Immigrant Integration in Federal and Decentralisedstates ......cas des parcours d’intégration...
Transcript of Immigrant Integration in Federal and Decentralisedstates ......cas des parcours d’intégration...
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15 June 2017
ImmigrantIntegrationinFederalandDecentralised states.WhichChallenges?
IlkeAdam,ResearchProfessorInstituteforEuropeanStudies,Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Re-Bel Initiative ‘Integration Policies’
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Introduction
Ø Immigrationandimmigrantintegration,anincreasinglysalientissueinEurope.
Ø Whomanagesmigrationandintegration?ØFromanation-stateprerogativetoasituationofmulti-levelgovernance
ØDispersionofauthoritydownwards(regions &cities),upwards(EU),outwards(NGO’sand
for-profitprivateactors)
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Challenges onintegration infederal and decentralised states
(inallfederalanddecentralisedstates)1. The competencyallocation:whodecidesandwhodoes?
ØRegionsareonlypartiallycompetentØConflictsappear,coordinationisneededØPolicydivergenceasaconsequenceofdevolution
(inmultinationalstates)2. Competingnation-buildingprojects
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Challenge1:TheCompetency Allocation
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Who hasjurisdisction onintegration?Beforeansweringthisquestion,howdowedefineintegrationpolicies?
ØIntegration,acontestedtermØFosterequalitybetweenimmigrantsandnativesØInallsocietaldomains,mainly:socio-economic(education,work),political(accesstocitizenship,votingrights,politicalparticipation)andcultural(assimilationism ormulticulturalism)ØA two-wayprocess:targetingimmigrantsandnativesØMulti-levelandcross-sectoralpolicyarea
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Who hasjurisdiction overintegration?
Country Level Immigr. Reception Employm. Educat. Accesstocit. Anti-discrim
Belgium Central state L+A L+A L+A L+A
Regions * L+A L+A L+A L+A
Canada CentralState L+A L+A L+A L+A L+A
Regions(Queb.) L+A* L+A L+A L+A
UK Central state L+A L+A L+A L+A L+A L+A
Regions * L+A A L+A
Spain Centralstate L+A L+A L L+A L+A L+A
Regions(Cat.) * L+A L+A L+A L+A
Germany Centralstate L+A L+A L+A L L L+A
Regions A A L+A A L+A
Italy CentralState L+A L+A L+A L+A L+A L+A
Ord.RegionsSpec. Regions
A* L+AL+A
L+AL+A
A L+AL+A
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Who hasjurisdiction onintegration inBelgium?
Shared
Accesstocitizenship&(political)rights
Immigration(flows,residencepermits)* Employment
Anti-discrimination
Integrationandlanguageprograms
Education
Regions
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Consequences ofthis division ofcompetencies
ØBecauseofinterdependence,regionsareonlypartiallyautonomous
ØEvenwhenfulllegislativeandadministrativeautonomy
ØCoordination isneeded
ØMulti-levelconflictsarepartofthegame
ØNotonlywithsubstate nations,alsowithordinaryregions
Øwithordinaryregions,mostoftencasesofpartyincongruence
ØPolicydivergence
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Challenge2:Competing nation-buildingprojects
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Including immigrants to foster the Scottish nation-buildingproject
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Integrationasachallenge for
Ø Challengesforsub-statenationalists:the‘legitimationparadox’(Adam,2013)
Ø Including immigrantsmightreducetheculturalhomogeneitylegitimising
autonomyclaims(GagnonandIacovino,2000)
Ø Excludingimmigrantscandiscreditthenation-buildingproject,seenasintolerant
andilliberal(Kymlicka,1996)
Ø Challengesforall:Ø whereinshouldthemigrantintegrate,inthestate-nationorinthesub-statenation,
conflictingmessages
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Seen the challenges ofintegration for sub-statenations,whatregional policyto expect?
Ø Aresubstate nations’policiesmoreinclusiveorexclusive;moremulticulturalist
orassimilationist?
ØNo,asdiverseasstatepolicies
Ø Whatdistinguishestheintegrationpoliciesofsubstate nations?
Ø Moreinterventionistonthe(culturaldimensionof)integration
Ø ‘Different’thanthestateordominantordinaryregion
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Seen the challenges ofintegration for sub-statenations,whatregional policyto expect?
Ø Whatexplainsthefeaturesofiipoliciesinsub-statenations?ØOnlypartialevidence
ØContextualfactors:economy,demography,language
Ø Ideas:conceptionsofthenation,left-rightwing
Ø Institutions:degreeofautonomy,partysystems
Ø Mostrelevantexplanation:‘beingdifferent+beinglegitimate’(nation-building
interests)(Adam,forthcoming)
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Do competing nation-building projects impact integration outcomes?
• Uptodate,onlyverylittleevidenceavailable
• Limitedevidenceonlessengagementinthepoliticalcommunity:belonglesstothestate,lesstothesubstate (Canada,Belgium)
• ‘Confrontedbyaconflictthatisnottheirown,theyseemtowithdraw,feellessattached,lessidentifiedwiththepoliticalcommunitiesofthecountrytowhichtheyhavecome’(Banting
andKymlicka,2012:11)
• BelgianMoroccansfeelmoreMoroccanandlessBelgianinFlandersthaninWalloniaandBrussels(Torrekens andAdam,2015)
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ADAM,Ilke.2013.ImmigrantIntegrationPoliciesoftheBelgianRegions:Sub-stateNationalismandPolicyDivergenceafterDevolution,RegionalandFederalStudies,Vol.23,No5,p.547-569.Link