Chapter Seven Introduction to Policing (Dempsey/Forst)Patrol Operations: The Traditional Approach

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

The Traditional Patrol Method:Random a routine patrol (AKA preventative patrol).Rapid response to citizens 911 calls.Retroactive investigation of past crimes by detectives (CID).

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Patrol Does a high crime rate mean the police are ineffective?

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

The Kansas City Study: 1972 Random police patrol was increased, remained the same, or eliminated in various areas throughout the city.First major study of patrol tactics.Results indicated patrol type did not have impact on crime.Found 50 % of police officers time was uncommitted and could be used more effectively.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Studies of Rapid Response: Quick response time does have some impact on crime solving.Three basic components: Time between crime and call to policeDispatch timeResponse time

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Retroactive Investigation Traditionally almost all felonies and some misdemeanors were investigated by CID.93 percent of all CID effort was not productive.One study indicated half of all CID to be replaced without influencing a crime clearance rates.In single most important factor is information victim supplies to responding patrol.

Activities of patrol officer

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Samuel Walker 1829 Deterrence of crime.Maintaining feeling of public security.24-hour availability of service.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

American Bar Association Deter crime maintaining visible presence. Maintaining public order.Quick response to violations or emergencies.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

American Bar Association Identify and apprehend criminals. Aid individuals.Facilitate movement of traffic and people.Create a sense of security in the community.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

0 W. Wilson Thought police should give impression of omnipresence.Emphasize to the rational distribution of patrol officers according to workload formula.His writings were Bible of policing.Many things wrong and based on faulty assumptions.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Gay, Schell and Schack defined patrol activity in the four categories: Calls for service 25 %. Preventative patrol 40 %.Officer initiated activities (tickets) 15%.Administrative task 20 %.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Patrol Activity Studies: Show that vast majority of police calls are not criminal in nature.

Very few were violent crime.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Patrol:Two major deployments for patrol are motorized patrol and foot patrol.In the 1960s and 1970s foot patrols considered wasteful, at the time there were no portable radios.By the 1980s virtually all police were vehicle patrol.Vehicle patrol has been criticized a man in the car is isolated from the community.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Returned to Foot Patrol Foot patrol research indicates:When foot patrols added levels of fear decreased.When patrol is withdrawn fear significantly increases. System satisfaction of police increases with the patrol.Police had more interaction with neighborhood residents.Foot patrol police have greater job satisfaction, less fear, and higher morale.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

CID Job to solve or clear reported crimes.Organized two ways centralized or decentralized:centralized all detectives operate a central office and specialized particular types of crime.decentralized detectives work out precinct and handle a variety of crime.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Detectives mystique The idea that detective work as glamorous exciting and dangerous.

In reality a majority of time is filling our reports and interviewing victims.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Traffic operations Elimination of accidentsIdentification of traffic problems and hazards Regulation of parkingInvestigation of traffic accidentsPublic education (includes tickets) Arrest offenders

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Special police operations Swat - first was Philadelphia 1960s.

Today about 90% of police agencies have a paramilitary unit.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Emergency service units Increasingly popularOften merges with fire departmentServices include search and rescue, HazMat, bomb squad, and other first responder services

Chapter Eight Introduction to Policing (Dempsey/Forst)Patrol Operations: A New Approach

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Alternatives to Traditional PatrolDirected patrol-officers are given specific duties when not responding to callsAssignments based on crime analysis, specific problems, or complaintsProven very effective

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Alternatives to Traditional PatrolSplit force patrol-one portion of patrol force handles dispatch goals the other are on directed patrolAlso proven very effective especially in improved productivity

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Alternatives to Traditional PatrolDifferential response to calls for service-not all calls for service to 911 are responded to by policeRated for importance or severityLess serious calls are handled alternative methodsUnit sent laterReport taken at precinctReport taken by nonsworn officerAppointment made for reportedly taken

