Immigration and asylum in EU today. A European challenge with national implications.
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Transcript of Immigration and asylum in EU today. A European challenge with national implications.
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Immigration and asylum in EU today. A European challenge with
national implications
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Immigration – a European issue
Since the 1970s immigration (and asylum) become from a purely national matter national competence in the 1960s 3rd pillar during the 1990s a shared competence after the Lisbon Treaty
To an increasingly European one
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The development of migration flows to the EU
1950-1970: Legal, organized, national-centered, labor
1970-90: repatriation, integration, national-centered
1990-2010: irregular, individual, mixed migration flows increasingly extra-European
2010 – the rise of refugees
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The legal aspects of immigration in EU
A shared competenceΑn area of freedom, security and justice Α common policy on asylum, subsidiary protection and
temporary protection a common immigration policy
efficient management of migration flows fair treatment of third-country nationals residing legally prevention of illegal immigration
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The legal aspects of immigration in EU
The right of Member States to determine volumes of admission of third-country nationals coming from third countries to their territory in order to seek work, whether employed or self-employed
The establishment of agencies EASO Frontex
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The political context in the EU
The increased role of the European Commission a more assertive CommissionSpecific policy priorities
Qualified majority voting The sidestepping of national vetoThe variable geometry problems
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The political context in the EU
Ordinary legislative procedureThe need to take into account the EP priorities
The added element of the increased judicial involvementThe role of the European Court of Justice
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The context of immigration in the 21st century
The intensification of mixed migration flows after 2000
A rise of xenophobia and anti-immigrant positions In the public opinion (and, as a result, in public policies, too)
The perception of asylum as a means to by-pass immigration procedures
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The context of immigration in the 21st century
The impact of the economic crisisThe drive to cut public spending, at national and EU
level, affected and shall affect asylum and integration policiesThe failure of integration in the face of increasing
Islamic radicaiization- and perception thereof The rising concern on benefits and rights
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The gradual rise of the Mediterranean entry to the EU
The shift of irregular entries Sea and land/not air South rather than center Victims of conflicts rather than economic migrants
Mediterranean becomes the main point of entry of mixed migration flows
The overburdening of the reception systems
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The intra-EU tensions
Irregular migration becomes trans-border Secondary movements within the EU
The influence of the Dublin systemThe gradual dispute between center and periphery of Europe
The institutional imbalancesThe diverging positions of MS and the EU institutions
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The Dublin system: the crux of the intra-EU strife
Dublin-III regulation: a mechanism to allocate responsibility for examining an asylum application
The responsibility on the EU MS state of the first irregular entry
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The effects of the Syrian civil war
The world's largest humanitarian crisis since World War II
The total number of people in need of humanitarian assistance in Syria has reached 12.2 million, approximately 7.6 million of whom are internally displaced
The number of Syrian refugees in neighboring countries is) over 3.9 million
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The result being
A significant increase in illegal entries of (potential) refugees and
A heavier burden on states with relatively weak and new asylum systems, and recent tradition in protection of migrants’ rights
As well as an increased divide between center and (especially Mediterranean) periphery in the EU
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The way forward for a common EU policy on immigration and asylum
The inability of the present system to cater for the emergencies
Relocation of asylum seekersJoint processing of asylum applications
The exhaustion of national policiesTowards a common immigration status?
A reversal of EU integration in the field of immigration?National quotas?
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Some useful litteratureHollifield-Martin-Orrenius” Controlling immigration: a global perspective”, 3rd ed. Stanford University Press, 2014
Ammar-Stern: “Human Rights Challenges in the Areas of Asylum and Immigration: EU Policies and Perspectives”. Austrian review of international and European law online, Vol. 16, issue, 1, pp, 191-221. 2014.
Carrera, Sergio and Gros, Daniel. (2015) What priorities for the new European agenda on migration? CEPS Commentary, 22 April 2015. [Policy Paper in http://aei.pitt.edu/63804/}
H. Brady “Mare Europaeum – tackling Mediterranean Migration”. European Union Institute for Security Studies Brief, 2014 (in www.mercury.ethz.ch)