Immigrant Numbers at Peak --Immigrant Numbers at Peak --Percentage is NotPercentage is Not

0

10

20

30

40

1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Foreign-Born Population (millions)

Percent Foreign-Born of Total

14.8 Percent

34.2 Million

(2004 CPS)

4.7 Percent

42-43 Million

13.5 Percent

11.9 Percent(2004)

Millions of Immigrants

* Additional immigrants are mostly illegals and legalized aliens

Europe/Canada (Legal)

Additional*

All Other (Legal)

14-16+(est.)

0.1

2.8

0.6

2.32.61.7

0.5

4.1

6.0

9.0

3.7

5.2

7

3.8

1.0

2.5

15+?

10

21st Century:Current In-Flows Are Very High

21st Century:Current In-Flows Are Very High

Most Unautorized

Source: “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.”, Pew Hispanic Center, Research Report, March 7, 2006.

Legal Status of immigrants

Source: “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.”, Pew Hispanic Center, Research Report, March 7, 2006.

Unauthorized, families

Source: “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.”, Pew Hispanic Center, Research Report, March 7, 2006.

Unauthorized, mixed families

Source: “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.”, Pew Hispanic Center, Research Report, March 7,2006.

Unauthorized, source

Source: “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.”, Pew Hispanic Center, Research Report, March 7, 2006.

DEMOGRAPHICS--IN THE 1990’s, UNDOCUMEENTED

IMMIGRANTS GREW BY 770,000 PER YEAR

--IN THE 2000’s, THE NUMBER HAS DECLINED TO 550,000

--COUNTRY NEEDS AN INFLUX OF NEW PEOPLE BECAUSE BABY-BOOMERS ARE TURNING 65

Source: NEW YORK TIMES, MARCH 2, 2008

DEPORTATIONS--“In 2009, the authorities deported 389,834

people, about 20,000 more than in 2008, the final year of the Bush administration.”

--“In the past 10-months, ICE has deported 142,526 immigrants convicted of crimes, a record number, the figures show. At the same time, deportations of immigrants with civil violations, but no crimes, dropped by 34 percent.”

Source: New York Times, August 9, 2010

DEMOGRAPHICS, APPREHENSIONS

--BETWEEN OCT. 1, 2007 AND MARCH 31, 2008, APPREHENTIONS DROPPED BY 17% TO 347,372

--IN THE YUMA AZ SECTOR, THEY DROPPED BY 76% TO 5,909

--BORDER ARRESTS HAVE BEEN FALLING FOR TWO YEARS

Source: WALL STREET JOURNAL, APRIL 9, 2008

DEMOGRAPHICS, APPREHENSIONS--TWO-THIRDS OF ALL UNDOCUMENTED ARE

FROM MEXICO

--COYOTE CHARGES $3,500 PER PERSON, UP FROM $350 IN EARLY 1990

--”APPREHENSIONS” IS A LEADING ECONOMIC INDICATOR

--66.5 BILLION SENT IN REMITTSANCES IN 2007, A 7% GROWTH, BUT FIRST YEAR THAT GROWTH WAS NOT DOUBLE DIGITS

Source: WALL STREET JOURNAL, APRIL 9, 2008

DEMOGRAPHICS, VISA OVERSTAYERS

--45% OF 12 MIILION UNDOCUMENTED ARE VISA ‘OVERSTAYERS’

--400,OOO FROM EUROPE--280,000 FROM THE PHILLIPINES--270,000 FROM INDIA--250,00 FROM KOREA--190,000 FROM CHINA--160,000 FROM VIETNAM

Source: WALL STREET JOURNAL, APRIL 10, 2008

POLITICS--HAZELTON, PA WAS FIRST CITY TO ENACT

LOCAL ORDINANCES PROHIBITING BUSINESSES FROM HIRING UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS AND PHOHIBITING LANDLORDS FROM RENTING TO UNDOCUMENTED.

