Immune System Benchmark Study Guide
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Transcript of Immune System Benchmark Study Guide
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IMMUNE SYSTEM BENCHMARK STUDY GUIDE
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What is a PATHOGEN? Anything that causes disease Can be a bacteria, virus,
fungi, parasites Bacteria produce toxins Viruses lyse cells
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What is a VIRUS? A non-living particle that requires a
host to replicate Can cause disease Found in soil, water, air, surfaces
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What happens during the LYTIC CYCLE?
Attachment Entry DNA Replication and Virus Protein
Production Assembly Lysis
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What happens during the LYSOGENIC CYCLE?
Attachment Entry Provirus – Viral DNA is incorporated into
host DNA Cell DNA with virus DNA is replicated
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What adaptations allow bacteria to survive in different environments?
Cell Walls Can withstand harsh environments Endospores Aerobic or anaerobic respiration
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What are some useful uses for bacteria?
Make cheese and yogurt Clean spills Make antibiotics Nitrogen fixation Recycle nutrients/decomposers
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Describe how Robert Koch explained the cause of disease. Steps?
Pathogen is isolated from a host Pathogen is grown/cultured Pathogen is introduced to another
host New host becomes ill, must have
same symptoms Pathogen is isolated – must be same
pathogen as original
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What are the causes of… Malaria – plasmodium parasite on
mosquitoes Mosquito is a vector
HIV – Virus Passed through exchange of body
fluids
Shingles – Virus Passed on by contact/droplets
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Define INNATE IMMUNITY First line of defense
Barriers and Mucus Non-specific defense Skin Mucus membranes Tears and Saliva
Lysozyme enzyme – breaks down bacterial cell walls and membranes
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What is INFLAMMATION? Non-specific defense 2nd Line of Defense
Entry of pathogen Mast cells release histamine
Histamine triggers – pain, heat, swelling, redness
Dilate red blood vessels to allow phagocytes to damage site
Phagocytes (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils) digest pathogens
Pus
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How does the body react to viral infections?
Virus infected cells release INTERFERONS
Interferons (chemicals) tell neighboring cells to make antiviral proteins Viruses cannot enter neighboring cells
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What is the function of white blood cells?
Basophils – make histamine Macrophage – digest invading cells
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Describe 2 ways bacteria can reproduce?
Binary fission Asexual reproduction One bacteria replicates DNA and
divides into two cells
Conjugation Sexual reproduction One bacteria passes on a plasmid or
new DNA to another bacteria through pili
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What is ACQUIRED IMMUNITY? 3rd Line of Defense Build up resistance Specific Immunity Body uses T and B cells against a
specific pathogen Cellular Immunity Antibody Immunity
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Cellular Immunity1. Pathogen is engulfed by macrophage
2. Macrophage presents digested pathogen to Helper T Cell
3. Helper T cell activates Cytotoxic T cells
4. Cytotoxic T cells signal infected cells to commit “suicide”
5. Memory Cytotoxic T cells are made
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Antibody Immunity Pathogen (bacteria) is engulfed by
macrophage Macrophage presents digested bacteria
to Helper T cell Helper T cell activates B cell B cell turns into plasma cell Plasma cell makes Antibodies
Antibodies circulate through blood stream to find and collect bacteria
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What is PASSIVE IMMUNITY? Receive Antibodies by injection or
breast feeding Passive – you DON’T make
antibodies yourself Temporary
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What is ACTIVE IMMUNITY Occurs Naturally – You build up
immune system You have to get sick Body makes memory B and T cells
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What is an ANTIBIOTIC? Most come from penicillin Target – bacterial infections CANNOT be used on viruses Break down the cell walls
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What is RESISTANCE? When a bacteria is no longer
sensitive to antibiotics