IMP Child Labour in India

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Child labour in IndiaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Young boy stacking plates inBangalore

The problem of child labor exploitation is a major challenge to the progress of developing countries. Children

work at the cost of their right to education which leaves them permanently trapped in the poverty cycle, without

the education and literacy required for better-paying jobs. This is particularly serious in India as it tops the list

with the highest number of child labourers in the world. The 2001 national Census of India estimated the total

number of child labour, aged 5-14, to be at 12.6 million.[1]

Out of the 12.6 million ,0.12 million engages in

hazardous job. However, according to informal labour force statistics, the problem seems to be more severe

than reflected. Child labour is estimated to be as large as 60 million in India, as many children are "hidden

workers" working in homes or in the underground economy.[2]

In the long run, this phenomenon will evolve to

be both a social and an economic problem as economic disparities widen between the poor and educationally

backward states and that of the faster-growing states.Indiahas the highest number of labourers in the world

under 14 years of age.[3]

Although theConstitution of Indiaguarantees free and compulsory education to

children between the age of 6 to 14 and prohibits employment of children younger than 14 in any hazardous

environment, child labour is prevalent in almost all informal sectors of the Indian economy.[4]

Companies

includingGap,[5]

Primark,[6]

Monsanto[7]

etc. have been criticised for using child labour in either their operations

in India or by their suppliers in India.

Contents

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1 Definition

2 Causes

3 Bonded Child Labor in India

4 Consequences of Child Labor

o 4.1 Diamond industry

o 4.2 Fireworks manufacture

o 4.3 Silk manufacture

o 4.4 Domestic labour

o 4.5 Construction

o 4.6 Brick kilns

5 Initiatives against child labour

o 5.1 Legislation

o 5.2 Non-governmental organizations

6 References

7 External links

[edit]Definition

Child labour, as defined by the International Labour Organization, refers to work that leads to the deprivation of

ones childhood and education opportunities. Effects include a loss of potential and dignity in self, which is

harmful to a childs physical and mental development.[8]

[edit]Causes

Many Indian families are sending their children to work, with some even living away from home. Reasons

behind are often associated with poverty, keeping up with the large-size family subsistence and inadequate

public education infrastructure.[9]

Families generally are also unable to afford their childrens education.[10]

Families will have to go without their children's income for several years, a choice many poor parents will be

unable to make without help. -BBC news[11]

As the above quote suggests, poor families are unable to make the right decision for their childrens education

as the childs income plays arole in sustaining the familys livelihood. Attending school would also mean

forgoing a source of income for the family. This is a common sight, especially in the low caste and minorities of

India.[12]

The demand for child labour further aggravates the situation. Many manufacturing firms and sweatshops are

strategically located at poverty-stricken areas to attract children to work as labourers. One example would be
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the textile factory in Delhi where clothes for the International brand GAP were manufactured. With profit

maximizing objectives, firms are incentivised to employ children rather than adults due to their cheaper wages,

higher efficiency and most importantly, absence of union problems.[13][14]

[edit]Bonded Child Labor in India

The worst form of child labours would probably be bonded labour. It refers to children who are sold by their

parents for a petty sum, a loan or to pay off debts.[15]

A form of long run employer-slave relationship is formed

when these children are tied to this debt bondage to work for their employers for a time period that could be

stretched to a lifetime, and usually it is for a minimal or no wages.[16]

There has been no universally accepted

number of bonded child labourers in India, but one estimate in 2000 shows that there were 15 million child

labourers who were bonded.[17]

Bonded child labour is practiced widely across many parts of rural India and

across multiple industries.

Though bondage is illegal in India and initiatives have been taken to stop bonded child labours, little has been

achieved. Both Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976 and Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act,

1986, have done little to help the bonded child labourers as the employers tend to use the loopholes and

ambiguity in the act to their advantage. Also, there was a lack of will from the government to enforce the

acts.[18]

Despite having large number of bonded labourers identified, very few employers got prosecuted and

even fewer got convicted.[19]

According to the Ministry of Labours figures, between 2000 and 2002 in all of

India, there were only around 1800 bonded labourers being indentified and released; and another around

17300 bonded labourers rehabilitated. However, there was no data showing how many children labourers are

among those being freed.[19]

[edit]Consequences of Child Labor

In general, the overall contribution of child labour in developing countries is so substantial that whether it would

harm the economy is still under continuous debate.

