Immigration/Urbanization Issues (late 1800s/early 1900s) US History I Mr Hollinger.

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Immigration/Urbanization Immigration/Urbanization Issues (late 1800s/early Issues (late 1800s/early 1900s) 1900s) US History I US History I Mr Hollinger Mr Hollinger

Transcript of Immigration/Urbanization Issues (late 1800s/early 1900s) US History I Mr Hollinger.

Page 1: Immigration/Urbanization Issues (late 1800s/early 1900s) US History I Mr Hollinger.

Immigration/Urbanization Issues Immigration/Urbanization Issues (late 1800s/early 1900s)(late 1800s/early 1900s)

US History IUS History I

Mr HollingerMr Hollinger

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Ellis IslandEllis Island

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Map of Angel IslandMap of Angel Island

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Anti-Immigrant LegislationAnti-Immigrant Legislation

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) – Banned entry to all Chinese except students, Banned entry to all Chinese except students,

teachers, merchants, tourists, and government teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officialsofficials

– Originally set for 10 yrs, but act continued to be Originally set for 10 yrs, but act continued to be extendedextended

– Law was in effect until 1943Law was in effect until 1943

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Anti-Immigrant Legislation Cont...Anti-Immigrant Legislation Cont...

Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907 – 1908)Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907 – 1908)– In 1906, local board of education in San In 1906, local board of education in San

Francisco segregated Japanese children by Francisco segregated Japanese children by placing them in separate schoolsplacing them in separate schools

– Japan protestedJapan protested– Roosevelt worked out deal with Japan’s govtRoosevelt worked out deal with Japan’s govt– Japan agreed to limit emigration of unskilled Japan agreed to limit emigration of unskilled

workers to the U.S. in exchange for the repeal workers to the U.S. in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation orderof the San Francisco segregation order

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Urbanization Issues - HousingUrbanization Issues - Housing

Types of HousingTypes of Housing– Row Houses (shared interior walls)Row Houses (shared interior walls)– (dumbbell) Tenements(dumbbell) Tenements

OvercrowdingOvercrowding Affordable housing in very poor conditionAffordable housing in very poor condition

– Deteriorating (not maintained)Deteriorating (not maintained)– DangerousDangerous– No water/indoor plumbingNo water/indoor plumbing– Very little air or lightVery little air or light

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““Dumbbell” TenementDumbbell” Tenement Five stories with basement. Five stories with basement.

Designed to house 20 families: 20 Designed to house 20 families: 20 three-room apartments, four per three-room apartments, four per floor, two in the front and two in floor, two in the front and two in the back. Running through the the back. Running through the center of the building is an unlit center of the building is an unlit wooden staircase and narrow wooden staircase and narrow hallway. The largest room (11' x hallway. The largest room (11' x 12'6") is listed on plans as the 12'6") is listed on plans as the living room or parlor, commonly living room or parlor, commonly called "front room” – the only called "front room” – the only room with direct light and room with direct light and ventilation. Behind it is the kitchen ventilation. Behind it is the kitchen and bedroom (8’6” square). The and bedroom (8’6” square). The entire flat, which often contained entire flat, which often contained households of seven or more households of seven or more people, totaled about 325 square people, totaled about 325 square feet. No toilet, shower, or bath. feet. No toilet, shower, or bath. Heat available by fireplace and/or Heat available by fireplace and/or stove in kitchen. All garbage is left stove in kitchen. All garbage is left outside the building.outside the building.

Typical floor plan of a “Dumbbell”. Typical floor plan of a “Dumbbell”.

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Urbanization - TransportationUrbanization - Transportation

Mass transit systems were starting to Mass transit systems were starting to move a large number of people along fixed move a large number of people along fixed routesroutes

Cities struggled to repair old systems and Cities struggled to repair old systems and to build new ones to meet demand of to build new ones to meet demand of expanding populationexpanding population

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Urbanization - WaterUrbanization - Water

In the late 1800s, few had indoor plumbing In the late 1800s, few had indoor plumbing & water was collected in pails from faucets & water was collected in pails from faucets on the street and heat it for bathingon the street and heat it for bathing

Needed to improve water quality because of Needed to improve water quality because of cholera and typhoid fevercholera and typhoid fever

Access to safe water (even after the Access to safe water (even after the introduction of filtration and chlorination at introduction of filtration and chlorination at turn of century) was limitedturn of century) was limited

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Urbanization - SanitationUrbanization - Sanitation

