IMPACT OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENTS ON MANGROVE STANDS- A REVIEW
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Transcript of IMPACT OF COASTAL DEVELOPMENTS ON MANGROVE STANDS- A REVIEW
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P.K. Krishnakumar, Mohammed Qurban, Khaled A. Abdulkader*, Yusef H. Fadlalla*, Mohammed Ashraf and M. Asif Khan
Centre for Environment & Water, Research InstituteKing Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals,
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
*Environmental Protection Department, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
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TOPIC OVERVIEW
Introduction
Major Impacting Activities
Types of Impacts
Case Study from Tarut Bay
Landfilling
Coastal Discharges
Management Strategies
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Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems and important breeding and nursery grounds for fish and invertebrate species.
Mangroves along the Gulf coast and Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia facing tremendous pressures due to coastal development activities.
Major stressors include landfilling, dredging, coastal development, solid and liquid waste disposal.
The extent of mangrove forests along the Saudi Arabian Gulf has decreased considerably. For example, in Tarut Bay alone it showed drastic reduction.
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MAJOR IMPACTING ACTIVITIES
Landfilling & dredging
Disposal of solid-wastes and garbage
Untreated or poorly treated waste discharge
Oil and industrial pollution
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SI. NO.
ACTIVITY IMPACTS REFERENCES
1 Coastal construction and changes in land use.
Alteration of hydrological regimes (modifying the tidal flow and seawater supply to the mangroves), interruption of littoral drift, reduced flushing etc.
PERSGA, 2004
2 Organic pollution
Retarded growth, incidence of dead and aberrant pneumatophores. High organic C lead to reduction of soil redox potential.
Mandura, 1997Saenger et al.1995Crona et al. 2009
3 Oil and industrial pollution
Acute effects (mortality) occur within 6 months to few weeks. Branching of pneumatophores, germination failure, decreased canopy cover, increased rate of mutation etc.
Burns et al. 1993Böer, 1993.
4 Disposal of solid-wastes and garbage.
Serious physical impacts, particularly on young seedlings and pneumatophores.Interfere with water circulation by blocking tidal channels.
PERSGA, 2004
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Biotope MapSeagrassMangroves
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More than 11 percent of the total area of Tarut Bay (i.e., total 432.79 km2) was filled.
Approximately 2 percent (i.e., 10.16 km2) of the bay, outside of the shipping channels and berthing areas, has been dredged.
Major landfill areas outlined in yellow
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Loss of around 232 hectares (37%)
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Loss of around 287 hectares from 1973 to 2007 (46%).
LAND FILLED AREAS IN TARUT BAY
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Safwa STP Sanabis STP
Awamiya STP & Nasira Agricultural
Jaruadiyah STP
Majidia Agricultural Discharge
Anak North Agricultural Discharge
Anak South Agriculture discharge
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STUDY AREA
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TOTAL ESTIMATED DISCHARGES (m3/day)
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In excess of PME standards for direct discharge to receiving waters for a 30 day average.
With in the PME Limits14
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The southern corniche area of Jeddah receives through Al-Kumra effluent the equivalent of 300,000 m3 of semi-treated sewage.
Basaham et al. 2009
IMAPCT OF SEWAGE DISCHARGE
Example from Red Sea
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Live Coral Cover
Coral (%) = 0.6149x2 - 2463Year + 2E+06
R2 = 0.72
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
YEARS
Liv
e C
ora
l Co
ve
r (%
)
Toatl Fish Species
Fish Species = 1E+48e-0.05 Years
R2 = 0.36
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
YEARS
To
tal F
ish
Sp
ec
ies
(S
)
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Provide protection against dredging, filling, and other development;
Designate mangroves as protected areas;
Protect mangroves from pollution particularly industrial effluent, sewage, and sediment;
Ensure that all developments planned for mangroves are subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR MANGROVE CONSERVATION
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