Image processing domain in biometrics

8/12/2019 Image processing domain in biometrics

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KNOWLEDGE

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Biometrics

Y.KARTHICK

CSE II YEAR,

PH: 9150057641MAIL:!"#$%&'!!&($)*+"&.'(

+

K.KUMARESAN

CSE II YEAR

PH: 9715747-04

MAIL:!+"#/"+!15)*+"&.'(+


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A2STRACT:

Biometrics is seen by many as a

solution to a lot of the user

identification and securityproblems in todays networks.

Password abuse and misuse,

intentional and inadvertent is a

gaping hole in network security.

This results mainly from human

error, carelessness and in some

cases maliciousness. Biometrics

removes human error from thesecurity equation.

ur paper will e!amine all the

technological and feasibility

aspects as well as the practical

applications. "e will look at many

different biometric methods of

identifying the user.

INTRODUCTION:

This paper provides a broad

overview of the sub#ect ofbiometrics, their usage, how

performance is measured, the

typical construction of systems and

practical implementation issues. $

basic understanding of computer

networks is requisite in order to

understand the principles of

network security. $ %NETWORK&

has been defined as %any set of

interlinking lines resembling a net,

a network of roadsan

interconnected system, a network

of alliances. This

definition suits our purpose well. $

interconnected computers.

'oving on to the definition ofbiometrics, it is a means of

identifying a person by measuring

a particular physical or behavioral

characteristic and later comparing

it to those of many people

computer network is simply a

system of that are stored in the dat

base. Biometrics was identified as

one amongst () emerging


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technologies which would change

the world in the twenty*first

century.

Definition:

The statistical use of the

characteristic variations in unique

elements of living organisms is

known as biometrics.

Why we need biometrics?

+n order to avoid the

problems of forgetting passwords

and + codes, Biometrics based

authentication helps us in verifying

your finger prints, iris pattern and

voice for your identity at $.T.'-s,

$irports etc.., you can unlock your

houses, withdrawing money from a

bank with #ust a blink of an eye, a

tap of your finger or by #ust

showing your face.

Biometrics-what is it?

Biometrics refers to the

automatic identification of a

person based on hisher

physiological or behavioral

characteristics. This method of

identification is preferred over

traditional methods involving

password-s and P+/ numbers for

various reasons:

0i1 The person to be identified

is required to be

physically present at the

point of identification.

0ii1 +dentification based on

biometric techniques

obviates the need to

remember a password or

carry a token. By

replacing P+/-s, biometrictechniques can potentially

prevent unauthori2ed

access to or fraudulent use


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of $.T.'s, 3mart cards,

computer networks.

0iii1 P+/s passwords may be

forgotten, and token based

methods of identification

like passwords and

driver-s licenses may be

forged, stolen or lost. $

biometric system is

essentially a pattern

recognition system which

makes a personal

identification by

determining the

authenticity of a specific

physiological or

behavioral characteristic

possessed by the user.

Desin iss!es of biometric

systems: $n important issue in

designing a practical system is to

determine how an individual is

identified and are designed by

keeping two characteristics in

mind, they are:

P%&'"

'%"#"'$/#&$&'

P/#(" $#"&$

* 4ingerprint,

5andprint

* 6oice pattern

* 4ace

* 5andwriting

* 3cent, Thermal

image *

$coustic 3ignature

* +ris Pattern

epending on the conte!t a

biometric system can be


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either a

verification0authentication1

system or an identification

system

"erification "s #dentification:

There are two different

ways to resolve a person-s identity:

verification and identification.

6erification 0$m + whom + claim +

am71 involves confirming are

denying a person-s claimed

identity. +n identification, one has

to establish a person-s identity

0"ho am +71. 8ach one of these

approaches has its own

comple!ities and could probably

be solved best by a certain

biometric system.

Ty$es of biometric de%ices and

their ser%ices: /ow let-s see some of the

biometric devices being widely

used in many areas like

computernetwork security,

government organi2ations,

prisons9. They are:

4ingerprint

identification.

4ace recognition.

+ris recognition.

5and geometry.

3ignature recognition.

etinal scanning

6oice verification9.

$nd now let-s see some

of these biometric devices, their

services, advantages and

disadvantages in detail.

&iner$rint reconition:

4inger prints are unique

to each individual and no two

fingerprints are alike. 4ingerprint

recognition is most widelyaccepted biometric among the

technology being used today.

4ingerprints contain patterns of


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ridges and valleys as well as

minutiae points. 'inutiae points

are local ridge characteristics that

occur at either the ridge bifurcation

or a ridge ending.

