ILC Detector R&Ds and Design
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Transcript of ILC Detector R&Ds and Design
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ILC Detector R&Ds and Design
Toward detectors and collaborations that realize and maximize the physics output of ILC
Hitoshi YamamotoTohoku University
ICFA seminar, Daegu, Sept. 29, 2005
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ILC Parameters
■ 1st stage Energy 200→500 GeV 500 fb-1in first 4 years + 500 fb-1in next 2 years
■ 2nd stage Energy upgrade to ~1TeV 1000 fb-1in 3-4 years
■ Energy scan + e polarization■ Options
eeeGiga-Z, e+ polarization
(http://www.fnal.gov/directorate/icfa/LC_parameters.pdf)
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ILC Physics
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e.g. Higgs coupling measurements
SM Higgs : coupling mass
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Higgs Couplings : Deviations from SM(By S. Yamashita)
SUSY (2 Higgs Doulet Model)
Extra dimension(Higgs-radion mixing)
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ILC Detector Performance Goals
■ Vertexing ~1/5 rbeampipe,~1/30 pixel size (wrt LHC)
■ Tracking ~1/6 material, ~1/10 resolution (wrt LHC)
■ Jet energy (quark reconstruction) ~1/2 resolution (wrt LHC)
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σ ip = 5μm ⊕10μm / psin3 / 2 θ
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σ(1/ p) = 5 ×10−5 /GeV
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σE / E = 0.3/ E(GeV)
(http://blueox.uoregon.edu/~lc/randd.pdf)
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(h → bb ,cc ,τ +τ −)
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(e+e− → Zh → l +l −X; incl. h → nothing)
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b, c tagging by vertexing
Pixel vertex detector
4-layer 0.3 % X0/ layer rbp = 2 cm conservative design 5-layer 0.1 % X0/ layer rbp = 1 cm agressive design (~goal resolution)
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e+e → ZH Recoil mass resolution
■ Good momentum resolution of ~5x10-5 is required (not a luxuary). Not limited by the beam energy spread.
Only Z→l+l- detected : Higgs decay independent
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Jet(quark) reconstruction
■ With , Z/Wjj can be reconstructed and separated
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σE / E = 0.6 / E(GeV)
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σE / E = 0.3/ E(GeV)
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e+e− → νν WW ,νν ZZ
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W /Z → jj
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σE / E = 0.3/ E
(Strong EWSB)
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PFA (Particle Flow Algorithm)
■ Many other important modes have 4 or more jets : e.g.
Higgs self-coupling : 6 jets
Top Yukawa coupling : 8 jets
WW* branching fraction of Higgs : 4 jets+missing
■ How to achieve for jet ?■ Basic idea : PFA
Use trackers for charged particles Use ECAL for photon The rest is assumed to be neutral hadrons (ECAL+HCAL)
€
e+e− → Zhh → (qq )(qq )(qq )
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σE / E = 0.3/ E€
e+e− → tt h → (bqq )(b qq )
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e+e− → Zh → (qq )(qq )(l ν )
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Red : pionYellow : gammaBlue : neutron
e+
e-
Z→qq (by T. Yoshioka)
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- Gamma Finding
Red : pionYellow : gammaBlue : neutron
gamma
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- Track Matching
Red : pionYellow : gammaBlue : neutron
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Remaining hits are assumedto be neutral hadrons.
Red : pionYellow : gammaBlue : neutron
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PFA : major soruce = confusion
■ Using typical values
■ ... and ignoring confusion,
■ Confusion is dominant even for the goal of
■ → fine segmentation , large radius : cost!
€
σ jet2 = σ ch
2 + σ γ2 + σ nh
2 + σ confusion2
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σ ch << σ γ ,nh , σ γ / Eγ =11% / Eγ , σ nh / Enh = 34% / Enh
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σ jet / E jet =12% / E jet
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σE / E = 30% / E
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Beampipe radius
■ Stay-clear for the soft e+e- pair background
R ~ 1/B1/2
■ Larger ECAL radius → larger solenoid radiu
s → lower B (cost!) → larger beampipe R → worse vertexing
■ Where is the optimum?IP
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Major Detector Concept Studies(the parameters are the current defaults - may change)
■ SiD (American origin) Silicon tracker, 5T field SiW ECAL 4 ‘coordinators’ (2 Americans, 1 Asian, 1 European)
■ LDC (European origin) TPC, 4T field SiW ECAL (“medium” radius) 6 ‘contact persons’: (2 Americans, 2 Asians, 2 Europeans)
■ GLD (Asian origin) TPC (+Silicon IT), 3T field W/Scintillator ECAL (“large” radius) 6 ‘contact persons’: (2 Americans, 2 Asians, 2 Europeans)
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+ vertexing near IP
ECAL/HCAL inside coil
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Detector Concepts
■ 4th concept proposed at Snowmass 05 Based on dual-readout compensating cal.
