IMB 02 Energy Transport in the Atmosphere

8/8/2019 IMB 02 Energy Transport in the Atmosphere

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Energy in the Ocean-

Atmosphere Climate System

ENVI3410 : Lecture 2

Dr Ian [email protected] : Room 3.25

www.env.leeds.ac.uk/~ibrooks


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ENVI3410 : Coupled Ocean & Atmosphere Climate Dynamics 2

The atmosphere-ocean system acts as a

heat engine

Energy OUT = Energy IN Work done moving atmosphere and

ocean around

Energy IN(solar radiation)

Work done Energy OUT(heat lost to space

as infra-red radiation)


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Contributions to global ocean-

atmosphere energy budget

Energy Flux (W m-2)

Solar radiation 340

Latent heat 70Rate of kinetic energy dissipation ~2

Photosynthesis ~0.1

Geothermal heat flux 0.06

World energy production (fossil fuels) 0.02


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Incoming solar radiation

342 W m2

Reflected by clouds,

aerosol & atmosphere

77

168

30

Reflected

by surface

Absorbed by surface

Absorbed by

atmosphere

67

thermals

24

24Evapo-transpiration

78

78 390 324

324350

40

4030

Surface radiation Absorbed bysurface

reflected solar

radiation

107 W m2

back radiation

emitted by

atmosphere

165

Outgoing

longwave

radiation235 W m2


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IPCC : http://www.ipcc.ch/present/graphics.htm


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0.9

0.8

0.7

0.3

0.1

0.005

0.002

Heat absorbed by the continents (Beltrami et al. 2002)

Heat required to melt continental glaciers at estimated maximum melting

rate (Houghton et al. 2001)

Heat absorbed by the atmosphere during 1955-96 (Levitus et al. 2001)

Heat absorbed by

the oceans

Heat required to reduce Antarctic sea-ice extent (de la Mare, 1997)

Heat required to melt mountain glaciers at estimated maximum melting

rate (Houghton et al. 2001)

Heat require to melt northern hemisphere sea-ice (Parkinson et al. 1999)

Heat require to melt Arctic perennial sea-ice volume (Rotherock et al.

1999)

14.5

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Estimate of Earths heat balance components (1022 J) for the

period 1955-1988(after Levitus et al, 2005, GRL, VOL. 32, L02604, doi:10.1029/2004GL021592)


7/24ENVI3410 : Coupled Ocean & Atmosphere Climate Dynamics 7

Ts

SWi

SWr LWe

SWi = Solar (shortwave) radiation

SWr = shortwave reflected

LWe = Infra red (longwave) emitted

radiation

= Ts4

Ts = surface temperature

= Stefan-Boltzman constant

(5.67 x 10-8 Watts m-2 K-4 )

At equilibrium SWi = SWr + LWe

No Atmosphere

In the absence of an atmosphere the surface temperature of earth would be

approximately 255K (-18C). Its actual mean temperature is 288K (+15C)



Radiation absorbed from ONE direction, heating gas, is re-emitted in ALL directions

CO2

Some radiation

passes through

atmosphere

Some radiation absorbed

by gas molecules



Ferrel Cell

Polar Cell

Idealized model of atmospheric circulation.N.B. actual circulations are not continuous in space or time.

60

30

0

30

60

90

90

NetRa

diati

on

HeatTransp

ort



0

30

60

Polar Front

Mid-latitude

Jet Stream

Tropical

jet

Deep convection



IPCC : http://www.ipcc.ch/present/graphics.htm


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From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html

Animation of monthly net Short-Wave (solar) radiation (W/m2)


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Animation of monthly net Long-Wave (infra-red) radiation (W/m2)


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Animation of monthly net radiation (W/m2)


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Animation of monthly sensible heat flux (W/m2)


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Animation of monthly latent heat flux (W/m2)


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Animation of monthly change in heat storage (W/m2)


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Animation of monthly surface temperature (C)


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Animation of monthly sea-level pressure (mb) and surface winds


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Concentrations of 3 well-mixed greenhouse gases

Suphate aerosols deposited in

Greenland ice


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Increases in greenhouse gas concentrations

change the radiative balance of the earth by

reducing the outgoing longwave radiation.

The climate system must adjust to a newequilibrium.

The nature of the change in climate state is

complicated by the large number of interacting

processes.


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Online Resources

The animations shown in this lecture have been made available at

www.env.leeds.ac.uk/~ibrooks/envi3410

The were produced by the Department of Geography at the

University of Oregon. These and some additional animations can be

found at :http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html
http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/~ibrooks/envi3410http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.htmlhttp://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.htmlhttp://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/~ibrooks/envi3410

IMB 02 Energy Transport in the Atmosphere

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