The presence of a large number of child labourers is regarded as a serious issue in terms of economic welfare.

It is evident from India ranking at lowest quarter (122th) in WorldHDI(Human Development Index) rankings; in

spite of its rapid economic growth. India compares very poorly against countries with high level of human

development on all indicators such as life expectancy, education and per capita income. Bonded or not, when

children are working, they are put apart from the necessary education.[20]

Moreover, large number of low-paid

Child labours lowers Indias per capita income. Their hazardous working condition lowers Indias welfare level

too.[21]

Furthermore, high illiteracy rate puts long-term economic growth at risk.
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Some suggest that child labour is necessary to some extent, as child labour takes large proportion of

Economically Active population in the developing countries. When the state of Andhra Pradesh reduced the

number of child labourers by close to 300,000.[1]

simultaneously it also saw the sharp decline in the state

revenue, which emphasized the importance of child labour to the Indian economy. At the end of the day, short

run numerical GDP growth alone cannot determine overall GDP growth, when indicators like literacy level and

health care should be taken into consideration too.

To keep an economy prospering, a vital criteria is to have an educated workforce equipped with relevant skills

for the needs of the industries. The young labourers today, will be part of Indias human capital tomorrow. Child

labour undoubtedly results in a trade-off with human capital accumulation.[22]

Child labour in India are employed with the majority (70%) in agricultural[23]

and the rest in low-skilled labour-

intensive sectors such as sari weaving or as domestic helpers, which require neither formal education nor

training.

According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), there are tremendous economic benefits for

developing nations by sending children to school instead of work.[11]

Without education, children do not gain the

necessary skills such as English literacy and technical aptitude that will increase their productivity to enable

them to secure higher-skilled jobs in future with higher wages that will lift them out of poverty.

[edit]Diamond industry

Further information:Child labour in the diamond industry#India

In 1997, theInternational Labour Organizationpublished a report titled Child Labour in the Diamond

Industry,[24]claiming that child labour is highly prevalent in the Indian diamond industry, as child labourers

constitute nearly 3% of the total workforce and the percentage of child labourers is as high as 25% in the

diamond industry ofSurat. The ICFTU further claimed that child labour was prospering in the diamond industry

in Western India, where the majority of the world's diamonds are cut and polished while workers are often paid

only a fraction of 1% of the value of the stones they cut.[25]

Pravin Nanavati, a Surat-based diamond

businessman argued that, since high cost diamonds could easily be lost or broken while cutting or polishing,

employing a child labourer would mean risking "lakhsofrupees" and Around 8-10 years back, some western

countries deliberately created the impression that child labour is prevalent in the Indian diamond industry" and

called theboycottformonopolisingin the sector. The South Gujarat Diamond Workers Association secretary

Mohan Dhabuwala, argued that while child labour is highly prevalent in the construction and hotel industries,

there are few child labourers in the diamond industry ofSurat, less than 1% according to their surveys, mainly

because of stern punishments and penalties for violation of child labour laws.[26]

Child labor is one of the main

components of the carpet industry. Factories pay children extremely low wages, for which adults refuse to

work, while forcing the youngsters to slave under perilous and unhygienic labor conditions. Many of these

children aremigrant workers, the majority coming fromnorthern India, who are sent away by their families to
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earn an income sent directly home. Thus, children are forced to endure the despicable conditions of the carpet

factories, as their families depend on their wages.

