL LIKE operator, using SQL Server Full Text
Search service can be more efficient. Full allows for inexact matching of the source string,
indicated by a Rank value which can range from 0 to 1000 - a higher rank means a more accurate
match. It also allows linguistic matching ("inflectional search"), i.e., linguistic variants of a word
(such as a verb in a different tense) will also be a match for a given word (but with a lower rank
than an exact match). Proximity searches are also supported, i.e., if the words searched for do not
occur in the sequence they are specified in the query but are near each other, they are also
considered a match. T-SQL exposes special operators that can be used to access the FTS
capabilities.
The Full Text Search engine is divided into two processes - the Filter Daemon process
(msftefd.exe) and the Search process (msftesql.exe). These processes interact with the SQLServer. The Search process includes the indexer (that creates the full text indexes) and the full
text query processor. The indexer scans through text columns in the database. It can also index
through binary columns, and use iFilters to extract meaningful text from the binary blob (for
example, when a Microsoft Word document is stored as an unstructured binary file in a
database). The iFilters are hosted by the Filter Daemon process. Once the text is extracted, the
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Filter Daemon process breaks it up into a sequence of words and hands it over to the indexer.
The indexer filters out noise words, i.e., words like A, And etc., which occur frequently and are
not useful for search. With the remaining words, an inverted index is created, associating each
word with the columns they were found in. SQL Server itself includes a Gatherer component that
monitors changes to tables and invokes the indexer in case of updates.
When a full text query is received by the SQL Server query processor, it is handed over to the
FTS query processor in the Search process. The FTS query processor breaks up the query into
the constituent words, filters out the noise words, and uses an inbuilt thesaurus to find out the
linguistic variants for each word. The words are then queried against the inverted index and a
rank of their accurateness is computed. The results are returned to the client via the SQL Server
process.
SQL CMD:
SQLCMD is a command line application that comes with Microsoft SQL Server, and exposes
the management features of SQL Server. It allows SQL queries to be written and executed from
the command prompt. It can also act as a scripting language to create and run a set of SQL
statements as a script. Such scripts are stored as a .sql file, and are used either for management of
databases or to create the database schema during the deployment of a database. SQLCMD was
introduced with SQL Server 2005 and this continues with SQL Server 2008. Its predecessor for
earlier versions was OSQL and ISQL, which is functionally equivalent as it pertains to TSQL
execution, and many of the command line parameters are identical, although SQLCMD adds
extra versatility.
Visual Studio: Microsoft Visual Studio includes native support for data programming with
Microsoft SQL Server. It can be used to write and debug code to be executed by SQL CLR. It
also includes a data designer that can be used to graphically create, view or edit database
schemas. Queries can be created either visually or using code. SSMS 2008 onwards, provides
intelligence for SQL queries as well.
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SQL Server Management Studio:
SQL Server Management Studio is a GUI tool included with SQL Server 2005 and later for
configuring, managing, and administering all components within Microsoft SQL Server. The tool
includes both script editors and graphical tools that work with objects and features of the server.
SQL Server Management Studio replaces Enterprise Manager as the primary management
interface for Microsoft SQL Server since SQL Server 2005. A version of SQL Server
Management Studio is also available for SQL Server Express Edition, for which it is known as
SQL Server Management Studio Express (SSMSE).
A central feature of SQL Server Management Studio is the Object Explorer, which allows the
user to browse, select, and act upon any of the objects within the server. It can be used to visually
observe and analyze query plans and optimize the database performance, among others. SQL
Server Management Studio can also be used to create a new database, alter any existing database
schema by adding or modifying tables and indexes, or analyze performance. It includes the query
windows which provide a GUI based interface to write and execute queries.
Business Intelligence Development Studio:
Business Intelligence Development Studio (BIDS) is the IDE from Microsoft used for
developing data analysis and Business Intelligence solutions utilizing the Microsoft SQL Server
Analysis Services, Reporting Services and Integration Services. It is based on the Microsoft
Visual Studio development environment but is customized with the SQL Server services-specific
extensions and project types, including tools, controls and projects for reports (using Reporting
Services), Cubes and data mining structures (using Analysis Services).
