Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made...
Transcript of Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made...
![Page 1: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Image Forming Instruments - TheCamera
Ildikó László, PhD
Dept. Programming Languages and CompilersEötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Financed from the financial support ELTE won from the HigherEducation Restructuring Fund of the Hungarian Government
![Page 2: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Image Forming InstrumentsI - the simplest optical instruments consist of a single
convergent lensI - forming a real image of an object upon a
light-sensitive material;I - such examples are:
- the eye and the photographic camera;
![Page 3: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Image Forming InstrumentsI - the simplest optical instruments consist of a single
convergent lensI - forming a real image of an object upon a
light-sensitive material;I - such examples are:
- the eye and the photographic camera;
![Page 4: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Image Forming InstrumentsI - the simplest optical instruments consist of a single
convergent lensI - forming a real image of an object upon a
light-sensitive material;I - such examples are:
- the eye and the photographic camera;
![Page 5: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - a camera is an optical instrument for recordingimages;
I - the word camera comes from camera obscura,which means "dark chamber"
I - and is the Latin name of the original devicefor projecting an image of external reality onto a flatsurface;
I - the modern photographic camera evolved from thecamera obscura;
I - the functioning of the camera is very similar to thefunctioning of the human eye;
![Page 6: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - a camera is an optical instrument for recordingimages;
I - the word camera comes from camera obscura,which means "dark chamber"
I - and is the Latin name of the original devicefor projecting an image of external reality onto a flatsurface;
I - the modern photographic camera evolved from thecamera obscura;
I - the functioning of the camera is very similar to thefunctioning of the human eye;
![Page 7: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - a camera is an optical instrument for recordingimages;
I - the word camera comes from camera obscura,which means "dark chamber"
I - and is the Latin name of the original devicefor projecting an image of external reality onto a flatsurface;
I - the modern photographic camera evolved from thecamera obscura;
I - the functioning of the camera is very similar to thefunctioning of the human eye;
![Page 8: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - a camera is an optical instrument for recordingimages;
I - the word camera comes from camera obscura,which means "dark chamber"
I - and is the Latin name of the original devicefor projecting an image of external reality onto a flatsurface;
I - the modern photographic camera evolved from thecamera obscura;
I - the functioning of the camera is very similar to thefunctioning of the human eye;
![Page 9: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - a camera is an optical instrument for recordingimages;
I - the word camera comes from camera obscura,which means "dark chamber"
I - and is the Latin name of the original devicefor projecting an image of external reality onto a flatsurface;
I - the modern photographic camera evolved from thecamera obscura;
I - the functioning of the camera is very similar to thefunctioning of the human eye;
![Page 10: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the simplest optical instrument- consists of a single convergent lens- forming a real image of an object on alight-sensitive surface;
I - a camera may work with the light of the visiblespectrum- or with other portions of the electromagneticspectrum;
I - the first permanent photograph of a camera imageI - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce;I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made by:
- Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris;
![Page 11: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the simplest optical instrument- consists of a single convergent lens- forming a real image of an object on alight-sensitive surface;
I - a camera may work with the light of the visiblespectrum- or with other portions of the electromagneticspectrum;
I - the first permanent photograph of a camera imageI - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce;I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made by:
- Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris;
![Page 12: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the simplest optical instrument- consists of a single convergent lens- forming a real image of an object on alight-sensitive surface;
I - a camera may work with the light of the visiblespectrum- or with other portions of the electromagneticspectrum;
I - the first permanent photograph of a camera imageI - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce;I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made by:
- Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris;
![Page 13: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the simplest optical instrument- consists of a single convergent lens- forming a real image of an object on alight-sensitive surface;
I - a camera may work with the light of the visiblespectrum- or with other portions of the electromagneticspectrum;
