Imagibility of Kayutangan Historic Area - TEXTROAD. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 1(5... · J. Basic....

J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 1(5)418-426, 2011

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*Corresponding Author: Dr. Dian Kusuma Wardhani, Lecturer of Departement of Regional and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, UB, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Imagibility of Kayutangan Historic Area Dian Kusuma Wardhani, Septiana Hariyani, Tito Lutfi Novianto Rizaldi

Lecturer of Departement of Regional and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, UB, Indonesia

Received 13 April, 2011 Accepted 19 April, 2011.

ABSTRACT

This paper studied how people preceive Kayutangan Area and its elements (path, edge, landmark, district and nodes) and described the alteration of these elements. The methodology consisted time-line maping analysis. The result showed that some changes occur in these elements (number, type and condition) from period to period and This Result can be used as guidance to protect these elements, in order to maintain environmental quality and the image of Kayutangan Historic Area of Malang.

Key Words: image elements, mental map, Historic Area.

INTRODUCTION

Kayutangan is a place rich in memories and full of the romanticism of the past, especially for the Malang’s dweller. Kayutangan used to be a famous center of commerce or trade and entertainment center of society in Colonial era. Kayutangan formed by the rows of historic colonial Building, built in 1920 known as “Nieuwe Bouwen” style [1]. The image and identity of Kayutangan stand until early 70’s, due to the decline of its economic activity. But above all that, People of Malang still have strong place attactment to Kayutangan areas. The image of the city is a mental picture of a city in accordance with the average view of society [2]. In research performed by Kevin Lynch, the result that in many city people have stronger mental picture of the region than elsewhere. Based on this analysis, Lynch suggests five elements that can be used to reveal the image of the city namely path, node, district, edge and landmarks [3]. Spatial cognition related to how to obtain, organize, save and reload the information about the order of the physical environment [4]. Mental maps or also known as cognitive map is defined as a process, which allows us to collect, organize, store in memory and outlines return information about a geographic environment. All information obtained is stored in a system structured in your mind person, and to a certain extent, this structure related to the environment represents [4]. Lynch argues if urban planner or designer understand how people preceive the elements of cites or parts of cities and design to make cities more imageable, they can create more psychologically satisfying urban environment [3].

Mental map is an abstract vision of the environment prepared for human actions to be taken in planning behaviour [5]. Put more simply, cognitive maps are a method we use to construct and accumulate spatial knowledge, allowing the "mind's eye" to visualize images in order to reduce cognitive load, and enhance recall and learning of information. This type of spatial thinking can also be used as a metaphor for non-spatial tasks, where people performing non-spatial tasks involving memory and imaging use spatial knowledge to aid in processing the task [6]. According to Lynch, the more obvious elements will facilitate the formation of the person's mental map of the environment concerned. Mental map serves to overcome the problem of location and distance and to show identification [5]. Besides useful to anticipate the actions of mental map also allows people for the mark, create a structure and store spatial information visual and organize a response to the object he saw [6].

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Wardhani et al., 2011

Through his experience, mental map can be a measure of environmental significance for a person's life. And this process also take place on the area of Kayutangan and its dweller for years. Therefore the protection of the historic area of Kayutangan need to be conducted, in order people not loosing their environmental attachment

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study used two sources of data, primary data (observation, questionnaires, and informant

interviews) and secondary data (literature studies, and data agencies and organizations). Assessment of characteristics based on mental mapping : a. Environmental b. Perception c. Spatial Cognition

All sub variables used in cognitive mapping because it can identify the characteristic area of public perception. Evaluative Analysis of changes of the city image and its elements using the before-after analysis methods. Represents the condition before the pre Indische Kayutangan (before the year 1800), Indische-year period 1800-1914, Indische year period 1914-1940, and represents the conditions after the end of colonialism to the present, namely the period of independence (1940-2010). Elements analyzed include the physical element of the image of the region to assess the type, shape, location, extent, and amount using 5 element of the city [7]

a. PATHS - channel for movement (i.e., streets, sidewalks, railroads, canals, transit lines). People observe the city while moving through it.