T-SQL:
T-SQL (Transact-SQL) is the Secondary means of programming and managing SQL Server. It
exposes keywords for the operations that can be performed on SQL Server, including creating
and altering database schemas, entering and editing data in the database as well as monitoring
and managing the server itself. Client applications that consume data or manage the server will
leverage SQL Server functionality by sending T-SQL queries and statements which are then
processed by the server and results (or errors) returned to the client application. SQL Server
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allows it to be managed using T-SQL. For this it exposes read-only tables from which server
statistics can be read. Management functionality is exposed via system-defined stored procedures
which can be invoked from T-SQL queries to perform the management operation. It is also
possible to create linked Server using T-SQL. Linked server allows operation to multiple server
as one query.
SQL Native Client:
SQL Native Client is the native client side data access library for Microsoft SQL Server, version
2005 onwards. It natively implements support for the SQL Server features including the Tabular
Data Stream implementation, support for mirrored SQL Server databases, full support for all data
types supported by SQL Server, asynchronous operations, query notifications, encryption
support, as well as receiving multiple result sets in a single database session. SQL Native Client
is used under the hood by SQL Server plug-ins for other data access technologies, includingADO or OLE DB. The SQL Native Client can also be directly used, bypassing the generic data
access layers.
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Literature Review:
Advantages of using a Database Management System (DBMS) like SQL server over other
storage types are:
Data independence:Application programs should be as independent as possible fromdetails of data representation and storage. The DBMS can provide an abstract view of the
data to insulate application code from such details.
Efficient data access:A DBMS utilizes a variety of sophisticated techniques to store andretrieve data efficiently. This feature is especially important if the data is stored on
external storage devices.
Data integrity and security:If data is always accessed through the DBMS, the DBMScan enforce integrity constraints on the data. For example, before inserting salary
information for an employee, the DBMS can check that the department budget is not
exceeded. Also, the DBMS can enforce access controls that govern what data is visible to
different classes of users.
Data administration:When several users share the data, centralizing the administrationof data can offer significant improvements. Experienced professionals who understand
the nature of the data being managed, and how different groups of users use it, can be
responsible for organizing the data representation to minimize redundancy and for
retuning the storage of the data to make retrieval efficient.
Concurrent access and crash recovery:A DBMS schedules concurrent accesses to thedata in such a manner that users can think of the data as being accessed by only one userat a time. Further, the DBMS protects users from the effects of system failures.
Reduced application development time:Clearly, the DBMS supports many importantfunctions that are common to many applications accessing data stored in the DBMS.
This, in conjunction with the high-level interface to the data, facilitates quick
development of applications. Such applications are also likely to be more robust than
applications developed from scratch because many important tasks are handled by the
DBMS instead of being implemented by the application.
Other Advantages include:
Reduction of Redundancies: Centralized control of data by the DBA avoids unnecessaryduplication of data and effectively reduces the total amount of data storage required. It
also eliminates the extra processing necessary to trace the required data in a large mass of
data.
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Elimination of Inconsistencies: The main advantage of avoiding duplication is theelimination of inconsistencies that tend to be present in redundant data files. Any
redundancies that exist in the DBMS are controlled and the system ensures that these
multiple copies are consistent.
Shared Data: A database allows the sharing of data under its control by any number ofapplication programs or users. For example, the applications for the public relations and
payroll departments can share the same data.
Advantages of SQL Server 2012:
Column store indexes
Column store indexes are unexpected and awesome feature. When I read this feature first time I
was like, mouth wide open. You can get this feature when you right click on the indexes folder
as Non-Clustered Column store Index , as shown in the below figure.
So lets quickly understand what exactly it does. Now Relational database store data row wise.
These rows are further stored in 8 KB page size.
For instance you can see in the below figure we have table with two columns Column1 and
Column2. You can see how the data is stored in two pages i.e. page1 and page2. Page1
has two rows and page2 also has two rows. Now if you want to fetch only column1, you
have to pull records from two pages i.e. Page1 and Page2, see below for the visuals.