I - the first permanent photograph of a camera imageI - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce;I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made by:
- Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris;
![Page 14: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the simplest optical instrument- consists of a single convergent lens- forming a real image of an object on alight-sensitive surface;
I - a camera may work with the light of the visiblespectrum- or with other portions of the electromagneticspectrum;
I - the first permanent photograph of a camera imageI - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce;I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made by:
- Charles and Vincent Chevalier in Paris;
![Page 15: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the inventor Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerreimproved the camera obscura design;
I - he succeeded in developing a high-contrast andsharp image
I - by exposing on a plate coated with silver iodide,- and exposing this plate again to mercury vapor;
I - by 1837, he was able to fix the imageswith a common salt solution;
I - he called this process Daguerreotype;
![Page 16: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the inventor Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerreimproved the camera obscura design;
I - he succeeded in developing a high-contrast andsharp image
I - by exposing on a plate coated with silver iodide,- and exposing this plate again to mercury vapor;
I - by 1837, he was able to fix the imageswith a common salt solution;
I - he called this process Daguerreotype;
![Page 17: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the inventor Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerreimproved the camera obscura design;
I - he succeeded in developing a high-contrast andsharp image
I - by exposing on a plate coated with silver iodide,- and exposing this plate again to mercury vapor;
I - by 1837, he was able to fix the imageswith a common salt solution;
I - he called this process Daguerreotype;
![Page 18: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the inventor Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerreimproved the camera obscura design;
I - he succeeded in developing a high-contrast andsharp image
I - by exposing on a plate coated with silver iodide,- and exposing this plate again to mercury vapor;
I - by 1837, he was able to fix the imageswith a common salt solution;
I - he called this process Daguerreotype;
![Page 19: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the inventor Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerreimproved the camera obscura design;
I - he succeeded in developing a high-contrast andsharp image
I - by exposing on a plate coated with silver iodide,- and exposing this plate again to mercury vapor;
I - by 1837, he was able to fix the imageswith a common salt solution;
I - he called this process Daguerreotype;
![Page 20: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the first photographic camera developed forcommercial manufacture was
I - a daguerreotype camera,- built by Alphonse Giroux in 1839;
I - the camera was a double-box design,- with a landscape lens fitted to the outer box,
I - and a holder for a ground glass focusing screenand image plate on the inner box;
![Page 21: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the first photographic camera developed forcommercial manufacture was
I - a daguerreotype camera,- built by Alphonse Giroux in 1839;
I - the camera was a double-box design,- with a landscape lens fitted to the outer box,
I - and a holder for a ground glass focusing screenand image plate on the inner box;
![Page 22: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the first photographic camera developed forcommercial manufacture was
I - a daguerreotype camera,- built by Alphonse Giroux in 1839;
I - the camera was a double-box design,- with a landscape lens fitted to the outer box,
I - and a holder for a ground glass focusing screenand image plate on the inner box;
![Page 23: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the first photographic camera developed forcommercial manufacture was
I - a daguerreotype camera,- built by Alphonse Giroux in 1839;
I - the camera was a double-box design,- with a landscape lens fitted to the outer box,
I - and a holder for a ground glass focusing screenand image plate on the inner box;
![Page 24: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - by sliding the inner box,objects at various distances could be broughtto as sharp a focus as desired;
I - after an image had been focused on the screen,- the screen was replaced with a sensitized plate;
I - Daguerreotype cameras formed images on silveredcopper plates;
I - they required long exposure times,- which in 1839 could be from 5 to 30 minutes;
![Page 25: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - by sliding the inner box,objects at various distances could be broughtto as sharp a focus as desired;
I - after an image had been focused on the screen,- the screen was replaced with a sensitized plate;
I - Daguerreotype cameras formed images on silveredcopper plates;
I - they required long exposure times,- which in 1839 could be from 5 to 30 minutes;
![Page 26: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - by sliding the inner box,objects at various distances could be broughtto as sharp a focus as desired;
I - after an image had been focused on the screen,- the screen was replaced with a sensitized plate;
I - Daguerreotype cameras formed images on silveredcopper plates;
I - they required long exposure times,- which in 1839 could be from 5 to 30 minutes;