■ Requests from WWS for new concept (as of 2005,9)
Contact person(s) Provide representatives for panels (R&D panel, MDI panel, Costing panel) Produce “detector outline document” by end Feb. 2006
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WWS (Worldwide Study)
■ Started in 1998 (Vancouver ICHEP)■ 6 committee members from each of 3 regions■ 3 co-chairs - now members of GDE
C. Baltay → J. Brau D. Miller → F. Richard S. Komamiya → H. Yamamoto
■ Tasks (in short) Recognize and coordinate detector concept studies Register and coordinate detector R&Ds Interface with GDE Organize LCWS (1 per year now)
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Detector Outline Document
■ Document that precedes CDR■ Contents (~100 pages total)
Introduction Description of the concept Expected performances for benchmark modes Subsystem technology selections Status of on-going studies List of R&Ds needed Costing Conclusion
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Detector Timeline
(2005 end) Acc. Configuration Document
Detector R&D report
(2006,2 end) “Detector outline documents” (one for each detector concept)
(2006 end) Acc. Reference Design Report
Detector CDR (one document)
(~2008) LC site selection Collaborations form
~Site selection + 1yr Global lab selects experiments.
Accelerator Detector
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#BDS (beam delivery system) and crossing angles
20mrad xing simpler and better understood now Two BDSs →More constraints on linac One BDS with 10-12mrad xing? Machine simulation : more background for 2mrad Detector simulation : more background for 20mrad Baseline configuration to be determined
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#IR, #detectors (at ILC startup)?■ Roughly in rising/falling order of preference for acc./det. p
eople, (iIR: instrumented IR, nIR: non-instrumented IR)
2 iIRs/ 2 detectors 1 iIR/ 2 detectors (push-pull) + 1 nIR 1 iIR/ 2 detectors (push-pull) 1 iIR/ 1 detector (push-pull capability) 1 iIR/ 1 detector + 1 nIR 1 iIR/ 1 detector
■ #det panel of WWS (chair: J. Brau) Produced a report (http://blueox.uoregon.edu/~lc/wwstud
y)
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WWS Panels
WWS
parameter
R&D
MDI
benchmark
costing
software
........
done
~done
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R&D Panel■ Charge:
Survey and prioritize R&Ds needed for ILC experiments (NOT individual proposals)
Inputs are from R&D collaborations and concept studies
Register and facilitate regional review processes■ Chair: C. Damerell ■ Outputs:
Web links to R&Ds https://wiki.lepp.cornell.edu/wws/bin/view/Projects/WebHo
me Detector R&D report (end 2005)
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Horizontal and Vertical collaborationsIt is something like this : (detail may not be accurate)
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Vertexing 1 train = ~3000 bunches in 1ms, 5 Hz Typical pixel size ~ (20m)2 → occupancy is too high if integrate
over 1 train. No solution to bunch id each hit so far. Then what?
■ Readout during train ( ~20 times) Standard pixel size - MAPS, CPCCD, DEPFET, SOI
■ Readout between train Standard pixel size ( ~20 time slices stored on-pixel)
◆ Store in CCD - ISIS◆ Store in capacitors - FAPS
Fine pixel size (~1/20 standard)◆ No Bunch id - FPCCD ◆ Bunch id - CMOS (double pixel sensor)
No demonstrated solution yet. (apology for not covering all...)
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CPCCD (column-parallel CCD)
■ RAL■ Readout each column separately■ 50MHz would readout 5cm 20
times per train■ Diffusion : multi hit while shifting
→ fully depleted CCD?■ Prototype sensor (CPC1) tested w/
>25 MHz readout.■ Clock drive is challenging.■ Readout chip made (CPR1)
Operation verified (w/bugs to fix)■ New sensor/readout fabricated
(CPC2/CPR2) and under tests.