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Alternatives to Traditional PatrolDifferential response to calls for serviceWhile research indicates effectiveness improves community dissatisfaction is a possibilityAllocation of natural resources should depend on effectiveness not public relations

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Alternatives to Traditional PatrolManaging Criminal Investigations(MCI)Expands role of patrol officers to include investigative responsibilitiesHandles follow-upLocating interviewing victims and witnessesDetecting evidencePrepares initial investigative reportDesigning a new method to manage investigations using a screening methodSolvability factors

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Alternatives to Traditional PatrolManaging Criminal Investigations(MCI)Grading based according to solve abilityIs there a witnessIs suspect knownCan suspect the identifiedIs victim cooperativeMCI allows investigators to put more time and effort into very important cases

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Alternatives to Traditional PatrolA small number of criminals are responsible for most of predatory street from the U.S.Repeat offender programs (ROPS).First police identify criminals that maintain surveillance and attend to catch the criminal in the act.Second they use case enhancement to ensure proper handling of the offender by the criminal justice system.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Alternatives to Traditional PatrolCase Enhancement a liaison is established with the district attorneys office to alert the importance of the case coming from a career criminal. This assures zealous efforts by the prosecutor and maximum sentencing by the judge.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

New, Proactive TechniquesUniformed tactical operations-officers are relieved from traditional patrol responsibilities to concentrate on proactive crime control. Units often saturated area experiencing crime problems, make numerous pedestrian and vehicle stops, and make numerous field interrogations.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

New, Proactive TechniquesField interrogations (FI) a contact with a citizen initiated by a patrol officer who stops, questions, and sometimes searches because the officer has a reasonable suspicion that subject may have committed, or maybe committing, or about to commit a crime.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

New, Proactive TechniquesAggressive patrol tactics-uniform tactical operations use this tactic where they stop numerous people and vehicles attempt to discover evidence of crime.Often causes community unrest and charges of citizens rights violationsUsed highly effectively in the 1990s in New York City in addition with zero tolerance policies. Even minor offenders were frisked and checked. While crime rates plummeted tensions between the minority community and the New York police skyrocketed.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

New, Proactive TechniquesSaturation patrol - another uniform tactical operations utilizing a larger number of uniform officers than normal to a particular area to deal with particular crimeAlso highly effective

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

New, Proactive TechniquesDecoy operations:Blending-officers dressed in civilian clothes to blend into an area or in and unmarked carDecoy-officers stress and play the role of potential victims or as a fellow criminalMost effective in larceny investigations

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

New, Proactive TechniquesStakeout operations:A group of heavily armed officers waiting for anticipated crime to occur usually a robberySting operations:Major technique used in recent years using various undercover methods to apprehend criminals usually involved in burglaries and theftsExample-pawn shop run by undercover officers that buys stolen property

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

New, Proactive TechniquesCode enforcement-a method whereby police, fire, building, and zoning departments work together to address crime areas usually crack housesEfforts against drunk drivers-usually utilize checkpoints or roadblocksOften used to detect other crime

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

New, Proactive TechniquesUndercover operations-where an investigator assumes a different identity to obtain information.Used a lot by police both locally federally and increasingly by private securityShrinkage-term used to describe the difference between inventory on hand and inventory on paper. Usually shrinkage occurs through employee theft and shoplifting.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

New, Proactive TechniquesEntrapment-defined as inducing an individual to commit a crime he or she did not contemplate for the sole purpose of criminal prosecutionJacobsen vs. the United States, 1992-limits the extreme use of entrapment. It established:officer should be able to articulate legitimate law enforcement purposeAvoid using persistent or coercive techniquesOfficer should be able to demonstrate the defendant was disposed to commit the criminal act prior to government involvement

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Traffic StopsAll Images Microsoft Corporation

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

5 Reasons for Vehicle ContactsIssue citationIssue warningAid motoristInvestigate suspicious vehicleInvestigate suspected criminal activity unrelated to vehicle

