Immigration era

U.S. Immigration: U.S. Immigration: History and Current History and Current

IssuesIssues

Mr. Johnny RodriguezMr. Johnny Rodriguez

Overview Overview

Breakdown of history of U.S. Immigration Breakdown of history of U.S. Immigration by eras:by eras:

Open-DoorOpen-Door

Door-AjarDoor-Ajar

Pet-DoorPet-Door

Revolving-DoorRevolving-Door

Storm-DoorStorm-Door Including Important Legislation and Court Including Important Legislation and Court

CasesCases

Overview Overview

Following Historical Breakdown:Following Historical Breakdown: Look at current societal impacts of Look at current societal impacts of

immigration both legal and illegal.immigration both legal and illegal.AssimilationAssimilationEconomicsEconomicsBilingualismBilingualismMulticulturalismMulticulturalismNational SecurityNational Security

Open-Door EraOpen-Door Era

Founding of the United States until Founding of the United States until 1880.1880.

Immigration= Relatively Easy and Immigration= Relatively Easy and Encouraged.Encouraged.

““Old-Wave” Immigrants primarily from Old-Wave” Immigrants primarily from Northwest Europe.Northwest Europe.

1789 Article 1, Section 8 grants 1789 Article 1, Section 8 grants Congress power “To Establish a Congress power “To Establish a Uniform Rule of Naturalization”Uniform Rule of Naturalization”


Naturalization Act of 1790 – First Naturalization Act of 1790 – First official act.official act.

Two-year residency requirementTwo-year residency requirement Revised in 1802 – Extended to five Revised in 1802 – Extended to five

yearsyears Became the Five-Year Residency Act in Became the Five-Year Residency Act in

18131813 1819 – Began documenting all 1819 – Began documenting all

immigrants as the left their shipimmigrants as the left their ship


1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – 1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Citizenship to those remaining in Citizenship to those remaining in Territory cede by MexicoTerritory cede by Mexico

Two Waves: 1845-1854 and 1865-Two Waves: 1845-1854 and 1865-18751875

First- Predominantly Irish and First- Predominantly Irish and GermanGerman

Second – Included British andSecond – Included British and

ScandinavianScandinavian


1862 – Homestead Act1862 – Homestead Act 1868 – Ratification of the 141868 – Ratification of the 14thth

AmendmentAmendment 1870 – Citizenship granted to those of 1870 – Citizenship granted to those of

African decentAfrican decent 1 million immigrants per year = 13% 1 million immigrants per year = 13%

foreign bornforeign born Gave rise to fear and anxiety in native-Gave rise to fear and anxiety in native-

born born

Door-Ajar EraDoor-Ajar Era

Began in 1880 and lasted 1920Began in 1880 and lasted 1920

Rate of 1 million per year continuedRate of 1 million per year continued

Shift to South, Central and Eastern Shift to South, Central and Eastern EuropeEurope

Know-Nothings and Ku Klux Klan led Know-Nothings and Ku Klux Klan led restrictionist attitude.restrictionist attitude.


1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act – First 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act – First piece of legislation aimed at a piece of legislation aimed at a particular race or nationality.particular race or nationality.

Virtually stopped Chinese Virtually stopped Chinese immigration immigration

ten years.ten years. Reenacted in 1888, 1892 and 1904Reenacted in 1888, 1892 and 1904

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

1881 1882 1883 1885

Chinese Immigrants


1885 – Foran Act – illegal to fund 1885 – Foran Act – illegal to fund immigration of others.immigration of others.

1888 – Scott Act – extended Chinese 1888 – Scott Act – extended Chinese Exclusion act ten years/ barred Exclusion act ten years/ barred return.return.

1889 – 1889 – Chae Chan Ping v. United Chae Chan Ping v. United StatesStates upheld Scott Act. upheld Scott Act.