![Page 27: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - by sliding the inner box,objects at various distances could be broughtto as sharp a focus as desired;
I - after an image had been focused on the screen,- the screen was replaced with a sensitized plate;
I - Daguerreotype cameras formed images on silveredcopper plates;
I - they required long exposure times,- which in 1839 could be from 5 to 30 minutes;
![Page 28: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the use of photographic film was pioneered byGeorge Eastman;
I - first he started manufacturing paper film in 1885before switching to celluloid in 1889;
I - his first camera, which he called the "Kodak,"- was first offered for sale in 1888;
I - it was a very simple box camera witha fixed-focus lens and single shutter speed;
I - the Kodak came pre-loaded with enough film for100 exposures;
![Page 29: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the use of photographic film was pioneered byGeorge Eastman;
I - first he started manufacturing paper film in 1885before switching to celluloid in 1889;
I - his first camera, which he called the "Kodak,"- was first offered for sale in 1888;
I - it was a very simple box camera witha fixed-focus lens and single shutter speed;
I - the Kodak came pre-loaded with enough film for100 exposures;
![Page 30: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the use of photographic film was pioneered byGeorge Eastman;
I - first he started manufacturing paper film in 1885before switching to celluloid in 1889;
I - his first camera, which he called the "Kodak,"- was first offered for sale in 1888;
I - it was a very simple box camera witha fixed-focus lens and single shutter speed;
I - the Kodak came pre-loaded with enough film for100 exposures;
![Page 31: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the use of photographic film was pioneered byGeorge Eastman;
I - first he started manufacturing paper film in 1885before switching to celluloid in 1889;
I - his first camera, which he called the "Kodak,"- was first offered for sale in 1888;
I - it was a very simple box camera witha fixed-focus lens and single shutter speed;
I - the Kodak came pre-loaded with enough film for100 exposures;
![Page 32: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - the use of photographic film was pioneered byGeorge Eastman;
I - first he started manufacturing paper film in 1885before switching to celluloid in 1889;
I - his first camera, which he called the "Kodak,"- was first offered for sale in 1888;
I - it was a very simple box camera witha fixed-focus lens and single shutter speed;
I - the Kodak came pre-loaded with enough film for100 exposures;
![Page 33: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - and needed to be sent back to the factoryfor processing and reloading when the roll wasfinished;
I - in a photographic camera,- a real and inverted image of an object is formed
I - by a lens or combination of lenses- upon a surface of a photographic film or plate;
I - a main characteristic of a camera is- the focal length of its optical system
I - another requirement is that it should cover a largeangular field;
![Page 34: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - and needed to be sent back to the factoryfor processing and reloading when the roll wasfinished;
I - in a photographic camera,- a real and inverted image of an object is formed
I - by a lens or combination of lenses- upon a surface of a photographic film or plate;
I - a main characteristic of a camera is- the focal length of its optical system
I - another requirement is that it should cover a largeangular field;
![Page 35: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - and needed to be sent back to the factoryfor processing and reloading when the roll wasfinished;
I - in a photographic camera,- a real and inverted image of an object is formed
I - by a lens or combination of lenses- upon a surface of a photographic film or plate;
I - a main characteristic of a camera is- the focal length of its optical system
I - another requirement is that it should cover a largeangular field;
![Page 36: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - and needed to be sent back to the factoryfor processing and reloading when the roll wasfinished;
I - in a photographic camera,- a real and inverted image of an object is formed
I - by a lens or combination of lenses- upon a surface of a photographic film or plate;
I - a main characteristic of a camera is- the focal length of its optical system
I - another requirement is that it should cover a largeangular field;
![Page 37: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera
I - and needed to be sent back to the factoryfor processing and reloading when the roll wasfinished;
I - in a photographic camera,- a real and inverted image of an object is formed
I - by a lens or combination of lenses- upon a surface of a photographic film or plate;
I - a main characteristic of a camera is- the focal length of its optical system
I - another requirement is that it should cover a largeangular field;
![Page 38: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera - Overview
Geometrical OpticsRay OpticsImage FormationThe Spherical Mirror
![Page 39: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Geometrical Optics
I - there are many evidences, which suggest- that light travels in straight line- in a variety of circumstances;
I - these experiences led to the ray model of light;I - light is described by rays that travel in different
optical mediaI - in accordance with a set of geometrical rules;