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MAPS (Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor)
■ IReS,GSI,CEA (+SUCIMA coll.)■ Use the epi-layer of commercia
l processes - small signal (a few 10s e)
■ 1Mrad OK (SUCCESOR1)■ 1012n/cm2 OK, 1013e/cm2 OK (MIMOSA9)■ 3 sensors thinned to 50m
■ CP,CDS works(MIMOSA8), but not fast - readout transversely.
■ Also try FAPS-like scheme (MIMOSA12)
5mm 2mm
Inner layer
sensor ADC/clusterng
ADC count 55Fe
Before&after 1Mrad
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ISIS (In-situ Storage Image Sensor)
Small CCD on each pixel (~20 cells) - charge is
shifted into it 20 times per trainImmune to EMITechnology exists as ultra-high-speed cameraPrototype now being made (E2V)
To column load
Source followerReset transistor Row select transistor
p+ shielding implant
n+buried channel (n)
storage
pixel #1
storage
pixel #20 sense node (n+)
Charge collection
row select
reset gate
VDD
p+ well
reflected charge
reflected charge
photogate
transfer
gate
output
gate
High resistivity epitaxial layer (p)
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FAPS (Flexible Active Pixel Sensor)
Pixels 20x20 m2
10 storage cells per pixel
(20 in the real sensor)First prototypes in 2004Source test done
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FPCCD (KEK)
■ Fine-pixel CCD (5m)2 pixel Fully-depleted to suppress
diffusion Immune to EMI CCD is an established technology Baseline for GLD
Fully-depleted CCD exists (Hamamatsu : astrophys.)
Background hits can be furhter reduced by hit pattern (~1/20)
No known problems now Want to produce prototype in 2
006 (Funding!)
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CMOS (double pixel sensor)
■ Yale, Oregon■ 2 pixel sensors on top of each ot
her - 5x5m2 (micro) and 50x50m2 (macro)
■ Macro pixel triggers and times (bunch id) hits - up to 4 hits stored on pixel.
■ Micro pixels store analog signal.■ Time and ADC data are read out
between trains. ■ Only micro pixels under hit macr
o pixels are queried.■ Two sensors in one silicon, or bump-bonded.■ Conceptual design being worked
with Sarnoff.50m
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Trackers
■ Two main candidates TPC - central tracker for GLD, LDC
◆ ~200 hits/track σm/hit Silicon strip - central tracker for SiD
◆ ~5 hits/track with much better σ◆ Also used as
◆ Inner/forward tracker for GLD, LDC◆ Endcap tracker for GLD◆ Outer tracker (of TPC) for LDC
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TPC■ Endplate detectors
Wires - conventional◆ Amplification at wires only◆ Signal is induced on pads - slow collection◆ Strong frame needed - endplate material◆ Wires can break
MPGD (Multi-pixel Gas Detector) - R&D items◆ Amplification where drift electrons hit (w/i ~100m)◆ Directly detect amplified electrons on pads - fast◆ Ion feeback suppressed
◆ GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier)◆ 2-3 stages possible - discharge-safer(?)
◆ MicroMEGAS (Micro Mesh Gas detector)◆ 1 stage only - simpler
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MicroMEGAS
■ Micromesh with pitch~50m■ Pillar height ~ 50-100m■ Amplification between mesh an
d pads/strips■ Most ions return to mesh.
S1
S2
σ
~50m
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MicroMEGAS
■ Micromesh with pitch~50m■ Pillar height ~ 50-100m■ Amplification between mesh an
d pads/strips■ Most ions return to mesh.
S1
S2
σ
~50m
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GEM■ Two copper foils on both sides
of kapton layer of ~50m thick■ Amplification at the holes■ Gain~104 for 500V■ Can be used multi-staged■ Natural broadening can help ce
nter-of-gravity technique.
p~140m
p~60m
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ILC TPC R&D groups~70 active people worldwide
DESY
Aachen
Victoria
MPIKEK
Sacley-Orsay
KerlsruheBerkeleyNovosibirskCarletonCornell.....
