Immunology KNH 413. Immunity Body’s ability to recognize material as foreign and to neutralize,...
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Transcript of Immunology KNH 413. Immunity Body’s ability to recognize material as foreign and to neutralize,...
Immunology
KNH 413
Immunity
Body’s ability to recognize material as foreign and to
neutralize, eliminate, and/or metabolize it
Symptoms from an infectious disease
Antigens and Immunogens
Antigen characteristicsProteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acidsOf sufficient size: bacteria, virus on organismStructural stabilityDegradableComplex: how calories, pro to prevent further
damageForeign to the organism (immunogenic): can be
pollen (allergy), protein from transplant
Immune SystemFunctions:
Defense- via cellsHomeostasisSurveillance- section off that antigen or concern
4 basic requirements:Specificity- antibody to work againstDiversity- move througout systemAdaptivity- to certain type of antigen that’s
presentAbility to respond to new stimuli- might morph
into different concerns
Recognizes then reacts
© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth
© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth
Cells of the Immune SystemOther cells
Mast cells Mucosal surfaces
Dendritic cells Lymph nodes
Langerhans cells Skin
Antigen Recognition
Antibodies – assist in destruction or neutralization of the antigen
Immunoglobulins (Ig) IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
Immune Response
Modes of AttackPhagocytosisCell-mediated cytotoxicityAntibodies Inflammation
© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth
Altered and Foreign cells
Transplant RejectionHost versus graft (HVG)
First set rejection – 11-17 days Second set rejection – months to years
Graft versus host (GVH)
Matching of MHC antigens is critical
Immunosuppression required
Unique challenges based on organ
Immunodeficiency
Most caused by malnutrition or geneticsMalnutrition – d/t lack of access and dietary choiceAffects through the life spanCritical nutrients
Vitamins A, C, B6, E, essential fatty acids, beta-carotene, manganese, selenium, zinc, copper, iron, sulfur, manganese, germanium
ImmunodeficiencyMost caused by malnutrition or genetics
Congenital/inheritedMales more likely - X recessive
X-linked agammaglobulinemia IgA deficiency most common DiGeorge syndrome Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Bare lymphocyte syndrome SCIDs – “bubble boy”
ImmunodeficiencyAcquired Immunodeficiencies
From cancer treatmentHIVFrom burns From IBD
Immune System Attack
Type I / IgEFood allergies - 1-2% of adultsMany confuse allergy with intoleranceAllergy – immune responseHistamines in cheese, wine, some fish may cause
intolerancesLactose intolerance is most commonAlso yellow dye no. 5, MSG, sulfites
Immune System Attack
Common food allergensPeanuts, tree nutsShellfishFishFood additivesMilkSoyEggWheat
Immune System Attack
Asthma – chronic airway inflammation and excessive airway sensitivity to various triggersGenetic, environmental, lifestyleSymptoms may be intermittent, although constant
inflammation presentWheezing, cough, chest tightness, difficulty
breathing, sputum production
Autoimmunity
Adaptive response against self5-7% of adults, older, femaleTestosterone, estrogen
Pathogenic immune cells cross-react with human cells
Autoantibodies produce lesions