![Page 40: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Geometrical Optics
I - there are many evidences, which suggest- that light travels in straight line- in a variety of circumstances;
I - these experiences led to the ray model of light;I - light is described by rays that travel in different
optical mediaI - in accordance with a set of geometrical rules;
![Page 41: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Geometrical Optics
I - there are many evidences, which suggest- that light travels in straight line- in a variety of circumstances;
I - these experiences led to the ray model of light;I - light is described by rays that travel in different
optical mediaI - in accordance with a set of geometrical rules;
![Page 42: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Geometrical Optics
I - there are many evidences, which suggest- that light travels in straight line- in a variety of circumstances;
I - these experiences led to the ray model of light;I - light is described by rays that travel in different
optical mediaI - in accordance with a set of geometrical rules;
![Page 43: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Ray Optics
I - ray optics is therefore called:geometrical optics;
I - geometrical optics is that part of optics in which weneglect the wave property of light;
I - in this approximation the optical laws may beformulated in the language of geometry;
I - the geometrical light rays may be definedI - as the orthogonal trajectories to the geometrical
wave-fronts;
![Page 44: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Ray Optics
I - ray optics is therefore called:geometrical optics;
I - geometrical optics is that part of optics in which weneglect the wave property of light;
I - in this approximation the optical laws may beformulated in the language of geometry;
I - the geometrical light rays may be definedI - as the orthogonal trajectories to the geometrical
wave-fronts;
![Page 45: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Ray Optics
I - ray optics is therefore called:geometrical optics;
I - geometrical optics is that part of optics in which weneglect the wave property of light;
I - in this approximation the optical laws may beformulated in the language of geometry;
I - the geometrical light rays may be definedI - as the orthogonal trajectories to the geometrical
wave-fronts;
![Page 46: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Ray Optics
I - ray optics is therefore called:geometrical optics;
I - geometrical optics is that part of optics in which weneglect the wave property of light;
I - in this approximation the optical laws may beformulated in the language of geometry;
I - the geometrical light rays may be definedI - as the orthogonal trajectories to the geometrical
wave-fronts;
![Page 47: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Ray Optics
I - ray optics is therefore called:geometrical optics;
I - geometrical optics is that part of optics in which weneglect the wave property of light;
I - in this approximation the optical laws may beformulated in the language of geometry;
I - the geometrical light rays may be definedI - as the orthogonal trajectories to the geometrical
wave-fronts;
![Page 48: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Ray Optics
I - and are useful in studying image formation;I - optical components are often centered about an
optical axis, around which the rays travel at smallinclinations;
I - such rays are called paraxial rays;I - this is a basic assumption of paraxial optics;
![Page 49: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Ray Optics
I - and are useful in studying image formation;I - optical components are often centered about an
optical axis, around which the rays travel at smallinclinations;
I - such rays are called paraxial rays;I - this is a basic assumption of paraxial optics;
![Page 50: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Ray Optics
I - and are useful in studying image formation;I - optical components are often centered about an
optical axis, around which the rays travel at smallinclinations;
I - such rays are called paraxial rays;I - this is a basic assumption of paraxial optics;
![Page 51: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Ray Optics
I - and are useful in studying image formation;I - optical components are often centered about an
optical axis, around which the rays travel at smallinclinations;
I - such rays are called paraxial rays;I - this is a basic assumption of paraxial optics;
![Page 52: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera - Overview
Geometrical OpticsRay OpticsImage FormationThe Spherical Mirror
![Page 53: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Fermat’s Principle
I - light travels in the form of rays;- the rays are emitted by light sources and can beobserved when they reach an optical "detector";
I - an optical medium is characterized by a quantityn ≥ 1, called refractive index;- the refractive index is the ratio of the speed of lightin free space c, to that in the medium v ;
I - in an inhomogeneous medium, the refractive index- n(r) is a function of the position;
I - Fermat’s Principle:- optical rays traveling between two points A and Bfollow a path such that the time of travel between thetwo points is an extremum relative to neighboringpaths;
![Page 54: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Fermat’s Principle
I - light travels in the form of rays;- the rays are emitted by light sources and can beobserved when they reach an optical "detector";
