Immunodeficiency disease

Introduction of Immunodeficiency disease

• Immune deficiency is a malfunction or a deficiency in one or more components of the immune system.

• Immune deficiency disorders can be inherited or may develop as a result of some other disease.

Types of immunodeficiency diseases may include;

• DiGeorge Syndrome

• Selective IgA Deficiency

• Ataxia-Telangiectasia

• HIV

HIV and Aids

Introduction of HIV and Aids

• Aids and HIV first became known in the early 1980’s.

• The first recognized case of Aids was in USA in early 1980, at this time aids had no name.

• There is clear proof that HIV causes Aids, HIV is the virus and Aids is the syndrome.

• In 2008 it was found that the origin of HIV was in between 1884 and 1924.

What does HIV do?• HIV specifically attacks the immune system cells (white cells found in bone marrow)

until the immune system can no longer fight off other infections that it would usually be able to prevent.

• Thus the disease non-specifically causes the person to be infected by other diseases, which attack the body in a number of other ways.

• HIV cannot grow or reproduce on their own, they need to infect the cells of a living organism in order to replicate.

• The human immune system usually finds and kills viruses fairly quickly, but HIV attacks the immune system itself - the very thing that would normally get rid of a virus.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIISXIOJWBE

What type of virus is HIV?

• HIV is a type of Lentiviruses they are in the group of viruses known as retroviruses.

• The name 'Lentiviruse' means ‘slow virus’ this is because of the long period it takes for them to cause any adverse effect in the body.

• Theses Lentiviruses have been found in a number of different animals, including cats, sheep, horses and cattle.

• In the investigation into the origins of HIV they found a

Lentiviruse called SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus) this affects monkeys and if believed to be at least 32,000 years old.

So did HIV come from a SIV?

• It is now thought that HIV came froma similar virus found in chimpanzees.

• There are two different strains of HIV (HIV -1 and HIV-2)

• HIV-1 is the more virulent, pandemic strain of HIV, this virus was found to have the closest counterpart with the SIVcpz virus in 1999 and was found in chimpanzees.

• HIV-2 corresponds with SIVsm which is also another strain of SIV.

Where did HIV come from?• In 2001 scientists

announced that chimpanzees were the source of HIV-1, and that the virus had at some point crossed species from chimps to humans.

How could have HIV crossed species?

• There are many theories on how HIV crossed species between monkeys and humans.

• The 'hunter’ theory• The oral polio vaccine (OPV) theory• The contaminated needle theory• The colonialism theory • The conspiracy theory or manmade are

others.

What has cause HIV to spread?

• Travel (Cars, planes and boats)• Blood transfusions• Drug use• Unprotected intercourse (vaginal or anal and as

well as oral under certain conditions)• Contact with an infected person’s blood and

from mother to child (pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding).

HIV symptoms

• Some people experience a flu-like illness, develop a rash, or get swollen glands for a brief period soon after they become infected with HIV.

• Often people infected by HIV have no symptoms, but may be able to transfer the virus on immediately after becoming infected.

Testing for HIV

• The antibody or ELISA test - detects HIV antibodies in a person's blood.

How is HIV treated?

• Antiretroviral drugs

• These drugs enable many HIV infected people to live long healthy lives.

• There are more than 20 types of antiretroviral drugs approved, in the US and Europe as wells as many new HIV drugs being trailed.

How can HIV be prevented?

• Despite considerable investment and research, there is currently no HIV and AIDS vaccine, and microbicides (designed to prevent HIV being passed on during sex) are still undergoing trials.

Through education we can promote:

• Safe sex• Needle exchange programs • For health care workers washing hands and

wearing protective barriers (gloves, aprons and goggles)

• PEP (post exposure prophylaxis) • antiretroviral drugs • Bottle feeding