There are three methods for

scanning finger prints: 0(1

ptical scanners,

0;1Thermal scanners and0?*coordinate that is then

stored in a file.

The correlation*based

method looks at the entire

pattern of ridges and valleys

in the fingerprint. The

location of the whorls, loops

and arches and the direction

that they flow in are

e!tracted and stored. /either

method actually keeps the

captured image@ only the data

is kept, therefore making it

impossible to recreate the

fingerprints.&


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nce the scanning is complete, the

analysis is done by a comparison

of several features of the

fingerprint know as minutia.

+nvestigators are systems look at

where the ridge lines end or where

one ridge splits into two

0bifurcation1. The scanning system

uses complicated algorithms to

recogni2e and analy2e the minutia.

+f two prints have three ridge

endings, two bifurcations, and

form the same shape with the same

dimensions, then it is likely the

same person-s fingerprints.

'd%antaes:

5igh accuracy rate.

=an perform (*to*

many comparisons.

+ne!pensive

equipment.

8asy to use 0samples

are easy to capture

and maintain1.

'ost established and

oldest of the biometri

technology.

Disad%antaes:

$ctual finger scan

images cannot be

recreated from a

template image

Asers relate

fingerprint

recognition tocriminal activity.

&ace (or &acial) reconition:

4ace recognition is one of the

newer biometrics technologies.

The technology analy2es facial

characteristics and attempts to

match it to database of digiti2ed

pictures. This technology is


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relatively new and has only been

commercially available since the

()-s. 4ace recognition has

received a surge of attention since

of disaster of (( for its ability to

identify known terrorists and

criminals.

4ace recognition uses distinctive

features of the face Cincluding the

upper outlines of the eye socket,

the areas surrounding the

cheekbones, the sides of the

mouth, and the location of the nose

and ears C to perform verification

and identification. The first step in

the face recognition is to obtain an

image of an individual and store it

in a database for later use. Asually,

several pictures 0or video images1

at different angles are taken.+ndividuals may also be asked to

make different facial e!pressions

for the data base. /e!t, the images

are analy2ed and e!tracted to

create a template. The last step is

to verify the individual-s identity

by matching images to those

images that been stored in

database.

There are four main methods being

used for facial recognition:

E&*/3"'/:a tool developed

by '+T that e!tracts

characteristics through the

use of two*dimensional

grayscale imagery.

F/"$#/ A"& "(

!( " L('" F/"$#/

A"& LFA:is the mos

widely used technique

because of its ability to

accommodate for facial

changes and aspect. D4$

uses an algorithm to create a

face print 0EF bytes in si2e1

for comparison.


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N/#" /$(#!:a method

that e!tracts features from

the face and create a

template of contrasting

elements that is then

matched to a template in

database.

A$(+"$/ F"'/

P#('/&* AFP:a

technique that looks for

distances and ratios between

certain facial features, and is

more ideal for poorly lit

areas.

'd%antaes:

5igh accuracy rate.

=an be performed

from a distance.

$ccepted by most

users.

/on*intrusive.

5ands*free.

Disad%antaes:

=annot not always

account for the effect

of aging.

3ensitive to lighting

conditions.

=an perform limited

(*to*many

comparisons.

#ris reconition:

/o two irises are alike, not even in

one individual or in identical

twins. The iris consists of over F))


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distinguished characteristics.

=ompared to the F) or G) points of

distinct fingerprint characteristics,

the iris has more than ;G) distinct

features. Therefore, iris scanning is

much more accurate than

fingerprints or even /$ analysis

of the distinguishing features.

+ris scanning is e!ecuted by

scanning the measures of the

colored circle that surrounds the

pupil. "ith video technology, a

camera scans the iris pattern,

which consists of corona, pits,

filaments, crypts, striations, and

radial furrows 0page1. The systemsoftware then digiti2es the unique

information of the iris and stores it

for authentication at a later

time. +ris scanning is easy,

accurate, and convenient. ne

significant downfall of +ris

recognition is the initial startup

costs as they are e!tremely high.

+n identifying one-s +ris, there are

two types of methods that are used

by +ris identification systems,

passive and active. The active +ris

system method requires that a user

be anywhere from si! to (F inches

away from the camera. +t also

requires the user to move back and

forth so that the camera can ad#ust

and focus in on the user-s iris. The

passive system allows the user to

be anywhere from one to three fee
http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.abcmoney.co.uk/aimage/1136_eye_scanning.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.abcmoney.co.uk/news/1220062146.htm&h=152&w=225&sz=12&hl=en&start=5&tbnid=tjgRL7vzqcq0LM:&tbnh=73&tbnw=108&prev=/images%3Fq%3Diris%2Bscan%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Denhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Humaniris.jpg


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away from the camera0s1 that

locate and focus in on the iris.