--FEDERAL JUDGE RULED IT UNCONSTITUTIONAL, BUT IS UNDER APPEAL

--OTHER JUDGES HAVE RULED IN FAVOR OF SIMILAR ORDINANCES

--SUPREME COURT WILL LIKELY TAKE UP CASES AND ISSUE RULING THIS YEAR OR NEXT

STATES’ IMMIGRATION LEGISLATION

POLITICS--AGJOBS BILL, PROVIDES PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP FOR

INDIVIDUALS WORKING IN AGRICULTURE AND STAY IN THAT WORK FOR SOME PERIOD OF TIME.

--DREAM ACT, ALLOWS FOR UNDOCUMENTED STUDENTS AS WELL AS PEOPLE THAT SERVE IN THE US MILITARY TO QUALIFY FOR IN-STATE-TUITION AND ENTER A PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP AFTER COLLEGE

--COMPREHENSIVE IMMIGRATION REFORM, PROVIDES FOR PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP FOR THE ROUGHLY 11 TO 12 MILLION UNDOCUMENTED PEOPLE IN OUR COUNTRY, BORDER SECURITY, FAMILY INIFICATION, AND EMPLOYER SANCTIONS.

WHAT WILL HAPPEN? WHEN? WHY?

VISA PROGRAMS

1.)TEMPORARY RESIDENCE STATUS = “STUDENT VISA”

2.) PERMANENT RESIDENCE STATUS = “GREEN CARD”

3.) NATURALIZED CITIZEN = CITIZEN

4.) H-2-A = TEMPORARY AGRICULTURAL WORKERS

5.) H-1-B = SKILLED WORKERS

6.) H-2-B = SEASONAL UNSKILLED

VISA PROGRAMS

THERE ARE VISA PROGRAMS BEGINNING WITH “A” UP TO “U”, BUT MOST ARE VERY NARROWLY DEFINED

VISA PROGRAMS, GREEN CARD

--VERY DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN--CURRENT WAIT IS ABOUT 12-

YRS.--ANCHOR BABY IS A MYTH--10.8 MILLION IN US--FEES INCREASED

SIGNIFICANTLY THIS PAST YEAR

VISA PROGRAMS, GREEN CARD

There were 1,266,264 immigrants who were granted legal residence in 2006, up from 849,807 in 2000.Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States

GREEN CARDS, Sending Countries, 2006

Mexico = 173,753 China = 87,345

Philippines = 74,607 India = 61,369

Cuba = 45,614 Colombia = 43,151

Dominican Republic = 38,069

El Salvador = 31,783

Vietnam = 30,695 Jamaica = 24,976

South Korea = 24,386 Guatemala = 24,146

Other countries = 606,370

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States

VISA PROGRAMS, CITIZEN --A MILLION PETITIONS WERE IN THE PIPELINE

BY THE END OF DECEMBER 2007

--CURRENT PROJECTIONS ARE FOR 16 TO 18-MONTHS TO PROCESS

--THIS DESPITE A FEE INCREASE OF 80% THAT WAS SUPPOSE TO `SPEED UP’ THE PROCESS

--LATINO GROUPS ARE SUING THE GOVERNMENT TO SPEED UP SO THAT PEOPLE CAN VOTE ON NOV. ELECTIONS

SOURCE: NEW YOK TIMES, MARCH 7, 2008

VISA PROGRAMS, CITIZEN

--IN 1996, NATURALIZATIONS REACHED 1,000,000 AND HAVE REMAINED ABOVE 450,000 EACH YEAR SINCE.

SOURCE: NEW YOK TIMES, APRIL 12, 2008

VISA PROGRAMS, H-2-A--CREATED IN 1986 BY THE

IMMIGRATION REFORM AND CONTROL ACT OF 1986, IRCA

--FOR SEASONAL AND TEMPORARY AGRICULTURAL WORKERS

--DEPARTMENT OF LABOR HAS TO CERTIFY AS WELL AS ROLE FOR STATE WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD

--HISTORICALLY, SUGAR CANE AND APPLE INDUSTRIES RELIED HEAVILY ON THIS PROGRAM

VISA PROGRAMS, H-1-B--CREATED IN 1990

--FOR HIGHLY SKILLED WORKERS

--CAPPED AT 65,000 PLUS 20,000 FOR MS AND PHD’S FROM US UNIVERSITIES

--REACHED CAP IN A WEEK

--WILL ISSUE THROUGH LOTTERY

SOURCE: WALL STREET JOURNAL, APRIL 1, 2008

VISA PROGRAMS, H-2-B--CREATED IN 1991 FOR SEASONL NON-

AGRICULTURAL WORKERS--INITIAL LAW LIMITS VISAS TO 33,000 FOR

WINTER AND 33,000 FOR SUMMER--EACH YEAR SINCE PASSAGE, WAIVERS HAVE

BEEN ISSUED BY CONGRESS TO DO AWAY WITH CAP.

