Image: Embarkation of the Pilgrims, Robert W. Weir, U. S. Capitol Building, 1837

Massachusetts Coast (modern)

Puritanism – Roots Believe Henry and successors

haven’t gone far enough in wiping out Catholic influence in England / Church of England

Purify Church of England – get back to basics of what they think Christianity is about, including:

Follow only the Christian BibleDestroy influence of educated

priesthood—individual path to God without intercession of priest (literacy)

Ban Catholic sacraments / ritualsBan altars, images, priesthood,

convents, etc.Ban “pagan” holidays like

Christmas, Easter

Public Notice of Christmas Ban England, 1666

1st Congregational ChurchOld Lyme, CT

William Bradford, 1590-1657

Separatist Puritans (Pilgrims) to Plymouth, 1620Group persecuted in EnglandMost radical, extreme egalitarian views

Images: William Bradford; contemporary reconstruction of Plymouth Plantation homes

John Winthrop, 1588-1649

Member of English landed gentry; attorney

1629 joins other investors to organize trading company—Massachusetts Bay Company (non-separatists)

Unlike most other colonial enterprises, this one not just about making profit

Leads “Great Migration” to New England (1630-1650)

Author of “A Model of Christian Charity”

Image: John Winthrop

Puritan (Protestant) Work Ethic?

Rhode Island

“The Sewer”

Rhode Island

“The Sewer”

Rhode IslandRhode IslandRhode IslandRhode Island

Anne Hutchinson/Roger Williams – “Heretics???”

New England Families

• Intergenerational continuity in large family settings contributed to stable life

• Clean water and cool temps = healthier lives

• 1st generations lived about 70 years.

• New Englanders came as families.

• Populations grows from reproduction

• Average woman could expect 10 pregnancies

New England Women

• Unlike southern women, NE women gave up property rights when they married.

• Women could not vote and were considered weaker than men

• Many bonded over midwifery

• Puritan laws sought to defend marriage and divorce was rare, unless abandonment or adultery

Salem Witch Trials• 1692, legal lynching of 20 individuals,

19 hanged, one pressed to death (yuck), two dogs hung (huh??)

• Most accused came from growing business community, accusers from subsistence farming.

• Trials were filled with emotion and hysteria, extreme superstition prevailed

• Ended in 1693, when governor’s wife was accused

• 20 years later accusations were annulled and reparations made to families.

• Debates about the rights of individuals will be a continuous part of U.S. history

New YorkNew York

Old Netherlanders at Old Netherlanders at New NetherlandsNew Netherlands

Old Netherlanders at Old Netherlanders at New NetherlandsNew Netherlands

1600s Golden Age of Dutch history.

Major commercial and naval power.

Challenging England on the seas.

3 major Anglo-Dutch Wars

Major colonial power [mainly in the East Indies].

Henry HudsonHenry Hudson’’s s VoyagesVoyages

Henry HudsonHenry Hudson’’s s VoyagesVoyages

New NetherlandsNew NetherlandsNew NetherlandsNew Netherlands

New Netherlands founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624)

Established by Dutch West India Company for quick-profit fur trade.

Company wouldn’t pay much attention to the colony.

Manhattan [New Amsterdam]

Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000) acre.

Company town run in interests of the stockholders.

No interest in religious toleration, free speech, or democracy.

Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic.

Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church [including Quakers] were persecuted.

Local assembly with limited power to make laws established after repeated protests by colonists.

New Amsterdam Harbor, New Amsterdam Harbor, 16391639

New Amsterdam Harbor, New Amsterdam Harbor, 16391639

New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16601660

New Amsterdam, New Amsterdam, 16601660

Characteristics of New Amsterdam:

Aristocratic patroonships [feudal estates granted to promoters who would settle 50 people on them].

Cosmopolitan diverse population with many different languages.

New YorkNew York

Manors &Manors &

Land Land GrantsGrants

PatroonshipsPatroonships

New Netherlands &New Netherlands &New SwedenNew Sweden

New Netherlands &New Netherlands &New SwedenNew Sweden

Swedes in New Swedes in New NetherlandsNetherlands

Swedes in New Swedes in New NetherlandsNetherlandsMid-1600s Sweden in Golden Age

settled small, under-funded colony [called “New Sweden”] near New Netherland.

1655 Dutch under director-general Peter Stuyvesant attacks New Sweden.

Main fort fell after bloodless siege.

New Sweden absorbed into New Netherland.

New Netherlands New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Becomes a British Royal

ColonyColony

New Netherlands New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Becomes a British Royal

ColonyColonyCharles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!]

1664 English soldiers arrived.

Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses.

Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot.

Renamed “New York” England gained strategic harbor between

her northern & southern colonies.

England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYork

Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYorkEarly 20Early 20cc Dutch Revival Dutch Revival

Building in NYC.Building in NYC.

New York New York CityCityseal.seal.

Names Harlem, Brooklyn

Architecture gambrel roof

Customs Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf [golf].