This technology-s main uses are

for authentication, identification,

and verification of an individual.

'd%antaes:

5igh accuracy rate

+mitation is almost

impossible

Disad%antaes:

perceived to be

intrusive and invasive

=an be done from a

short distance optical readers are

difficult to operate

requiring advanced

training for employees

*and eometry:

5and geometry is concerned with

measuring the physical

characteristics of the user-s hand

and fingers and it is believed to be

sufficiently unique for use as a

means of biometric authentication.

The technology records various

dimensions of the human hand, it

is relatively easy to use, and offers

a good balance of performance

characteristics. eader

configurations vary among a

softball*shaped device which the

sub#ect grabs in his hand and a flat

plate which the sub#ect places

hisher hand, a bar which the

sub#ect grabs as if opening a door,

and a flat plate which the sub#ect

places hisher hand on.

5and geometry readers are

developed in a wide range of


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scenarios, including time and

attendance recording where they

have proved e!tremely popular.

The methodology may be suitable

where there is a large user base or

there are users who access the

system infrequently. $ccuracy can

be very high if desired.

5and geometry readers are

relatively large and e!pensive but

the ease of integration into other

systems and processes, small

template si2e 0only bytes for pure

hand geometry template1 and ease

of use makes it a good choice for

many pro#ects.

*and eometry "s &iner$rints:

Anlike

fingerprints

the human hand isn-t unique. ne

can use finger length, thickness

and curvature for the purposes of

verification but not for

identification. 4or some kinds of

access control like immigration

and border control, invasive

biometrics 0e.g., fingerprints1 may

not be desirable as they infringe on

privacy. +n such situations it is

desirable to have a biometric

system that is sufficient for

verification. $s hand geometry is

not distinctive, it is idle choice.

4urther more, hand geometry data

is easier to collect. "ith

fingerprint collection good

frictional skin is required by

imaging systems, and with retina*

based recognition systems, speciallighting is necessary. $dditionally

hand geometry can be easily

combined with other biometrics,


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namely fingerprint. ne can

envision a system where

fingerprints are used for 0in

frequent1 identification and hand

geometry is used for 0frequent1

verification.

+ec!rity concerns:

Biometric systems are not

bulletproof. They present a number

of security concerns absent in

traditional cryptographic systems.

The most important of these as

follows:

+$oofin:

Biometric systems are much more

vulnerable spoofing attacks than a

cryptographic system. The

%leakage& of biometric data iscommon by ways photographs,

sound recordings and fingerprints

left on doorknobs. 6ulnerability is

essentially unavoidable in

biometric systems.

,ni%ersality:

'ost biometric systems are

unusable by non*negligible

percentage of population. $n

estimate shows, for e!ample, that

appro!imately ;.GH of the

population does not have sufficien

quality that can be used for

authentication purpose. Dikewise a

number of users have problematic

irises. 3o, it is recommended that a

biometric device is used in

con#unction with another layer of

security@ either another type of

biometric device or some other

means of authentication, like a

password or a smart card.

ri%acy:The e!tensive use of biometrics

raises serious privacy issues of

anonymity and tracking. +n some


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ways a combination of privacy and

freedom of movement allows us to

conduct some %public& transactions

without widespread public

knowledge.

Reliability:

The appeal of biometrics

identifiers lies in their low error

rates and automated nature. But

regardless of the actual reliability,

if the popular perception is that

they have virtual infallibility then

we may have a serious problem.

Because in this case, access to

sensitive buildings and computers,

high stakes commercial

transaction, and criminal and civil

litigation may turn on faulty

assumptions about this technology.

APPLICATIONS AREAS:

The uses for biometric security are

varied and growing. +t was

developed in response to a need to

associate human action with

identity C whether conducting a

transaction, accessing a computer

or a critical information system, or

entering secure physical area.

3ome of the e!isting and proposed

applications in general we use are

described below:

.om$!ter/Network sec!rity:

'any stand*alone and network

computer systems carry valuable

and sensitive information.

=ontrolling access to these system

is another ma#or use of biometric

authentication systems.

#nternet transactions:ue to growing security

requirements that results from the

boom in e*commerce, many think


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of on*line transactions as being an

obvious area for biometrics. The

biometric authentication generates

a greater degree of vendor

confidence because he knows that

person that the person at the

terminal is he who he claims to be.

hysical area sec!rity:

'ilitary, Iovernment, and

=ommercial installations have

sufficiently strong confidentiality

concerns. The biometric identifiers

play a ma#or role in controlling

physical access to these

installations.