Interconnected
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TPC R&D results
• Now 3 years of MPGD experience gathered. MPGDs compared with wire
• Gas properties rather well understood (dirft velocity, diffusion effect ~ MC)
• Diffusion-limited resolution seems feasible
• Resistive foil charge-spreading demonstrated
• CMOS RO chip demonstrated• Design work starting for the
Large Prototype (funded by EUDET)
GEM vs wire
Charge spreading by resistive foil
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Silicon Tracker R&Ds■ DSSD in-house fabrication in Kor
ea Characterized. S/N = 25 Radiation test in progress Hybrid is produced
■ Long-ladder R&D (SantaCruz) Readout chip LSTFE for long and
spaced bunch train. Being tested.
Backend architecture defined Long ladders being assembled
■ SILC collaboration 10-60cm strip length S/N = 20-30 for 28cm (Sr90), O
K New front end chip being tested ~OK. Next : power cycling Ladder assembly prototype soon
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Calorimeters
E
%40~
■ Critical part of PFA
■ ‘Realistic’ PFA Full shower simulation Clustering Photon finding Track matching Achieved ~40%/E1/2 for the 3 concepts
■ Starting to be useful for detector optimization
Analog vs digital HCAL readout Segmentation However, not quite mature yet to be
conclusive
■ Large international collaboration : CALICE Jet energy resolution at Z→qq
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ECAL■ Silicon/W
High granularity (~1cm2 or less) and stable gain. Cost : $2-3/cm2 for Si. How far can it go down?
CALICE prototype (1cm2 cell) beam test SLAC/Oregon/UCDavis/BNL silicon wafer (4x4mm2)
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ECAL■ Scintillator/W
Cheaper and larger granurarity (3x3 - 5x5cm2) Scintillator strips may be cost-effective way for granurarity (1cm x Ycm) Read out by fibre + PMT or SiPM/MPC
Japan/Korea/Russia Colorado : staggered cells (5x5cm2)
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■ SiPM (invented in Russia) ~100 cells in 1mm2
Limited Geiger mode High B field (5T) OK Gain ~ 106 ; no preamp Fast σ~ 50ps Quite cheap Noisy? Temperature dependence Steep bias valtage dependenc
e
HAMAMATSU MPC(Multipixel Photon Counter)Sees ~60 pe’s at room temp.
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HCAL
■ Analog : Scintillator (CALICE) Modest granurarity (3x3cm2 u
p) SiPM readout MINICAL prototype tested with
100 SiPM - Same resolution as PMT
2 cm steel
0.5 cm active
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HCAL■ Digital (CALICE)
Fine granurarity (~1x1cm2) 1 bit readout GEM and RPC w/ pad readout Common readout electronics Understood well - ready for 1m3
prototype
Signal PadMylar sheet
Mylar sheet Aluminum foil
1.1mm Glass sheet
1.1mm Glass sheet
1.2mm gas gap
-HV
GND
GEMRPC
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Calorimeter R&Ds
■ Si-Scintillator hybrid for ECAL Cost-performance optimization
■ Crystal for ECAL Focus on energy resolution
■ DREAM Dual readout of dE/dx (scintillat
or) and Cerenkov (quartz fibre) Ideal compensation to obtain ve
ry good hadron energy resolution Basis for the 4-th concept Challenge : ILC implementation
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Other subsystems
■ Muon system is probably easy in concept but difficult in practice (large system - support, etc.)
■ Solenoid and compensation coil (DID - for large xing angle) : non-trivial problem to realize, and DID is a problem to solve for trackers and bkg.
■ Forward regions (endcap regions) are important for t-channel productions such as
■ Very forward regions (FCAL, BCAL) are critical for tagging electrons for SUSY pair creations.
■ With the long train, DAQ is not a trivial problem
■ Beam instumentations such as pair background detector play important roles in machine operation/tuning
Just as importnat as what has been shown
€
e+e− → νν h
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Concluding Remarks
■ Too many R&Ds too cover : apology for those not covered. Refered to the R&D report to be produced ~ end 2005.
■ Resolutions much better than past is not luxuries, but required for balanced investment in ILC.
■ With EUDET ($7M over 4 years), detecor R&D in Europe is now reasonably funded (only for ‘infrastructures), but severely underfunded in Americas and Asia.