Immunology of vaccination - uniba.sk · 1798 Edward Jenner immunizes first time against smallpox...
Transcript of Immunology of vaccination - uniba.sk · 1798 Edward Jenner immunizes first time against smallpox...
Immunology of vaccination
Principles of Vaccination
Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Principles of Vaccination
• Self vs. nonself
• Protection from infectious disease
• Usually indicated by the presence of antibody
• Very specific to a single organism
Immunity
IMMUNIZATION - VACCINATION….A LONG
STORY
One of the most effective «weapons» in medicine
10th century in Central Asia Smallpox Africa - Europe
1798 Edward Jenner immunizes first time against smallpox
1885 Louis Pasteur prepares the 1st vaccine against Rabbies
1927 BCG (bacillus Galmette-Guerin)
1955 Salk vaccine against poliomyelitis
1960 MMR…..
HPV vaccine
Principles of Vaccination
• A live or inactivated substance (e.g., protein, polysaccharide) capable of producing an immune response
• Protein molecules (immuno-globulin) produced by B lymphocytes to help eliminate an antigen
Antigen
Antibody
immunization
• prevent or lessen the serious symptoms of disease
• by blocking the spread of a bacterium, bacterial toxin, virus, or other microbe to its target organ
• or by acting rapidly at the site of infection.
Way to get immunised
Aktívna imunita Pasívna imunita
Prirodzene získaná Prirodzene získaná
Umelo navodená Umelo
navodená Stávame sa imúnnymi prirodzenou cestou alebo umelo. Očkovaním si vytvárame
umelo získanú aktívnu imunitu voči chorobám.
actively
disease
vaccination
passively
transplacentarly
immunisation
immunotherapy
immune sera
Naturally
Artificially
Live Attenuated Vaccines
• Severe reactions possible
• Interference from circulating antibody
• Fragile – must be stored and handled carefully
Pure Polysaccharide Vaccines
• Not consistently immunogenic in children younger than 2 years of age
• No booster response
• Antibody with less functional activity
• Immunogenicity improved by conjugation
Fases of new vaccines
development – laboratory,
preclinical
Field, clinical study
Skôr ako je vakcíne udelená licencia, prebieha testovanie jej bezpečnosti a stanovenie
účinnosti u dobrovoľníkov v niekoľkých fázach s presne stanovenými podmienkami
Meningitis – Hib,
Streptococcus, Neisseria
• HiB – polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine. (inactivated tetanospasmin, diphteria protein, and meningococcal group B outer membrane protein.
Measels
Poliomyelitis
Iron lung – after poliomyelitis
Jenner, Variolisation,
Ramses, eradication
Decrease of morbidity for DTP
after introduction of DTP
vaccination
0
5
10
15
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
všetky
0 rokov
1- 4 rokov
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
1
´94 ´95 ´96 ´97 ´98 ´99 ´00 ´01
´02
INCIDENCE of HIb MENINGITIS - decrease
influenced by the amount of applicated
vaccines
Antivaccination activity
• Vaccination mostly in child population
• very sensitive topic, period of discovery of many diseases and handicapes in children
• demagogical arguments,
• not causal connection,
• medialisation, not medically graduated people, usually educated in other vague topics – ecology, homeopathy.....
• Dangerous – more people affected by vaccination preventable diseases in USA and Germany then for bioterroristic threat