In 1998, Madhura Swaminathan from theIndira Gandhi Institute of Development Researchargued

thateconomic growthinWestern Indiawas associated with an increase in the number of child workers over the

last 15 years and that children work at simple repetitive manual tasks that do not require long years of training

or experience in low-paying hazardous works that involves drudgery and forecloses the option of school

education for most children.[27]

In 2005, an India-based management consultancy firm named A. F. Ferguson & Co., commissioned a study

titled Child Labour from Gem and Jewellery Industry"to spread awareness about child labor among the people

connected with the industry" that is conducted at 663 manufacturing units at 21 different locations

atGujarat,Maharashtra,Rajasthan,West BengalandTamil Nadu, as a GJEPC initiative. On February 12, the

study is presented in a seminar held by theGem & Jewelry Export Promotion Council(GJEPC) and the Surat

Diamond Association, in Surat, India. The report argued that the use of child labour in Indias diamond

processing industry has been reduced from 0.55% 143 in1998to 0.31% in2005which is estimated to be less

than 1%, "while for thesynthetic stoneindustry it is estimated to be two-thirds less". Gem& Jewellery Export

Promotion Council chairman Bakul Mehta, claimed that, "Some 500 diamond factory owners took an oath in the

city of Palanpur, Gujarat, (home town of leading Gujarati diamond merchants) not to employ children in their

factories. Similarly, in Surat, 200 factory owners took the oath," and at GJEPC they, "Remain committed to

eradicating child labor from the Indian diamond industry arguing "...the gem and jewelry industry cannot even

think of employing children, not only for moral reasons, but that a child could be injured while polishing or

cutting the diamonds."[28][29][30]

[edit]Fireworks manufacture

It is estimated that around 135,000 children work in the Indian fireworks industry.

The town of Sivakasi in South India is supposed to be the capital of child labour in fireworks manufacture

sector. They mainly start work in April in preparation for the Hindu festival of Diwali. Children work daily with

minimal wages, no leave and without any health or safety precautions in factories manufacturing

fireworks.[31]

An estimated 30 people have died in two separate accidents, and many more cases of death and

injuries are not reported. These child workers are usually forced to work after their parents have accepted a

cash advance of 1000-5000 rupees (15-75).[32]

[edit]Silk manufacture

Human Rights Watchestimates that at least 350,000 bonded children are employed by the silk industry in

India.[33]

As per Human Rights Watch, children as young as five years old are employed and work for up to 12
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hours a day and six to seven days a week.[34]

Children are forced to dip their hands in scalding water

topalpatethecocoonsand are often paid less than Rs 10 per day.[35]

[edit]Domestic labour

Official estimates for child labour working as domestic labour and in restaurants is more than 2,500,000 whileNGOs estimate the figure to be around 20 million.

[36]TheGovernment of Indiaexpanded the coverage of The

Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act and banned the employment of children as domestic workers and

as workers in restaurants,dhabas, hotels, spas and resorts effective from October 10, 2006.[37]

[edit]Construction

The misuse of adult labour can be found in the construction industry too. Adults are found in construction of

both home and office buildings. In 2011, for the construction of the Asian Games care house, the contractors

had employed adults, for they had to be paid more, making it a small issue.

[edit]Brick kilns

Each year, thousands of children are rescued from brick kilns, working in awful conditions. Some of the children

are actually sold to the brick kiln owners, and are not paid.

[edit]Initiatives against child labour

In 1979, the Indian government formed the Gurupadswamy Committee to find about child labour and means to

tackle it. The Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act was not enacted based on the recommendations of

the committee in 1986. A National Policy on Child Labour was formulated in 1987 to focus on rehabilitating

children working in hazardous occupations.[1]

The Ministry of Labour and Employment had implemented around

100 industry-specific National Child Labour Projects to rehabilitate the child workers since 1988.[38]

[edit]Legislation

[edit]Non-governmental organizations

Many NGOs likeCARE India,Child Relief and You,Global march against child laboretc. have been working to

eradicate child labour in India.[39]

In 2005,Pratham, an Indian NGO was involved in one of the biggest rescue

operations when around 500 child labourers were rescued fromzarisweatshops inNorth East Delhi[40]

though

child labour still goes on today.
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