Horse manure piled up on streetsHorse manure piled up on streets

Sewage flowed through open guttersSewage flowed through open gutters

Factory smoke filled the airFactory smoke filled the air

Garbage was dumped in the streets (no Garbage was dumped in the streets (no formal trash collection)formal trash collection)

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Urbanization - CrimeUrbanization - Crime

Political CorruptionPolitical Corruption

Gangs - nativism, violenceGangs - nativism, violence

TheftTheft

DrunkenessDrunkeness

No policeNo police

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Urbanization - FireUrbanization - Fire

Building materials were flammableBuilding materials were flammable No fire departmentsNo fire departments No waterNo water OvercrowdingOvercrowding Fires occurred in every major city (2 major Fires occurred in every major city (2 major

examples):examples):– ChicagoChicago (1871): 24 hours, 300 ppl died, 100,000 (1871): 24 hours, 300 ppl died, 100,000

homeless, 3 sq mi destroyed, $200 mil in damages, homeless, 3 sq mi destroyed, $200 mil in damages, 17,500 buildings destroyed17,500 buildings destroyed

– San FranciscoSan Francisco (1906): 4 days, 1,000 ppl died, 200,000 (1906): 4 days, 1,000 ppl died, 200,000 left homeless, 5 sq mi destroyed, $500 mil in damages, left homeless, 5 sq mi destroyed, $500 mil in damages, 28,000 buildings destroyed28,000 buildings destroyed

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ReformReform

Social Gospel Movement – preached Social Gospel Movement – preached salvation through service to the poorsalvation through service to the poor

Settlement houses – community centers in Settlement houses – community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants (Jane Addams founded immigrants (Jane Addams founded Chicago’s Hull House in 1889)Chicago’s Hull House in 1889)

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ChicagoChicago

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San FranciscoSan Francisco

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San FranciscoSan Francisco

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San FranciscoSan Francisco

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Political MachinePolitical Machine

Organized group that controlled the activitiesOrganized group that controlled the activities

of a political party in a city and offered of a political party in a city and offered

services to voters and businesses in services to voters and businesses in

exchange for political or financial support.exchange for political or financial support.

Ward Bosses

Local Precinct WorkersAnd Captains

City Boss

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Political Machine continuedPolitical Machine continued

Precinct WorkersPrecinct Workers – Worked to gain voters’ support – Worked to gain voters’ support on a city block or in a neighborhood and reported on a city block or in a neighborhood and reported to the ward boss.to the ward boss.

Ward BossesWard Bosses – Helped the poor and gained votes – Helped the poor and gained votes by doing favors or providing services. In return for by doing favors or providing services. In return for votes they would provide city jobs, contracts or votes they would provide city jobs, contracts or appointments.appointments.

City BossCity Boss – Controlled thousands of municipal – Controlled thousands of municipal jobs, including police, fire and sanitation jobs, including police, fire and sanitation departments. Controlled business licenses and departments. Controlled business licenses and inspections. Had a lot of influence over courts and inspections. Had a lot of influence over courts and other municipal agencies. other municipal agencies.

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William Marcy TweedWilliam Marcy Tweed

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Vs. Thomas NastVs. Thomas Nast

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Spoils SystemSpoils System

A system in which government positionsA system in which government positions

were granted to political supporters or were granted to political supporters or

friends rather than on merit.friends rather than on merit.

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Controversy over Spoils System Controversy over Spoils System (Patronage)(Patronage)

Stalwarts – opposed changes in the spoils Stalwarts – opposed changes in the spoils systemsystem

ReformersReformers James Garfield (Republican Pres) elected in James Garfield (Republican Pres) elected in

1880 had ties to reformers & his V.P., 1880 had ties to reformers & his V.P., Chester Arthur had ties to stalwartChester Arthur had ties to stalwart

Garfield assassinated at train station by Garfield assassinated at train station by Charles Guiteau (a Stalwart)Charles Guiteau (a Stalwart)

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Reform in OfficeReform in Office

Pendleton Service Act – Passed by Chester Arthur Pendleton Service Act – Passed by Chester Arthur Act pushed a merit system based on candidates’ Act pushed a merit system based on candidates’

performance on an examination for civil service performance on an examination for civil service (govt. administration) jobs(govt. administration) jobs

By 1901 40% of all federal jobs were civil serviceBy 1901 40% of all federal jobs were civil service Public administration became more honest and Public administration became more honest and

efficient, however, because officials could no longer efficient, however, because officials could no longer pressure employees for campaign contributions, pressure employees for campaign contributions, politicians had to look elsewhere for donations (big politicians had to look elsewhere for donations (big business) business)