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![Page 1: Immediate Past President The Substance Abuse Program Administrators Association Jeff Sims, C-SAPA, C-SI.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070415/56649c8a5503460f94943eeb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Immediate Past PresidentThe Substance Abuse Program
Administrators Association
Jeff Sims, C-SAPA, C-SI
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Most aggressive actions occurred since the late 1980’s:
- The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 (directed U.S. Secretary of Labor to initiate efforts to address the issue)
- President Reagan’s Executive Order 12564, Drug-Free Federal Workplace (made it a condition of employment to refrain from using illegal drugs)
- Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 (required federal contractors and grantees to have drug-free workplaces)
- Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1998 (establish grant programs that assist small businesses in developing drug-free workplaces)
- Omnibus Employee Testing Act of 1991 (required transportation industry employers to conduct alcohol and drug testing for employees in “safety sensitive” positions) It created a model for non-regulated employers now follow.
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In 2006, estimated 20.4 million Americans were current illicit drug users, which is a rate of 8% among all Americans. No significant changes in recent years.
About 57 million people, or more than one-fifth (23.0 %) of the population age 12 and over, participated in binge drinking (having five or more drinks one the same occasion at least once in the past 30 days).
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In 2006, of the 17.9 million current illicit drug users age 18 and over, 13.4 million (74.9 percent) were employed.
Similarly, among 54.0 million adult binge drinkers, 42.9 million (79.4 percent) were employed.
Of the 20.6 million adults classified with substance dependence or abuse, 12.7 million (61.5 percent) were employed full-time.
Data provided by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, (2007). Results from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-32, DHHS Publication No. SMA 07-4293). Rockville, MD.
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While about half of all U.S. workers work for a small and medium sized businesses (those with fewer than 500 employees), and nine in ten employed current illicit drug users.
Almost nine in ten workers with alcohol abuse dependences work for small medium employers.
However, smaller firms do not perform testing.
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More likely to be involved in an accident and file a workers’ compensation claim
More likely to quit or get fired More likely to steal from workplace More likely to miss work More likely to be in a confrontation Less productive
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Substance abusers are: 3.6 times more likely to be involved in a
workplace accident 5 times more likely to file a workers’
compensation claim As many as 50% of all workers’
compensation claims involve substance abuse
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80% of those injured in “serious” drug-related accidents at work
are not the drug abusing employees… but innocent co-workers
and others.
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Return On InvestmentHow much does s/a cost per drug
user? $7,000 (national average)
How many drug users do you have? 17% of workforce (national average) Use their figure
How many employees do you have?
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Do the Math! 250 employees multiplied by % of drug users in their
workplace (5%) multiplied by $7000 equals cost of s/a compare to cost of drug testing
(300 tests at $45 per test average)
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250 x 5% =1313 x $7,000 =$91,000
300 (drug tests/year) x $45 (cost per test)=$13,500
$ 91,000 -13,500=$ 77,500 SAVINGS!
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A comprehensive drug-free workplace program includes:
1. Policy2. Supervisor training3. Employee education4. Employee assistance5. Drug testing (Alcohol testing)
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Employees All employees Safety-sensitive employees All employees under certain
circumstances Temps, contract workers, seasonal
hires Union workers
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Traditionally… pre-employment post-accident reasonable suspicion Random Return to duty Follow up
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Marijuana Cocaine Opiates
10/1/2010 w/ separate confirm for heroin Amphetamines
10/1/2010 w/separate confirm for MDMA Phencyclidine (PCP)
The primary drugs of abuse
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Observe Document Confront Refer Follow through
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Watch For These Signs Absenteeism “On the job” absenteeism Accidents Difficulty in concentration Confusion Spasmodic job performance Lowered efficiency Physical behaviors Relationship issues at work
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Only observable and verifiable facts allowed - not rumors
Record all actions and behaviors
Include statements or pertinent facts
State time, date, location
List witnesses
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Use documentation to outline job performance issues Avoid being
manipulated by accepting excuses
Be firm and honest Do not get
personally involved Do not become an
armchair diagnostician
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After any confrontation, a referral system is needed Outpatient services Inpatient services Support groups Testing programs
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Return to work contract Explain company’s disciplinary policy Set up specific work goals and criteria Evaluate job performance Follow-up drug and alcohol testing Family issues
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Speed things up Slow things down Confuse signals Block signals Combination of the
above
The brains pleasure centers
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Drug: Marijuana, Hashish, Hashish OilClassification: HallucinogenAdministration: Smoked or swallowedAppearance:
Dry crushed leaves (marijuana) Hand-rolled cigarettes (joints) Hard chunks of resin (hashish) Dark viscous liquid (hashish oil)
Detection time in urine: _______?
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In 2001, over 12 million Americans age 12 and older used marijuana at least once in the month prior to being surveyed. That is more than three quarters (76 percent) of the total number of Americans who used any illicit drug in the past month in 2001. Of the 76 percent, more than half (56 percent) consumed only marijuana; 20 percent used marijuana and another illicit drug; and the remaining 24 percent used an illicit drug or drugs other than marijuana(1).