As we have to fetch data from two pages its bit performance intensive.
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If somehow we can store data column wise we can avoid fetching data from multiple pages.
Thats what column store indexes do. When you create a column store index it stores same
column data in the same page. You can see from the below visuals, we now need to fetch
column1 data only from one page rather than querying multiple pages.
Sequence objects
This feature is good to have and I personally feel it just mimics Oracles sequence
objects. Looks like its just a good to have feeling, if Oracle has it why not SQL Server. A
sequence object generates sequence of unique numeric values as per specifications. Many
developers would have now got a thought, we have something similar like this called asIdentity columns. But the big difference is sequence object is independent of a table while
identity columns are attached to a table.
Below is a simple code to create a sequence object. You can see we have created a sequence
object called as MySeq with the following specification:-
Starts with value 1. Increments with value 1 Minimum value it should start is with zero. Maximum it will go to 100. No cycle defines that once it reaches 100 it will throw an
error. If you want to restart it from 0 you should provide cycle. cache 50 specifies that till 50 the values are already incremented in to cache to reduce
IO. If you specify no cache it will make input output on the disk.
Pagination
There are instances when you want to display large result sets to the end user. The bestway to display large result set is to split them i.e. apply pagination. So developers had
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their own hacky ways of achieving pagination using top, row_number etc. But fromSQL Server 2012 onwards we can do pagination by using OFFSET and FETCHcommands. For instance lets sayswe have the following customer table which has 12records. We would like to split the records in to 6 and 6.
So doing pagination is a two-step process: - First mark the start of the row by using OFFSET command. Second specify how many rows you want to fetch by using FETCH command. You
can see in the below code snippet we have used OFFSET to mark the start of row from0position. A very important note order by clause is compulsory for OFFSETcommand.
Contained database
This is a great feature for people who have to go through pain of SQL Server database migrationagain and again. One of the biggest pains in migrating databases is user accounts. SQL Server
user resides either in windows ADS or at SQL Server level as SQL Server users. So when wemigrate SQL Server database from one server to other server these users have to be recreatedagain. If you have lots of users you would need one dedicated person sitting creating ones foryou. So one of the requirements from easy migration perspective is to create databases whichare self-contained. In other words, can we have a database with meta-data information, securityinformation etc with in the database itself. So that when we migrate the database, we migrateeverything with it. Theres where Contained database where introduced in SQL Server 2012.
Creating contained database is a 3 step process: -Step 1: -First thing is to enable contained database at SQL Server instance level. You can do thesame by right clicking on the SQL Server instance and setting Enabled Contained Database to
true.Step 2 -The next step is to enable contained database at database level. So when create a newdatabase set Containment type to partial as shown in the below figure.
Step 3: - The final thing now is to test if contained database fundamental is working or not.
Now we want the user credentials to be part of the database , so we need to create user as SQL
User with password.
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Error handling
As a developer I am personally very comfortable with using try/catch/throw syntax structure
for error handling in c# or vb.net. Thanks to SQL Server team in 2005 they brought in
try/catch structure which is very much compatible the way I as a developer was doing error
handling in c#. It was nightmare handling error using IF conditions and @error code beforeSQL Server 2005. Below is a sample code which shows how try/catch code looks.
AlwaysOn Availability Groups-- This feature takes database mirroring to a whole new level.
With AlwaysOn, users will be able to fail over multiple databases in groups instead of
individually. Also, secondary copies will be readable, and can be used for database backups. The
big win is that your DR environment no longer needs to sit idle.
Windows Server Core Support -- If you don't know what Windows Server Core is, you may
want to come up to speed before Windows 8 (MS is making a push back to the command line for
server products). Core is the GUI-less version of Windows that uses DOS and PowerShell foruser interaction. It has a much lower footprint (50% less memory and disk space utilization),
requires fewer patches, and is more secure than the full install. Starting with SQL 2012, it is
supported for SQL Server.
Columnstore Indexes-- This a cool new feature that is completely unique to SQL Server. They
are special type of read-only index designed to be use with Data Warehouse queries. Basically,
data is grouped and stored in a flat, compressed column index, greatly reducing I/O and memory
utilization on large queries.