Bankin:

'any leading banks have been

e!perimenting with biometrics for

$T' use as a means of combating

card fraud. Beginning ;));, some

companies will being issuing smar

credits cards, with customer-s

fingerprint information embedded.

"otin:

$ logical use of biometrics is in

voting process where eligible

politicians are required to verify

their identity. This is intended to

stop %pro!y& voting.

risons:


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$n interesting use of biometrics is

in prisons where the visitors to a

prisoner are sub#ected to

verification procedures in order

that identities may not be swapped

during the visit.

0eadin $rod!cts in biometrics:

Biometric is a new but promising

technology and therefore a number

of companies have appeared in the

market in a very short period of

time. 3ome of those products are:

S$"$ (3 2&(+/$#&':

The resent:

There are many various fields in

which biometrics is being used

today and the future holds more

advances. 3ome of such e!amples

are:

$t =oca*=ola =o., hand*

scanning machines recently

replaced the venerable time

card for many workers.

+n /ew Jersey and si! other

states, fingerprint scanners

are now used to crack down


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on people claiming welfare

benefits fewer than two

different names.

+n =ook =ounty, +llinois, a

sophisticated camera that

analy2es the iris patterns of

an individualKs eyeball is

helping ensure that the right

people are released from #ail.

$t Purdue Aniversity in

+ndiana, the campus credit

union is installing automated

teller machines with a finger

scanner that will eliminate

the need for plastic bankcards

and personal identification

numbers.

'aster=ard +nternational +nc.

and 6isa A3$ +nc., the

worldKs two largest credit

card companies, have begun

to study the feasibility of

using finger*scanning device

at the point of sale to verify

that the card user is really the

card holder.

"alt isney "orld in

rlando has started taking

hand scans of people who

purchase yearly passes.

The technology also received

widespread attention at

lympic Iames $tlanta,

where LG,))) athletes,

coaches and officials used a

hand*scanning system to

enter the lympic 6illage.

'any and many more such

organi2ations at many parts of the

world use biometric devices of

their own choice for their desired

purposes.


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The &!t!re:

+n future biometrics will be a keyinstrument in our society. The

increase in use of biometrics day to

day shows a vivid picture that it

has to play an important role in the

oncoming days.

Biometrics is a rapidly evolving

technology which is being widely

used in forensics such as criminal

identification and prison security,

and has the potential to be used in

a large range of civilian application

areas. Biometrics can be used to

prevent unauthori2ed access to

$T's, cellular phones, smart

cards, desktop P=s, workstations,

and computer networks. +t can be

used during transactions conducted

via telephone and

internet0electronic commerce and

electronic banking1. +n

automobiles, biometrics can

replace keys with key*less entry

devices.

The future of this technology is

#ust starting to bloom. 'any issues

are arising from this technology

and MP+6$=?M is their main

concern. "ith the increasing rate

of disaster and fraud, biometrics

surely would be an answer for

many oncoming problems, which

are to be faced.

.oncl!sion:


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The advances in accuracy

and usability and decreasing cost

have made the biometric

technology a secure, affordable

and cost effective way of

identifying individuals. Biometric

parameters such as fingerprint

scanning, iris scanning, retinal

scanning, hand geometry, signature

verification, voice verification andothers are all well established with

their own particular characteristics.

The limiting factors of speed and

band width are now a thing of the

past and their practical

performance might in many

instances be better than e!pected.

Today, it is an efficient and

effective method of replacing

passwords, tokens and smart cards

+t is important to

recogni2e that although biometric

authentication has served

e!tensively in high security

applications in defense industry, it

is still fledgling technology in

commercial world, both in terms o

its technical sophistication and

current e!tent of deployment.

There are no established standards

for biometric system architecture,

for template formation, or even for

biometric reader testing. +t is alsonot clear as which technology or

technologies will dominate the

customer market. +n the absence of


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standards and direction, the rapid

and wide spread deployment of

biometric authentication system

could easily facilitate the

problematic proliferation of

authentication and tracking of the

people.

R/3/#/'/:

Web sites:

www1interhack1networksec!

rity

www1fa2s1intr!sion

www1co!nter$ane1com

www1irisscan1com

www.biometrics.co.in

Books:

Network +ec!rity

'ssessment

Network +ec!rity Essentials

'. $. abbah, ". D. "oo,

and 3. 3. lay, M3ecure

$uthentication for 4ace

ecognition,M presented at=omputational +ntelligence in

+mage and 3ignal Processing

;))N. =++3P ;))N. +888

3ymposium on, ;))N

Image processing domain in biometrics

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