Although marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, among students in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades nationwide its use remained stable from 1999 through 2001(2). Among 8th graders, however, past year use has decreased, from 18.3 percent in 1996 to 15.4 percent in 2001. Also in 2001, more than half (57.4 percent) of 12th graders believed it was harmful to smoke marijuana regularly and 79.3 percent disapproved of regular marijuana use. Since 1975, 83 percent to 90 percent of every 12th grade class surveyed has found it "fairly easy" or "very easy" to obtain marijuana(3).
Data for drug-related hospital emergency department visits in the continental United States recently showed a 15 percent increase in the number of visits to an emergency room that were induced by or related to the use of marijuana from 96,426 in 2000 to 110,512 in 2001. The 12 to 34 age range was involved most frequently in these mentions. For emergency room patients in the 12 to 17 age range, the rate of marijuana mentions increased 23 percent between 1999 and 2001 (from 55 to 68 per 100,000 population) and 126 percent (from 30 to 68 per 100,000 population) since 1994(4).
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Sponsored by a’ TEST consultants, inc., and funded by the U.S. Small Business Administration – Paul D. Coverdell Drug-Free Workplace Program
– Short term memory loss– Depth perception issues– Dreamy, relaxed feeling– Increased senses of sight, smell, taste, and
hearing – leads up to excessive smoking and “munchies”
– Hallucinations– Anxiety– Impaired muscle coordination
MARIJUANA EFFECTSMARIJUANA EFFECTS
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Rapid, loud talking Sleepiness Lack of motivation Reduced
concentration Reduced inhibitions Sexual dysfunction Giggly, ridiculous
conversation
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Drug: Cocaine
Classification: Stimulant, local anesthetic
Administration: Snorted, injected, smoked
Appearance: White crystalline powder, bitter numbing taste, odorless, from coca plant leaves
Clinical Effects: Euphoria, motor and verbal hyperactivity, mood swings, inflated self-esteem
Detection Time in Urine: 2-4 days
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Weight loss Paranoia Anxiety, irritability Elevated blood pressure Increased heart rate Sleeplessness-fatigue Psychological problems
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Cold sweats Coma, convulsions Dilated pupils Nose bleeds Depressed or sad Talkativeness Self-confidence < >
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020406080
100120
Min. Length Per Minute Max. Length Per Minute
Smoked (freebase) immediateInjected secondsSnorted 30 secondsOrally 3-5- mins
Length of a rush
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Drugs: Morphine, Heroin, Codeine, Oxycodone Hydromorphone
Classification: Narcotic analgesicAdministration: Swallowed, smoked or
injectedAppearance: White, brown, or black
powder, injectable liquids, tablets, capsules (various sizes and colors)
Detection Time in Urine: 3 days
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Euphoria Drowsiness Respiration
depressed Pain management Psychological
dependence
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Sleepiness Slowed reflexes Confusion Poor concentration Slurred speech Constricted pupils Shaking Diarrhea or cramps
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MRO’s may request quantitative values of codeine/morphine 2000 ng/ml or less suggest poppy
seeds or RX 2500 ng/ml or above with codeine
present rules out poppy seeds, may be a RX, or illegal use of morphine or heroin
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Drug: PhencyclidineClassification: Hallucinogen, anestheticAdministration: Smoked, swallowed, or
injectedAppearance: Pills, capsules, powders Detection Time in Urine: 2 days or 8 days
in severe overdose
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Psychedelic reaction
Hallucinations Combative
behavior Symptoms of
insanity Catatonic state Reduced work
motivation
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Convulsion Muscle rigidity Profuse sweating Slurred speech Involuntary eye
movements Inappropriate
remarks
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Drug: Methamphetamine, amphetamineClassification: CNS stimulant (speed)
Administration: Swallowed, injected, smoked
Appearance: Powders, crystals, capsules, tablets
Detection Time in Urine: 24 - 48 hours
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Palpitations Tachycardia Hypertension Dizziness Insomnia Hallucinations
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Euphoria then restlessness
Agitation Irritability Extreme paranoia Weight loss Malnutrition Tooth decay
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Drug: EthanolClassification: PsychoactiveAdministration: Wine, beer, liquorAppearance: Liquid, several colorsDetection in Urine: Generally 1 ounce of
alcohol is eliminated per hour Note: Urine alcohol testing cannot
withstand a court challenge
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Trembling or DT’s Dizziness Staggering Weepy, bloodshot eyes Lethargic behavior Hallucinations, convulsions
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Aggressiveness Nausea or vomiting Alcohol
breath(fruity smell) do not be mistaken by a diabetic(acetone)
Incoherent (slurred) speech
Unconsciousness
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Contact Jeff @ 800.837.8648, Ext 117, or by email @
Any Questions????Any Questions????