b. NODES - points, junctions, a crossing, convergence of paths (i.e., break-points of transportation - railroad stop or highway to city street; plaza, commercial corner; hang-out). People enter the city at strategic points, or they head toward a spot.

c. EDGES - boundaries between two phases (i.e., shores, walls, barriers). Edges close one region from another. Or, they could be lines that hold related regions together.

d. DISTRICT - territory with a function (i.e., park, residential area). Districts are the sections of the city. LANDMARK - reference point (i.e., natural feature, monument, statue). Landmarks become identifiable if they stand out and are different from their surroundings.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Imagibility of Kayutangan Historic Area

The image of Kayutangan is a mental picture of a city in accordance with the average view of Malang city’s dweller. People have stronger mental picture of the Kayutangan region than elsewhere. Characteristics of the area based on community assessment is obtained from the questionnaire distributed to 90 respondents owner / manager of the historic old buildings and 86 respondents of non-owner / manager of the historic old buildings and in-depth interview with the community.

Analysis of regional characteristics based on mental maps is done to describe the elements that become the identity of historic areas and areas that have a special memory for the community. Overall, people understand the Kayutangan Area as a historic district. This area has been existed since colonial periode (before 1940) and characterized by the existence of old buildings that have colonial style (Nieuwe Bouwen, De stijl, art deco, Neogothic)), which is used as a marker for the community in describing the cognitive area. In addition, Kayutangan Area is one of the commercial center in Malang, but the impression of the historic area has decreased due to changes in the existing old buildings in the this area. The existence of these elements (landmark, path, nodes, district and edge) gives the information that forms the familiar pattern in their memory to identify the region (Figure 1). The Imagibility of the Kayutangan Area consits of: a. Pathways

The circulation routes used by people to perform the movement in Kayutangan are Basuki Rahmat Street as a major network and narrow streets of Kayutangan alley as minor route network

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b. Nodes Nodes on the study area include T-junction (Basuki Rahmat Street, Brig S. Riyadi Street and Jenderal Suprapto Street), intersection ( Basuki Rahmat Street, Semeru Street and Kahuripan Street), junction (between Basuki Rahmat Street and Majapahit Street), and Talun Market

c. Edge The Brantas Rivers and the roads become boundary between Kayutangan Area with other regions.

d. District The Kayutangan Settlements located in the alley Basuki Rahmat, Arif Rahman Hakim, and Semeru and trade area in the corridor Jalan Basuki Rahmat.

e. Landmark: Based on the perception of society, historical building that become the landmark of this area are the cathedral –Hati Kudus-, Oen Restaurant, twin building (Commonwealth Bank & Pit Stop Café), Avia Shops, and government building (PLN). Tabel 4.10 Change of the Element of Image Area and Cause of Change

Element of Image Area

Changes of the Element of Image Area Based on ‘Before-After Analysis’

Cause of Changes

Path (figure 1)

Before 1800’s, The condition of roads in Kayutangan still a dirt road which then amplified and equipped with a pedestrian path in Indische period

Tramway and green strip was built across the street Kayutangan in 1930's

Tramway on Main Street of Kayutangan was demolished in 1970's meanwhile road was enhanced with hotmix asphalt, and equipped with the median of the main road. Pavement concrete and paving blocks was built for the minor path in the settlement.

Kayutangan Street was turned into Jalan Basuki Rahmat on 1970's

Economic growth and the rapid development in the Kayutangan has caused expansion of road and increased parking space requirements

This expansion and parking requirement has reduced the width of the existing pedestrian path, and also also led to several trees felling.

The changed of street name occurred due to political condition related on the policy from government to replace the name of street to minimize the influence of the Colonial.

Nodes (figure 2)

Nodes in the region have an addition from period to period. The change occurs at Concordia Soceiteit building, which

is one of Nodes in Regions Kayutangan on Indische period. It turned into a store of Sarinah in 1975.