1892 – Ellis Island1892 – Ellis Island 1894 – Bureau of Immigration1894 – Bureau of Immigration 1898 – Wong Kim Ark v. United 1898 – Wong Kim Ark v. United

States:States:Native born are eligible for nat. Native born are eligible for nat.

even if parents are not.even if parents are not. 1907 – Dillingham Commission: Led to the quota 1907 – Dillingham Commission: Led to the quota

acts of the 1920sacts of the 1920s

Pet-Door EraPet-Door Era

The Pet-Door Era – 1920-1965The Pet-Door Era – 1920-1965 Pro-restrictionist groups pushed for Pro-restrictionist groups pushed for

quota acts: 1921, 1924, 1929quota acts: 1921, 1924, 1929 Immigration shifted back to Immigration shifted back to

Northwest Europe.Northwest Europe. Era of restrictive legislationEra of restrictive legislation

Pet-Door Era: Quota ActsPet-Door Era: Quota Acts 1921 – 3% of pop. Of a country as of 1910 1921 – 3% of pop. Of a country as of 1910

census.census.only 4 million entered from 1920-1930only 4 million entered from 1920-1930

1924 – Johnson-Reed Act – 2% of pop. Of a 1924 – Johnson-Reed Act – 2% of pop. Of a country as of 1890 census.country as of 1890 census.

Brought about shift back to Northwest Brought about shift back to Northwest EuropeEurope

Barred most Asians – “aliens ineligible for Barred most Asians – “aliens ineligible for citizenship”citizenship”

1929 – proportion of pop. Or of each nationality 1929 – proportion of pop. Or of each nationality for 1920 census.for 1920 census.

Only 150,000 admitted.Only 150,000 admitted.

Decrease in ImmigrationDecrease in Immigration

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

Door-Ajar Era Pet-Door Era

Immigrants


1922 – Cable Act – women can 1922 – Cable Act – women can become naturalized unless married become naturalized unless married to ineligible alien.to ineligible alien.

Labor Appropriations Act of 1924 Labor Appropriations Act of 1924 Established the U.S. Border PatrolEstablished the U.S. Border Patrol

Great DepressionGreat Depression

Immigration slowed dramatically between Immigration slowed dramatically between 1929 and 19391929 and 1939

1940 – End of Depression – Congress passed 1940 – End of Depression – Congress passed Registration Law and Nationality ActRegistration Law and Nationality Act

Required all citizens to register Required all citizens to register address address

annually.annually.

Consolidated all naturalization policy Consolidated all naturalization policy into into one Act.one Act.


1942 – Executive Order 9066 – Japanese 1942 – Executive Order 9066 – Japanese Americans to relocation camps.Americans to relocation camps.

1943 – 1943 – Hirabayashi v. United StatesHirabayashi v. United States upheld upheld “military necessity”“military necessity”

1944 – 1944 – Korematsu v. United StatesKorematsu v. United States allowed allowed for excluded zonesfor excluded zones

1952 – Immigration and Naturalization Act 1952 – Immigration and Naturalization Act removed racial and national-origin barrier.removed racial and national-origin barrier.

Revolving-Door EraRevolving-Door Era

Began with the Immigration and Began with the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965Naturalization Act of 1965

Replaced quota system with Replaced quota system with preference systempreference system

Immigration in the following decade Immigration in the following decade was up 60%was up 60%

Act was amended in 1966 to allow Act was amended in 1966 to allow for more refugeesfor more refugees


1967 1967 Afroyim v. RuskAfroyim v. Rusk – Dual Citizenship – Dual Citizenship 1970s – concerns over immigrants 1970s – concerns over immigrants

entering illegallyentering illegally 5.4 million immigrants entered5.4 million immigrants entered 1978 – Pres. Carter – Select Commission 1978 – Pres. Carter – Select Commission

on Immigration and Refugee Policyon Immigration and Refugee Policy

Recommended closing backdoor Recommended closing backdoor and and opening front door.opening front door.