User-Defined Server Roles-- DBAs have always had the ability to create custom database role,
but never server wide. For example, if the DBA wanted to give a development team read/write
access to every database on a shared server, traditionally the only ways to do it were either
manually, or using undocumented procedures. Neither of which were good solutions. Now, the
DBA can create a role, which has read/write access on every DB on the server, or any other
custom server wide role.
Enhanced Auditing Features-- Audit is now available in all editions of SQL Server.
Additionally, users can define custom audit specifications to write custom events into the audit
log. New filtering features give greater flexibility in choosing which events to write to the log.
BI Semantic Model-- This is replacing the Analysis Services Unified Dimensional Model (orcubes most people referred to them). It's a hybrid model that allows one data model will support
all BI experiences in SQL Server. Additionally, this will allow for some really neat text
infographics
Sequence Objects-- For those folks who have worked with Oracle, this has been a long
requested feature. A sequence is just an object that is a counter -- a good example of it's use
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would be to increment values in a table, based a trigger. SQL has always had similar
functionality with identity columns, but now this is a discrete object.
Enhanced PowerShell Support -- Windows and SQL Server admins should definitely start
brushing up on their PowerShell scripting skills. Microsoft is driving a lot of development effort
into instrumenting all of their server-based products with PowerShell. SQL 2008 gave DBAssome exposure to it, but there are many more in cmdlets in SQL 2012.
Distributed Replay-- Once again this is answer to a feature that Oracle released (Real
Application Testing). However, and in my opinion where the real value proposition of SQL
Server is, in Oracle it is a (very expensive) cost option to Enterprise Edition. With SQL, when
you buy your licenses for Enterprise Edition, you get everything. Distributed replay allows you
to capture a workload on a production server, and replay it on another machine. This way
changes in underlying schemas, support packs, or hardware changes can be tested under
production conditions.
PowerView -- You may have heard of this under the name "Project Crescent" it is a fairly
powerful self-service BI toolkit that allows users to create mash ups of BI reports from all over
the Enterprise.
SQL Azure Enhancements-- These don't really go directly with the release of SQL 2012, but
Microsoft is making some key enhancements to SQL Azure. Reporting Services for Azure will
be available, along with backup to the Windows Azure data store, which is a huge enhancement.
The maximum size of an Azure database is now up to 150G. Also Azure data sync allows a
better hybrid model of cloud and on-premise solutions
Big Data Support-- I saved the biggest for last, introduced at the PASS (Professional
Association for SQL Server) conference last year, Microsoft announced a partnership with
Hadoop provider Cloudera. One part of this involves MS releasing a ODBC driver for SQL
Server that will run on a Linux platform. Additionally, Microsoft is building connectors for
Hadoop, which is an extremely popular NoSQL platform. With this announcement, Microsoft
has made a clear move into this very rapidly growing space.
SQL 2012 is a big step forward for Microsoft -- the company is positioning itself to be a leader
in availability and in the growing area of big data. As a database professional, I look forward to
using SQL 2012 to bring new solutions to my clients.
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Chapter -3: Company Profile
Data wise
DATAWISE specializes in providing high-end research, consulting and business analytics
solutions to customers all over the world. We appreciate that it is not always possible to plan,
anticipate and provide for all types of business needs. And that is why we are here. Our team has
a deep understanding of the business environment across a number of industries, and we help in
bridging companies' need gap through the application of research and analytical approaches.
DATAWISE is focused on providing you with that additional support that you may require from
time to time. Whether it is assistance in strategic planning, business execution, providing
decision support solutions, helping in creating new product solutions, helping in understanding
your business performance, supporting your manpower augmentation needs, or even acting as
your surrogatewe are there with you all the way!
Mr. Vinay Kumaris a graduate from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad and also
has a PhD in Marketing. He has more than 20 years of experience, in the field of consulting,
finance, coaching and mentoring. Among various companies in the past, he has worked with the
RPG group, Ernst & Young, Netjets, and Apollo Hospitals. His core strengths are in strategy,
business planning, market planning and process improvement.
