Images of the ‘Savage’

state of savagery (nature), AD 1500

AMNH, 1993

American Museum (AMNH), 1921

Neanderthals• Nearly complete skeleton in

shallow grave at la Chapelle aux Saints (found 1908) became generalized description:

• Misshapen individual: acutely curved spine from osteoarthritis, thus being bent-over or hunched; old and highly degenerated

• Hardly representative of greater (i.e., younger and healthier) population

Brutish Neanderthals

Re-Constructing a Neanderthal

Levallois Technique

By late Mousterian a variety of fairly finely worked stone tools were being used by Neanderthal populations

Distribution of Mousterian technology in Eurasia

MOUSTERIAN, 200-40k UPPER PALEOLITHIC,90(africa)/40-12k

ACHEULEAN, to 1.5m

OLDOWAN, to 2.4m

Ceremonialism• Evidence from burials shows that

Neanderthals accommodated the sick and injured in life. Some living individuals were in very bad physical condition requiring care by others: La Chapelle; evidence of blind and maimed individual

• Treated the dead with honor and ritual; Grave goods?

Artist’s impression of Shanidar Cave, Iraq

Neanderthal flute? (50k)

Neanderthal

Late Pleistocene Greece

600-400k

1.8 m – 600 k

1 m – 50k

500-35 k400 k - now

H. floresiensis, or “the Hobbit”

H. sapiens

800k

Neanderthals in southern Spainto 31-28 K

Lagar Velho, Portugal (1998); 25k, 4 year old, Homo sapiens/Homo neandertalensis transition?

DNA

Supports suggestion of Neanderthal as separate species

20

40

70

120

06/12/03

Herto, Ethiopia (160k)(transitional modern H. sapiens)

Middle Stone Age: 250-125 k

Cranial Features of Anatomically Modern Humans

• Cranial capacity: 1350 cc• Vertical frontal bone (forehead)• High, parallel walled cranial vault• Rounded occiptal region (lacking occiptal

torus)• Non-continuous brow ridge• Flat, non-projecting face• chin

Border cave Klasies River Mouth

Howieson’s Poort

Middle Stone Age, Southern Africa(Anatomically modern H. sapiens)

Blombos

Blombos Cave, South Africa, 75k

Shell ornaments

Incised ocher, bone tools, stone projectile points

MSA: Bone technology• Bone points from MSA

deposits at Blombos Cave (a), Peers Cave (b), Sibudu Cave (c) and Klasies River (d);

• Later Stone Age layers at Rose Cottage Cave (e) and Jubilee Shelter (f), and an Iron Age occupation at Mapungubwe (g)

MSA Iron AgeLSA

Katanda, Democratic Republic of Congo (110-80 k)

Kung arrow points, 20th century

Broad spectrum diet, including terrestrial and marine mammals, fish, shell-fish, and reptiles

Clear evidence of hearths

Blade technology and projectile points

Art and ritual objects

Middle Stone Age:

Post-100,000 Behavior(H. sapiens)

• Increased diversity and standardization in material culture• More rapid change in artifacts• Organic material culture• Jewelry and carvings• Figurative and non-figurative art• Clear organization of space (dwellings and elaborate hearths)• Long-distance transport of lithic raw materials• Broad-spectrum economies• Storage• Large mammal hunting• Occupation of more difficult environments• Growth in population density

EUROPEAN UPPER PALEOLITHIC

Aurignacian (40-29 K)Gravettian (29-21 K)Solutrian (21-19 K)

Magdalenian (19-12K)

Broad Spectrum EconomyMore Settled Life &Larger Communities

ReligionComplex ToolsCold Weather

ClothingShelter

Art

Burial discovered by workmen in 1868 at Cro-Magnon (30K), in the village of Les Eyzies in France.

Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition (55-35k)

• Aurignacian (after 40K)• Aurignac Rockshelter, Pyrenees, France

Sunghir, Aurignacian, near Moscow, 30k

Mezir, Ukraine, 30-25K BP

Siberia, 10k

Elephant Hunters?

Grotte du Lazaret (France), 186-127 K

Terra Amata (France), 200-400 K

Early Dwellings

Magdalenian Structure

Reconstruction at UpperPaleolithic Site in

Dordogne region, France

Dolní Věstonice, Czech Republic (27-23 K)

Dolní Věstonice

Art and Clothes (Perishables)

ROCKART

Art and personal adornment probably quite old, but blossoms in the Upper Paleolithic

Art shows much about society:

Shamanism and Ritual (fertility)

Territory

Group Identity and Solidarity

Artistry

16,000

15,000

13,000

Deep skull, 40k

Niah cave, Sarawak

Lake Mungo (40k+)

Burial with red ocher

Boats from south-east Asia to Australia, 100km at its shortest point back then

(can’t see from coast to coast)

Clovis and Big-Game Hunting(13-12 K)

Mega-fauna extinction: over-kill or post-LGM

climate change

Meadowcroft, PA• Strata IIA: C14 dates between 16,200 and

13,200 BP from undoubted cultural origin; (to 21,000 BP years from uncertain origin)

Monte Verde, Chile (15k)

Monte Verde, 15-13 K