1980 Refugee Act1980 Refugee Act 1986 – Immigration Reform and 1986 – Immigration Reform and

Control Act (IRCA)Control Act (IRCA) Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT)Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT)

Culmination of IRCA and SCIRPCulmination of IRCA and SCIRP 1993 - NAFTA1993 - NAFTA


California passed Proposition 187California passed Proposition 187

Claimed Illegal immigration was Claimed Illegal immigration was a a financial burdenfinancial burden

LULAC et al. v. Pete Wilson et al.LULAC et al. v. Pete Wilson et al. – – declared 187 unconstitutionaldeclared 187 unconstitutional

1996 – Illegal Immigrant Reform and 1996 – Illegal Immigrant Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA)

Storm-Door EraStorm-Door Era

Began in 2001 as a result of 9/11 Began in 2001 as a result of 9/11 terrorist attacksterrorist attacks

2001 – USA Patriot Act2001 – USA Patriot Act 2002 – INS is abolished and duties 2002 – INS is abolished and duties

granted to Department of Homeland granted to Department of Homeland SecuritySecurity

2005 – USA Patriot Act Improvements 2005 – USA Patriot Act Improvements and Reauthorization Actand Reauthorization Act

Current Immigration IssuesCurrent Immigration Issues AssimilationAssimilation

EconomicsEconomics

BilingualismBilingualism

MulticulturalismMulticulturalism

National SecurityNational Security

AssimilationAssimilation

11stst step – Naturalization process step – Naturalization process Pre-1970s – Strong pressures on Pre-1970s – Strong pressures on

immigrants to assimilate into the immigrants to assimilate into the cultureculture

Large numbers – fear that Large numbers – fear that immigrants would not form immigrants would not form emotional attachment to new emotional attachment to new countrycountry

AssimilationAssimilation

Assimilate by acquiring skillsAssimilate by acquiring skills Naturalization – more job Naturalization – more job

opportunitiesopportunities Proponents: Immigrants have no Proponents: Immigrants have no

problem assimilatingproblem assimilating Age is greatest distinguishing factorAge is greatest distinguishing factor

EconomicsEconomics

Pros:Pros:more workers create more wealthmore workers create more wealth

provide basis for S. Security and Medicareprovide basis for S. Security and Medicare

most still pay income and property taxesmost still pay income and property taxes

benefit from brain-drain of other nationsbenefit from brain-drain of other nations

EconomicsEconomics

Cons:Cons:Immigrant wages are decreasingImmigrant wages are decreasing

Create a strain on taxpayers and Create a strain on taxpayers and governmentgovernment

Tax burden in most states: couple hundred Tax burden in most states: couple hundred $/yr$/yr

BilingualismBilingualism

Economic and Ideological detrimentEconomic and Ideological detriment Single language unifies incredible Single language unifies incredible

diversitydiversity Multiple languages are inefficientMultiple languages are inefficient Argument for: too many Americans Argument for: too many Americans

are illiterate anywayare illiterate anyway

MulticulturalismMulticulturalism

Distinct Culture GroupsDistinct Culture Groups Organizational and Conceptual Organizational and Conceptual

BordersBorders Maintain ties to home country, thus Maintain ties to home country, thus

no true American identityno true American identity Proponents: Proportion has remained Proponents: Proportion has remained

stable over the yearsstable over the years

National SecurityNational Security

Major Concern recently – Became Major Concern recently – Became important in 1920simportant in 1920s

7,000 miles of border7,000 miles of border Department of Homeland SecurityDepartment of Homeland Security

Struggle until recentlyStruggle until recently

Advances in transportation securityAdvances in transportation security

Creative thinking to prevent attacksCreative thinking to prevent attacks

Summary and ReviewSummary and Review

Five Eras of Immigration: Open-Door, Five Eras of Immigration: Open-Door, Door Ajar, Pet-Door, Revolving-Door, Door Ajar, Pet-Door, Revolving-Door, Storm-DoorStorm-Door

Immigration: history of legislation Immigration: history of legislation Current Issues: Assimilation, Current Issues: Assimilation,

Economics, Bilingualism, Economics, Bilingualism, Multiculturalism, and National Multiculturalism, and National SecuritySecurity

Immigration era

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