I - an optical medium is characterized by a quantityn ≥ 1, called refractive index;- the refractive index is the ratio of the speed of lightin free space c, to that in the medium v ;
I - in an inhomogeneous medium, the refractive index- n(r) is a function of the position;
I - Fermat’s Principle:- optical rays traveling between two points A and Bfollow a path such that the time of travel between thetwo points is an extremum relative to neighboringpaths;
![Page 55: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Fermat’s Principle
I - light travels in the form of rays;- the rays are emitted by light sources and can beobserved when they reach an optical "detector";
I - an optical medium is characterized by a quantityn ≥ 1, called refractive index;- the refractive index is the ratio of the speed of lightin free space c, to that in the medium v ;
I - in an inhomogeneous medium, the refractive index- n(r) is a function of the position;
I - Fermat’s Principle:- optical rays traveling between two points A and Bfollow a path such that the time of travel between thetwo points is an extremum relative to neighboringpaths;
![Page 56: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Fermat’s Principle
I - light travels in the form of rays;- the rays are emitted by light sources and can beobserved when they reach an optical "detector";
I - an optical medium is characterized by a quantityn ≥ 1, called refractive index;- the refractive index is the ratio of the speed of lightin free space c, to that in the medium v ;
I - in an inhomogeneous medium, the refractive index- n(r) is a function of the position;
I - Fermat’s Principle:- optical rays traveling between two points A and Bfollow a path such that the time of travel between thetwo points is an extremum relative to neighboringpaths;
![Page 57: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Plane Mirror
I - a plane mirror reflects the rays originating- from a point so that the reflected rays- appear to originate from a point behind the mirror,- called image;
I - image formation by a plane mirror:
![Page 58: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Plane Mirror
I - a plane mirror reflects the rays originating- from a point so that the reflected rays- appear to originate from a point behind the mirror,- called image;
I - image formation by a plane mirror:
![Page 59: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Laws of Reflection and Refraction
I - the angle of incidence θi , is the angle an incidentray makes with the normal to the surface;
I - the angle of reflection θr is the angle the reflectedray makes with the normal of the surface;
I - the angle of incidence is equal to the angle ofreflection;-that is:- θi = θr ;
![Page 60: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Laws of Reflection and Refraction
I - the angle of incidence θi , is the angle an incidentray makes with the normal to the surface;
I - the angle of reflection θr is the angle the reflectedray makes with the normal of the surface;
I - the angle of incidence is equal to the angle ofreflection;-that is:- θi = θr ;
![Page 61: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Laws of Reflection and Refraction
I - the angle of incidence θi , is the angle an incidentray makes with the normal to the surface;
I - the angle of reflection θr is the angle the reflectedray makes with the normal of the surface;
I - the angle of incidence is equal to the angle ofreflection;-that is:- θi = θr ;
![Page 62: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Camera - Overview
Geometrical OpticsRay OpticsImage FormationThe Spherical Mirror
![Page 63: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
Reflection by Spherical Mirrors
I - a spherical mirror of radius R,- acts like a paraboloidal mirror,- of focal length f = R/2;
![Page 64: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Concave MirrorI - a spherical mirror is called concave
- if the reflecting surface is on the inner surface of thesphere;
I - the triangle CIF is isosceles; that is, CF=IF;I - if the rays are paraxial, FO can be approximated by
IF and for the focal length we get:f = R/2;
![Page 65: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Concave MirrorI - a spherical mirror is called concave
- if the reflecting surface is on the inner surface of thesphere;
I - the triangle CIF is isosceles; that is, CF=IF;I - if the rays are paraxial, FO can be approximated by
IF and for the focal length we get:f = R/2;
![Page 66: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Concave MirrorI - a spherical mirror is called concave
- if the reflecting surface is on the inner surface of thesphere;
I - the triangle CIF is isosceles; that is, CF=IF;I - if the rays are paraxial, FO can be approximated by
IF and for the focal length we get:f = R/2;
![Page 67: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Concave Mirror
I - denoting the height of the object and image by o,and i respectively, it results in:
od0
=idi;
od0−r =
ir − di
; (1)
I - from where we get:
1d0
+1di
=2r; (2)
![Page 68: Image Forming Instruments - The Cameraaszt.inf.elte.hu/~ildiko/Physics/Cl_1_2.pdf · I - was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce; I - he used a sliding wooden box camera made](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050302/5f6b80e79d745f128f68fa3c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Physics &Informatics
Ildikó László, PhD
The Camera -Overview
GeometricalOpticsRay Optics
Image Formation
The Spherical Mirror
The Concave Mirror
I - denoting the height of the object and image by o,and i respectively, it results in:
od0
=idi;
od0−r =
ir − di
; (1)
I - from where we get:
1d0
+1di
=2r; (2)