Mr. Vijay Kumaris a graduate from Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta. He has more than
18 years of experience in the field of Strategic Research, Retail Banking, IT solution design and
implementation, and Marketing. He has worked in the BFSI sector with Citibank, Prudential
Insurance, Guy Carpenter, HDFC Bank and regional banks in Malaysia and South Africa. His
core strengths include Customer Lifecycle Management, Marketing program design and
execution. He represents DATAWISE in the New York market.
Mr. Raghu Patriis a graduate from Goa University. He has more than 20 years of experience in
the IT and ITeS domain. He has been associated with NIIT for over a decade in the education
field apart from providing solutions to corporate bodies like Nestle, Titan Industries and Cipla.
His core strengths are in IT strategy, planning and development, and process planning and
implementation.
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Advisory Board
Mr. Sunder Raois a graduate in Personnel Management, and Law from Andhra University. He
has also completed the #TP 2 tier course from IIM Ahmedabad. He is extremely versatile, and
has successfully managed the change in the background of newly started Companies, and
transformation of organization culture. People Management and related processes are the main
strengths.
Mr. Rohit Das is a management graduate and has a vast experience of 19 years with varied
industries ranging from FMCG, Durables to Fashion, Lifestyle and Pharma. He has worked with
leading organizations like TATA, Electrolux, Mondregon Corporation Cooperative of Spain,
Pepsi, Videocon Group, Apollo etc. He has held key positions across, with the last 12 years
working in the Top Management Positions. His core strengths are in strategy, market planning,
and sales management.
Mr. K. Srinivas Rao is a human capital strategist, with considerable background in Human
Capital Value Chain. He has 16 years of expertise in the areas of leading Core HR Functions
(Leadership development, Performance Management including C&B, Employee
Communication, HR Technology), Change Management (Organization design and development,
Aligning Org. Cultural to Strategy, Organizational Effectiveness Assessment) and M&A
Integration (Integration, Restructuring, Downsizing).
He is currently Partner at the Global People Advisory & Research Firm The Strategist.
Previous to this he was heading Strategy - HR at Satyam Computer Services. He has held
management roles at all levels in CATS (Computer Associates-TCG), Baan Info Systems, Ernst
& Young, Videocon International.
Offerings of Data Wise
School Teacher Evaluation ProgramSTEPSTEPTM is a summative and formative evaluation program for School Teachers, conceptualized
and designed by DATAWISE Management Services. The program was conceived as a result of
DATAWISEs identification of high potential for application of decision support systems in the
area of secondary education in India. The STEPTM is based on extensive research and offers a
robust, unbiased and data driven teacher assessment program. DATAWISE has collaborated
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with Teachers Academy, which is known for its presence and expertise in the area of teacher
training to provide the formative structure to the STEPTM and hence to make it a comprehensive,
one-stop teacher evaluation system.
The STEPTM creates an objective, summative evaluation structure for teachers working in the
Indian secondary education level. The evaluation is based on identification of strengths and
weaknesses of the teachers on various researched dimensions. These dimensions are identified as
having highest impact on a teachers performance. Further the dimensions have weights
associated with them based on the correlation they have with teacher performance.
OPTILOX
The growth of organized retail and the search for optimum retail space is giving retailers a toughtime. Moreover, selection of a poor location is likely to do more damage to the reputation and the
performance of the retail unit. In the retail industry which is increasingly cluttered with new
players and formats, the ability to assure and increase footfalls has gained much more
significance.
Minimizing cost, while being an immediate concern, is not as big a problem as maximizing
profit by getting targeted customers attracted to the retail outlet. OPTILOX is designed to help
retail outlets select the optimum site location for their retail stores in order to maximize customer
footfalls.
OPTILOX is unique software based behavioral analytics model which takes behavioral approach
towards site selection and therefore assists in sales maximization unlike most site selection
methods which primarily concentrate on using logistic or cost based approaches. OPTILOX is
based on a design initially conceptualized by Arthur D. Little. We are the first and only company
to provide this approach customized to the Indian retail needs.
