Immune System. Immune System (IS) Your body’s defense against pathogens, or disease causing...
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Transcript of Immune System. Immune System (IS) Your body’s defense against pathogens, or disease causing...
![Page 1: Immune System. Immune System (IS) Your body’s defense against pathogens, or disease causing organisms 2 types of defense: 1) Non-specific defense 2) Specific.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051116/56649cda5503460f949a4859/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Immune System
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Immune System (IS)
Your body’s defense against pathogens, or disease causing organisms
2 types of defense:
1) Non-specific defense
2) Specific defense
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Non-Specific Defense (NSD)
• Body’s 1st line of defense
• Guards against all infections
• Not directed against any specific pathogen
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Examples of NSD
1) Skin
- makes it hard for pathogens to enter the body
- oil and sweat glands create acidic environment kills many pathogens
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Examples of NSD
2) Nose
- mucus and nose hairs trap viruses and bacteria
3) Mouth/Trachea (throat area):
- cilia (small hairs) trap bacteria and dust
- cilia push pathogens up towards mouth or down towards stomach
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Examples of NSD
4) Stomach:- acids and digestive
enzymes kill pathogens
5) Body Secretions:- mucus, saliva, sweat,
tears contain lysozymes (enzymes that break down cell walls of bacteria)
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Examples of NSD6) Natural Killer Cells:
(T- lymphocytes)- patrol the body, killing
infected cells in mass7) Macrophages:- White blood cell that
eat and clean-up dead cell debris and pathogens left by the killer cells
- release interleukins
Natural killer cells attacking an infected cell
Macrophage eating bacteria
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Examples of NSD
8) Interleukins: - Slows down the body
by causing it to ache- Signals reinforcement
to help fight infection and starts specific defenses
Interleukin-21
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Examples of NSD
9) Inflammatory Response - When an infected area
becomes swollen because fluids and macrophages leak into infected areas
- Lymph nodes swell as they make more macrophages and lymphocytes
10) Fever- increases macrophage and
lymphocyte production- kills pathogens- dilates (opens) blood vessels
so cells of the IS can enter infected areas faster
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Examples of NSD
11) Interferons (special proteins released by virus-infected cells
- they “interfere” with the virus’s ability to reproduce
- slows viral infection rate and buys time for your body’s immune system to respond
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Specific Defenses of the IS
If a pathogen is able to get past the NSD of the Immune System (IS), then the IS reacts by launching an attack on the specific pathogen in specific defense (SD)
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Key proteins in the SD system
Antigens:
Identifiable proteins found on the surface of a pathogen or foreign cell
Antibody:
Y-shaped molecule with two antigen binding sites
Made by the “B-cells” of the IS
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Key Cells to the Specific Defense (SD) System
1) Macrophages 2) Dendritic Cells
- Presents the antigens taken from pathogens to other cells of the immune system, such as the helper T-cells
3) Helper T- lymphocytes- recognizes antigens and stimulates other cells of the immune system (like B – lymphocytes) to fight the infection
B T
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Key Cells to the Specific Defense (SD) System
4) B – lymphocytes (B – cells)
- Produce anti-bodies- Help remember the
antigen- Mature in the bone
marrow
B T
Y
Y
YY
YY
Y YY
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• Each B – cell is specific in fighting one pathogen
• B – cells, once activated by a helper T-cell, divides into a memory cell and millions of plasma cells.
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• Plasma B – cells make the antibodies
• Memory B – cells “remember” the pathogen
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Key Cells to the Specific Defense (SD) System
5) Killer T – lymphocytes:
- Searches and kills infected cells and cancer cells
6) Suppressor T-cells
- Slows down the IS once the danger has passed
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What are the steps to the Specific Defense Immune Response?
1. Dendritic cells identify foreign antigens and presents them to the helper T-cells to start an immune response
2. Helper T-cells activate B - cells which make antibodies that fight the infection. B – cells also remember.
3. Antibodies bind to antigens of the foreign cells and causes them to “clump” and get marked for destruction
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What are the steps to the Specific Defense Immune Response?
4) Macrophages eat the clumped pathogens that are trapped by the antibodies
5) Killer T-cells destroy the remaining cells that are infected by the pathogens6) Suppressor Tcells slows down the IS