--IN 2005 RETURNING WORKERS BECAME EXEMPT FROM CAP WITH THE PASSAGE OF THE SAVE OUR SMALL AND SEASONAL BUSINESSES ACT

--THE SAVE OUR SMALL AND SEASONAL BUSINESSES ACT EXPIRED ON SEPTEMBER 30, ‘07

SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES, MARCH 41, 2008

VISA PROGRAMS, H-2-B--THIS YEAR CONGRESSIONAL HISPANIC

CAUCUS HAS BLOCKED THE WAIVER TO PUT PRESSURE ON FOR COMPREHENSIVE IMMIGRATION REFORM

--LAST YEAR, 120,000 VISAS WERE ISSUED--LANDSCAPE INDUSTRY IN OHIO EMPLOYS

3,000 WORKERS--THE DELLS EMPLOYS H-2-B’s--MEXICO IS LARGEST SOURCE OF H-2B’s =

85,000 LAST YR..JAMAICA IS SECOND WITH 14,000

SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES, MARCH 41, 2008

THE BORDER--THE SECURE FENCE ACT OF 2006

AUTHORIZES THE CONSTRUCTION OF 700 MILES OF FENCE.

--SECRETARY CHERTOFF ISSUED WAIVERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS FOR 470 MILES OF BORDER.

--FACES SUPREME COURT REVIEW

SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES, APRIL 2, 2008

THE BORDER--THERE ARE ROUGHLY 15,400

BORDER PATROL AGENTS NOW AND 18,000 BY 2009

--IN 2001, THERE WERE 9,000 AGENTS

--COST OF PROGRAM IS IS QUITE SIGNIFICANT

SOURCE; NEW YORK TIMES FEBRUARY 23, 2008

THE BORDER--2 BILLION INVESTMENT ON BORDER ENFORCEMENT

PROJECTS IN 2008 AND 2009

--50 NEW FEDERAL PROSECUTERS IN BORDER STATES

--PROSECUTERS HAVE FILED MISDEMEANOR CHARGES AGAINS T UNDOCUMNETED, HOLDING MOST IN JAIL

--IN YUMA, AZ, 1,200 PROSECUTIONS HAVE TAKEN PLACE IN LAST THREE MONTHS AND APPREHENSIONS DROPPED BY 70%

--IN LAREDO TX, APPREHENSIONS DROPPED BY 33% AFTER 45-DAYS WHEN PROSECUTIONS BEGAN

SOURCE; NEW YORK TIMES FEBRUARY 23, 2008

THE BORDER“President Obama signed into law a $500

million bill on Friday to pay for 1,500 new border agents, additional unmanned surveillance drones and new border patrol stations along the southwest border. …under a proposal…the new resources will be paid for by steep increases on visa fees for high-tech workers brought to the US by Indian companies who bring in thousands of temporary employees each year.”

SOURCE; NEW YORK TIMES, August 14, 2010

POLICE AS ENFORCERS--THE 287(g) PROGRAM AUTHORIZES HOMELAND

SECURITY TO `DEPUTIZE’ LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT TO CARRY OUT IMMIGRATION LAW MATTERS

--REQUIRES FEDERAL OVERSIGHT

--MARICOPA COUNTY [PHOENIX] HAS THE LARGEST 187(g) PROGRAM, 160 OFFICERS

--OFfICERS CAN ASK FOR `PAPERS’ DURING A ROUTINE TRAFFIC STOP

--MAYOR OF PHOENIX OPPOSES PROGRAM

SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES APRIL 9, 2008

NO MATCH LETTERS

--ISSUED IN 2007, BUT FEDERAL COURT ISSUED INJUNCTION TO STOP.