OPTILOX relies on an in-house analytical tool which maps retail consumer behavior to the
requirements of retailers. The model is designed as a flexible tool which can be
customized to account for the parameterized needs of any retail business. OPTILOX is ideal
for premium showrooms, grocery outlets, franchisees, banks/ ATMs, pharmacy, petroleum
outlets, entertainment house, concept retail, multi-format retails, coffee shops, etc. For retailers
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looking to expand, OPTILOX presents an ideal solution for mapping customer behavior to their
current retail stores whereas for new retail outlets, OPTILOX also helps in identifying the ideal
customer profile.
ServQual
ServQual is determined to serve its clients in improving their service delivery. It uses
sophisticated analytical tools to predict customer expectations and behavior through data driven
analysis. SERVQUAL helps in calculation of the score for expectation statement and perception
statement using the questionnaire method. This data will help in calculation of the gap score for
each parameter.
SERV-QUAL has designed various methods of analyzing your customer satisfaction.
Feedback Form
In-Depth Interview
Mystery Shopping
Focus Groups
CREST
CREST is a customer segmentation process that recognizes the cyclical nature of customer needs
and identifies customers with the greatest future revenue potential for appropriate strategies to be
evolved to best serve the needs of this segment. CREST also identifies the customers who
generate the most value for your business, and qualify for continued high-impact service
offerings. At the same time, the segmentation exercise highlights value destroyers, customers
who yield low margins, have limited future potential and demand disproportionately large
maintenance resources. The sizing of these segments can be fine-tuned to meet channel
capacities and serve up the best opportunities for customer outreach programs.
CREST segmentation divides your customer base into six actionable segments
Prize: High-value, loyal customers with significant upside potential Protect: High-value, loyal customers Promote: Loyal customers with significant future potential Preserve: Stable-value customers Prevent: High- and Medium-value customers at risk of attrition Prune: Low-value, high maintenance customers with limited future potential
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Chapter -4: Data Interpretation1. Do you use SQL Server at your organization for database purposes? Yes/ No
S.No SQL
Se
rv
er
No. of
respond
ents
1 Yes 148
2 No 2
Interpretation:Most of the respondents say that they use the SQL Server at their organization for
marketing decision making. Very few do not use it in their organization.
1. Which software do you prefer for Marketing Decision Making?a. Sybase b. SAP Modulesc. SQL Server d. Any specialized software
Interpretation:Majority of the respondents prefer SAP Modules for their Marketing Decision Making.
Nearly equal members prefer Sybase for the same. The remaining respondents useSQL Server and other tools.
2. Among the following which areas would be majorly gained by using SQL server for DataBase Management?
Mark 5 if you feel Highly Essential
Mark 4 if you feel Essential
Mark 3 if you feel Neutral
34%
39%
11%
16%
Preferred Software
Sybase
SAP Modules
SQL Server
Other
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Mark 2 if you feel Not Essential
Mark 4 if you feel Not at all required
i. Demand Forecasting
Interpretation:
50% of the respondents (73) feel that Demand Forecasting is an essential area to use SQL server.
48 respondents showed a neutral response and the remaining 29 respondents feel that this is not
an essential.
ii. Inventory and Sales tracking
0
50
100
Not at all
required
Not
essential
Neutral Essential Highly
Essential
2
27
48
68
5
Demand Forecasting
0
20
40
60
80
100
Not at all
required
Not
essential
Neutral Essential Highly
Essential
0 0
33 32
85
Inventory and Sales tracking
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Interpretation:
Majority of the respondents (117) feel that Inventory and Sales tracking is an essential area to
use SQL server and the remaining 33 respondents showed a neutral response.
iii. Order Management
Interpretation:
More than 100 respondents feel that Order Management is an essential area to use SQL server.
