Immigration and Reform Period 4: 1800-1848

Immigration • Work with a partner to

complete immigration analysis

American Nativism • Blamed immigrants

for urban crime, political corruption, drunkenness, unemployment, etc…

The Second Great Awakening • Context:

transcendentalists, individualism, simplicity, Walden, Thoreau, ‘self-reliance’

• In contrast w/ Market Revolution, immigration, economic growth and crisis, Manifest Destiny, etc…

Second Great Awakening• 1820s and 30s• Increase in Baptists and

Methodists • Elite New England revival

(began at Yale) • Backwoods frontier revival

▫ Significant for women and black Americans

▫ Revival meetings that lasted months

The Second Great Awakening • Rev. Charles Grandison Finney

▫ 100,000 conversions in one winter

▫ Sought an affluent audience • Upstate New York • ‘burned over district’• American church members

doubled from 1800-1830• Joseph Smith and Mormonism

▫ Book of Mormon ▫ Brigham Young & Polygamy ▫ Utah

• Utopian communities searching for ‘perfection’ of mankind.

Utopian Societies • Shakers—infusion of the

spirit and trances• Robert Owen—New

Harmony• Brook Farm—

Massachusetts —Transcendentalists

• Oneida Community ▫ John Humphrey Noyes ▫ “Perfectionists” ▫ Vermont—arrested for

practicing ‘free love’ and ‘complex marriage’

▫ Fled to NY and started Oneida

Reform Movements—Education • Education—Horace Mann

▫ Public education—elementary

▫ Only 300 secondary schools in the country

▫ Mostly religious colleges/universities

▫ State funded universities in the south and west

Reform Movements—Temperance • Temperance

▫ Most widespread of reform movements

▫ 1810—14,000 distilleries producing more than 25 million gallons of alcohol per year

▫ American Temperance Union—1833

▫ Origin of various laws regarding alcohol sales (blue laws)

Reform Movements—Prisons & Asylums • Public institutions for

criminals, mentally ill, and orphans

• Development of penitentiaries

• Dorothea Dix—changing social attitudes toward mental illness

Reform Movements—Women’s Rights

• Harriet Beecher—A Treatise on Domestic Economy

• (Cult of Domesticity—Separate Spheres)

• Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony

• Seneca Falls Convention--1848

What’s missing from this list?