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Washs Rule of Traffic StopsThere is ALWAYS inherent risk in any contact

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Objectives of Vehicle ContactTo protect yourself and othersTo protect property, vehiclesTo ensure due processClearly ID self as officerVerbally notify of suspected offenseAdvise rights

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Most important thing:ALWAYS call in license plate, location of stop, and other information to dispatch

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Pull Over PlacementChoose good stop positionConsider:LightingTraffic hazardEnvironmental hazardsInterference by spectatorsHave car move if necessary

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Washs 2nd RuleIf you think you need back up call for it and wait.

Discretion is the better part of valor

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Vehicle PositionsInline use in narrow spaceAll lights on

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Vehicle PositionsOff-Set use in wide spaceOffers safe path to other vehicle

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Vehicle PositionsLeft Angle use in wide spaceOffers safe path to other vehicleOffers CoverLimits use of light for concealment

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Approach Concerns:Concealment vehicles: vans, rvsMultiple occupantsVehicle believed to be leaving any crimeSuspicious behavior

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Approach Concerns:Options:Bring driver back to youUse back up

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Driver Side Approach:Most commonConvenientLimits escape optionsImmediate access to driver DUIDangerous traffic more likely to be hurt by other car than driver

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Tactical Driver Side Approach:Off set vehicleAllows for you to see driver from their mirror but they cannot see you

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Passenger Side Approach:Big element of surpriseGo around back of own carIncreased cover and escape options for officerDecreases driver contactDangerous to reach across car

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Bringing Driver Back:Increasingly popularYou can order passengers back as wellMaximizes viewLimits concealmentEasy weapon access for officerPsychological advantageSeparates the driver from the passengersPuts driver in harms way - DUI

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Dos and Don'tsBe aware of other threatsKeep gun hand freeDont close or lock doorHave occupants keep hands where you can see themCheck trunkStay in blind spot, use cover of lightsUse flashlight to view interior

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Dos and DontsStay behind doorHave them hand license out to youExplain everythingAsk Is there a lawful reason you wereWalk back keep - attention on occupantsTickets dont take eye off carReturn the same wayNEVER REACH IN CAR

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Dos and DontsDONT say have a nice day! (may be taken wrong) try drive safe Night time:Do not cross headlightsFlashlight in weak hand

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

High Risk ContactsOnce called felony stopsFactors:High potential for bodily harmGreater threat to public safetyArrest needs heavy control of subjects

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Vehicle PositionsHigh Risk

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

High Risk Contacts3 Important Objectives:CommunicationCoordinationControl

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

CommunicationCYMBLEColorYearMakeBodyLicenseEquipmentRadio all possible relevant infoBe sure to CONSTANTLY communicate to other officers

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

CoordinationDo not approach aloneContact Officer: controls contactCover Officer: keeps eyes on carArrest Officer: searching, interviewing and cuffingTraffic Officer: maintains perimeterForward Observer: avoids crossfire and provides 411 (optional position)

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

ControlCoordinate efforts before starting35-50 ft distanceUse proper techniques cuffing, etc.Clear, consistent, & concise communicationVerbalize specific commandsUse appropriate level of force

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Clear VehicleOn approach assume plus one mentalityOptions for dealing with occupant refusing to cooperateTime/waitTalk/bluffNegotiationsCall tactical/SWATTactical approach

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

LabEach person will rotate through positions of teamOthers will remain quiet, pay attention and behave!RPD is a BIG supporter of program you must make a good impression!LAB GRADE: team will deal with unknown and be evaluated. They will also write a police report on situation.

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

GradePolice ReportsAll formsComplete narrative if you die, write up until deathDue NEXT day!Practicum grade based on good mechanics, techniques and GROUP INTERACTION! Lab grade is BIG part of final gradeDo a good job!

Unit 9: Patrol OperationsEssential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area?*

Traffic Stops