34 respondents showed a neutral response and the remaining 13 respondents feel that this is not
much an essential.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Not at all
required
Not
essential
Neutral Essential Highly
Essential
1
12
34
63
40
Order Management
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iv. CRM/Client Handling
Interpretation:
Majority of the respondents (122) feel that CRM/Client Handling is an essential area to use
SQL server. 23 respondents showed a neutral response and very few (5) respondents feel that this
is not much an essential.
v. Feedback Tracking
0
50
100
Not at all
required
Not
essential
Neutral Essential Highly
Essential
2 3
23
5765
CRM/Client Handling
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Interpretation:
Majority of the respondents (107) feel that Feedback Tracking is an essential area to use SQL
server. 32 respondents showed a neutral response and few (11) respondents feel that this is not
much an essential.
vi. Post sales Service
Interpretation:
0
10
20
30
4050
60
70
Not at all
required
Not
essential
Neutral Essential Highly
Essential
29
32
42
65
Feedback Tracking
0
50
100
150
Not at all
required
Not
essential
Neutral Essential Highly
Essential
011 18
115
6
Post sales Service
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Majority of the respondents (121) feel that Post sales Service is an essential area to use SQL
server. 18 respondents showed a neutral response and few (11) respondents feel that this is not
much an essential.
vii. Alerting Consumers
Interpretation:
Majority of the respondents (104) feel that Alerting Consumers is an essential area to use SQL
server. 27 respondents showed a neutral response and some (19) respondents feel that this is not
much an essential.
viii. Shipment Tracking/Delivery Tracking
0
50
100
Not at all
required
Not
essential
Neutral Essential Highly
Essential
0
1927
75
29
Alerting Consumers
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Interpretation:
Only 42 respondents feel that Shipment/Delivery Tracking is essential area to use SQL server.More than 30% of the respondents showed a neutral response and nearly equal number of
respondents feel that this is not much an essential factor.
ix. Merchandize Management
Interpretation:
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Not at all
required
Not
essential
Neutral Essential Highly
Essential
1
5255
34
8
Shipment/Delivery Tracking
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Not at all
required
Not
essential
Neutral Essential Highly
Essential
1 2
43
61
43
Merchandize Management
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Most of the respondents (104) feel that Merchandize Management is essential area to use SQL
server. 43 respondents showed a neutral response and a very few of them feel that this is not
much an essential.
x. Category Management
Interpretation:
More than 50% of the respondents (83) feel that Category Management is an essential area to
use SQL server. 50 respondents showed a neutral response and few of them (16) feel that this is
not much an essential.
xi. Sales Force Performance Assessment
0
10
20
3040
50
60
70
Not at all
required
Not
essential
Neutral Essential Highly
Essential
2
14
50
65
18
Category Management
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Interpretation:
Most of the respondents (121) feel that Sales Force Performance Assessment is an essential
area to use SQL server. 25 respondents showed a neutral response and the remaining few
respondents feel that this is not much an essential.
xii. Marketing Communication Campaign Analysis
Interpretation:
Most of the respondents (111) feel that the analysis of the Marketing Communication
Campaign is an essential area to use SQL server. 34 respondents showed a neutral response and
the remaining few respondents feel that this is not much an essential.
0
10
20
30
4050
60
70
Not at all
required
Not
essential
Neutral Essential Highly
Essential
2 2
25
60 61
Sales Force Performance Assessment
0
50
100
Not at all
required
Not
essential
Neutral Essential Highly
Essential
1 4
3444
67
Marketing Communication Campaign Analysis
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3. If you are using SQL Server please specify your level of satisfaction in making followingmarketing decision using the applications in SQL Server?Mark 5 if you are Highly SatisfiedMark 4 if you are SatisfiedMark 3 if you are neither satisfied nor dissatisfiedMark 2 if you are DissatisfiedMark 1 if you are Highly Dissatisfied
i. Analytics in Database Management
Interpretation:Most of the respondents (87) are disssatisfied in understanding and implementing
Analytics in Database management while using SQL Server. 35 of them are neithersatisfied nor dissatisfied and few of them (28) are satisfied with the Analytics.
ii. Security in database management
0
50
Highly
dissatisfied
Dissatisfied Neutral Satisfied Highly
satisfied
43 45
35
25
3
Analytics in Database Management
0
50
100
0 0
35 32
83
Security in database management
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Interpretation: Most of the respondents (115) are satisfied with the Security aspects while
using SQL Server. Few respon