There are several new nodes such as the Gramedia bookstore, BCA offices, and Mc'D restaurants in Kayutangan area, with trading activities, offices, and worship that have high activity and movement.

Economic growth has caused the rapid development in Kayutangan, so that Nodes in Kayutangan was changed or move.

Edges (figure 3)

The creeks and drainage canals of Brantas River have become the boundary of the Kayutangan distrit for years.

Road of B.S. Riyadi and Arif Rahman Hakim have been the boundaries of the north side and the south side of Kayutangan area.

There is no change on the edges of the Kayutangan area.

District (figure 4)

There is a settlement which later becomes commercial district during Indisch period.

Basuki Rahmat Street has been developed rapidly and become one of economic center in Malang city.

The density in settlement area have increased during Indische period and independence period.

In recent years, economic activity have a decreased, trade and service building have a changed function.

Kayutangan has become the center bussiness district (CBD) area periode to periode.

The modern shopping center (MOG, MATOS) has attract some traders to move their business from Kayutangan and it makes Kayurangan lose their visitors.

Landmark (figure 5)

Landmarks in the area are unchanged from Indische period (before 1914) until now (2010): Cathedral of Hati Kudus Jesus, Oen Restaurant, twin buildings at the intersection of Kayutangan, PLN offices, and store of Avia.

These elements have experienced the physical changes i.e. replacement of color, the twin buildings at the intersection of Kayutangan have changes in function from the initial function.

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I n f o r m a t i o n :

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K a y u t a n g a n i n I n d i s c h e P e r i o d ( 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 4 0 A D ) K a y u t a n g a n i n N a t i o n a l I n d e p e n d e n t P e r i o d ( 1 9 4 0 - 2 0 1 0 A D )

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Figure 1. The Changes of Pathways


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Figure 2. The Changes of Nodes

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Figure 3. The Change of Edges


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Figure 4. The Change of Districts

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Gambar 4.64 Peta perubahan landmark

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Information :

Building

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Information :

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Kayutangan Before Indische Period (before 1800 AD) Kayutangan in Indische Period (1800 - 1914 AD)

Kayutangan in Indische Period (1914 - 1940 AD) Kayutangan in National Independent Period (1940 - 2010 AD)

Figure 5. The Change of Landmarks

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The old shopping centre with harmony impression The Cathedral Church of

Hati Kudus Jesus

The old building with advertisement on building façade

‘Oen Restaurant’ as a one of landmark The old shopping centre with harmony

impression Side1 BASUKI RAHMAT STREET


Side 2

BASUKI RAHMAT STREET


The new building with office function The new building with contrast impression with around

Gambar 4.33 Corridor Façade of Basuki Rahmat Street

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The new building with contrast impression with around

Twin building in intersection as one of

landmark

Tower element as a building






BASUKI RAHMAT STREET JAKGUNG SUPRAPTO STREET

Figure 6. Corridor Façade of Basuki Rahmat Street

Figure 7. The Landmarks of Kayutangan Area

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Conclusions

Based on the analysis before - after, the changes in element image area that is increasing the number, type and condition of the region form the image element from period to period. The results is obtained based on cognitive mapping community, figure ground analysis, analysis of linkages, and analysis of environmental change. Conservation Guidance should preserving the image of the area and maintaining the existence of the five elements (landmarks, nodes, paths, districts, edges) so that the existence of these elements not only can enrich the identity and image of Kayutangan but also to improve the sources of the present and future development. Some study need to be done in term of community involvement and funding aspects of environmental and historic buildings conservation, design guidelines in order to control the changes of Kayutangan Historic Area. Signage arrangement at Kayutangan will provide protection and avoid the mis- installation of billboards on the building façadethat will decrease buildings aesthetics. The Government of Malang City are expected to form a partnership within the private sector, the community and goverment in protecting and preserving the historic district.

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