--FIRST TIME SS COMPUTERS ARE USED FOR IMMIGRATION PURPOSES

--HOMELAND SECURITY RE-ISSUED PROPOSAL ON WEEK OF MARCH 17, 2008

SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES MARCH 27, 2008

NO MATCH LETTERS

--EMPLOYER HAS 90-DAYS AFTER RECEIVING A LETTER TO VERIFY LEGAL STATUS

--IF LEGAL STATUS CANNOT BE VERIFIED, THEN EMPLOYER MUST FIRE EMPLOYEE OR BE SUBJECT TO FINES

--SS INSPECTOR GENERAL ESTIMATES THAT 17.8 OF THE 435 MILLION RECORDS HAVE ERRORS

SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES MARCH 27, 2008

REAL ID, 2005--FEDERAL LAW REQUIRING ALL STATES TO BE

COMPLIANT IN ISSUING DRIVERS’ LICENSE.

--EACH STATE HAD TO PASS ENABLING LEGISLATION.

--TO OBTAIN NEW OR RENEW, APPLICANT MUST SHOW PROOF OF LEGAL STATUS.

--ALL STATES MUST BE ISSUING COMPLIANT LICENSES BY JAN. 1, 2010

DREAM ACT--Proposed federal law that would allow undocumented

students [came to US before they were 16-yrs.] to pay in-state-tuition and enter pathway to citizenship if they obtain undergraduate degree and/or join armed forces.

--Estimate is that 726,000 students would be immediately eligible for the program…[New York Times, 8-9-’10]

--A moratorium on deporting such eligible students has been requested by Sen. Richard Durbion [D, IL] and Richard Lugar [R, ID]...[New York Times, 8-9-’10]

--The Obama administration…is sparing one group one group of illegal immigrants from expulsion: students who came to the US w/o papers when they were children...[New York Times, 8-9-’10]

DREAM ACT

--In WI, law passed in 2009—went into effect July 1, ‘09—that allows undocumented students to pay in-state-tuition….may other states have similar law…being challenged in CA.

ARIZONA LAW, S1070--Passed in Spring 2010, to take effect on 7-31-’10

--Required law enforcement jurisdictions in AZ to require papers—documenting legal status—if officer has a “reasonable suspicion” that stopped person doesn’t have papers.

--Allows for ordinary citizens to sue law enforcement jurisdictions if they are NOT implementing S1070

--Federal judge issued injunction against implementing on 7-30-’10

--Many challenged law on ground that is institutionalized “racial profiling” and usurped Federal authority

THINK ABOUT THIS“Sen. L. Graham [R. SC]…said it was `a mistake’

to allow American-born children of illegal immigrants to become citizens automatically, a practice known as birthright citizenship. He said that along with a plan to grant legal status to millions of illegal immigrants, he would also amend the 14th amendment as a ways of discouraging future unauthorized immigration.”

Source; New York Timee, 8-7-’10

THINK ABOUT THIS“…in a recent CNN poll, 62-percent of

respondents said that the policies that made America a `melting pot’ in the early 20th century were a good thing, while only 31-percent said the same policies were making the country stronger now. …the same basis question of who gets to share in the American experience…”

Source; New York Timee, Op-Ed, 8-8-’10

THINK ABOUT THIS“Staten Island Neighborhood Reels After a

Wave of Attacks on Latinos”--”Civic leaders and police officials say they are exploring

many possible reasons in the violence: anti-immigrant fervor, racism, gangs, the boredom of idle youth during the summer, joblessness, overcrowding and even the notion that attacking latinos acquired a cachet in the neighborhood this year, prompting copy-cat assaults. …all conversations about motive have eventually urned to a dynamic familiar to many neighborhoods in NY; demographic change”;

Source; New York Timee, 7-31-’10

Review Questions1.) What statistic do you think is more appropriate in

assessing the impact of immigration into the US; absolute numbers or the percentage of the total US population that immigrants represent?

2.) Why is the Hazelton, PA case important?

3.) What’s the difference between an H-2-A and an H-2-B visa?

4.) Roughly, how many miles of fencing has already been built along the US/Mexico border?

5.) What’s the 287(g) program?

6.) What’s RealID?