IL BSAA Unit A2016utah19951997currrr18881928.weebly.com/uploads/7/9/9/9/79992722/b1-3.pdftechnology...

Lesson B1–3

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Unit B. Animal Science

Problem Area 1. Animal Genetics and Biotechnology

Advanced Life Science Area: Animals

Standard AS.4.15 Animal Genetics and the Environment: Describe the Mende-lian theory (law of segregation and the law of independent assortment) and understand itsimportance.

Standard AS.4.17 Animal Genetics and the Environment: Describe the role ofbiotechnology on the process of selection. Discuss the impact of biotechnology on heritabilityand how genes are passed on, the introduction of novel genetic information, and the use of genesfrom any source. Explain the role of gene markers in biotechnology applications. Describe andevaluate reproductive technology techniques inherent in biotechnology. Also, describe theimpact of biotechnology on the production and synthesis of drugs.

Standard AS.4.18 Animal Genetics and the Environment: Describe the impor-tance of random and non-random sampling in a biotechnological environment.

Standard AS.4.19 Animal Genetics and the Environment: Explain the sciencebehind mammalian cloning. Compare and contrast cloning a gene and an animal.

Standard AS.4.26 Animal Genetics and the Environment: Evaluate the impactof biotechnology on increased production and the development of exotic species.

Biological Science Applications in Agriculture Lesson B1–3 •

Student Learning Objectives. Instruction in this lesson should result in stu-dents achieving the following objectives:

1 Identify the major areas of biotechnology in animal science.

2 Explain various molecular biotechnology methods.

3 Discuss applications of molecular biotechnology.

4 Discuss applications of organismic biotechnology.

List of Resources. The following resources may be useful in teaching this lesson:

Gillespie, J.R. (2002) Modern Livestock & Poultry Production (6th Edition). Albany,NY: Delmar. (Unit 9)

Lee, Jasper S., et al. Introduction to Livestock & Companion Animals. 3rd Edition.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Interstate, 2004 (Chapter 6).

Lee, Stephen J., et al. Biotechnology. Danville, IL: Interstate Publishers, Inc., 2001(Chapter 10).

List of Equipment, Tools, Supplies, and Facilities

� Writing surface

� Overhead projector

� Transparencies from attached masters

� Copies of student lab sheets

� Copies of technical supplement

Terms. The following terms are presented in this lesson (shown in bold italics):

� Animal biotechnology

� Biotechnology

� Embryo transfer

� Genetic engineering

� Gene transfer

� Microinjection

� Molecular biotechnology

� Organismic biotechnology

� Particle injection

� Plasmids

� Recombinant DNA


� Superovulation

� Transgene

� Transgenic animal

Interest Approach. Use an interest approach that will prepare the students for thelesson. Teachers often develop approaches for their unique class and student situations. A possi-ble approach is included here.

Ask the students what “bio” means. They should respond, “life.” Then ask the stu-

dents what “technology” means. They will most likely respond, “advancements

made to make things better,” “changes made to benefit people,” or “applying sci-

ence to solve problems.” Have the students put their two definitions together. They

will come up with responses like, “making advancements in life,” “changing life to

make it better,” or “solving life’s problems through the use of science.” Now lead

into a discussion on some products developed through biotechnology that are help-

ing to advance our lives and make them better. Ex. BST, Round-up Ready Soybeans,

and Golden Rice

SUMMARY OF CONTENT AND

TEACHING STRATEGIES

Objective 1: Identify the major areas of biotechnology in animal science.

Anticipated Problem: What are the major areas of biotechnology in animal science?

I. Biotechnology is the management of biological systems for the benefit of people and theirenvironment. It is also viewed as the application of science in food and fiber production.Biotechnology has been used for hundreds of years. Using yeast to make bread and bacteriato make cheese are everyday examples of biotechnology. Animal biotechnology is thepplication of biotechnology methods to improve animals. There are two major areas of bio-technology in animal science. They are:

A. Molecular biotechnology—Molecular biotechnology is changing the structure and partsof cells to change the organism. It begins with the atom. Molecular biotechnology oftenchanges the physical appearance of an organism. In some cases, undesirable traits mayevelop along with those that are desired.

B. Organismic biotechnology—Organismic biotechnology deals with intact or completeorganisms. The genetic makeup of the organism is not artificially changed. This is themost widely used type of biotechnology.


There are many techniques that can be used to assist students in mastering this

material. Students need text material to aid in understanding the major areas of bio-

technology in animal science. Chapter 6 in Introduction to Livestock & Companion

Animals is recommended. TM–A can be used to show the advancements made from

biotechnology techniques.

Objective 2: Explain various molecular biotechnology methods.

Anticipated Problem: What are some of the various molecular biotechnology methods?

II. The number of molecular biotechnological methods has increased. The result of this workhas improved animal production. Three of the most common methods are:

A. Genetic Engineering—Genetic Engineering is a form of biotechnology in which geneticinformation is changed to make a new product. Through this process, sections of theDNA strand are cut out and new sections are inserted. Gene transfer is the moving of agene from one organism to another. Genetic engineering is a means of complementingtraditional breeding programs.

B. Recombinant DNA—Recombinant DNA is gene slicing. Genes are cut out of a DNAstrand with a restriction enzyme that works like a scalpel. They are then inserted intocircular DNA molecules in bacteria plasmids. Plasmids are circular pieces of DNAfound outside the nucleus in bacteria. The plasmid is inserted into the cell that is to bealtered. This allows the DNA of two different organisms to be combined. This is a verycomplicated and complex procedure. Most cells die in the process. Many surviving cellsdo not have the new DNA present in the nucleus.

C. Transgenic Animals—A transgenic animal is an animal that has incorporated a foreigngene into its cells. This animal can pass to its offspring this transgene, or altered gene. Allof the cells within the transgenic animal contain this transgene. Some common trans-genic methods are:1. Microinjection—This is the most common method used. Injecting DNA into a cell

using a fine diameter glass needle and a microscope constitutes microinjection.2. Particle injection—Particle injection is using a microprojectile unit to shoot tiny

particles coated with DNA into cells. Microprojectile units are sometimes calledparticle guns. Both methods have relatively low success rates.


material. Students need text material to aid in understanding the various molecular

biotechnology methods. Chapter 6 in Introduction to Livestock & Companion Ani-

mals is recommended. Use TM–B and TM–C to aid in the discussion.


Objective 3: Discuss applications of molecular biotechnology.

Anticipated Problem: What are some of the applications of molecular biotechnology?

III. There have been several major improvements discovered through the use of molecular bio-technology. They can be broken down into several categories.

A. Human health—Animals are being used to study several different types of diseasesfound in humans. Insulin was once extracted from the pancreas of slaughtered cattleand hogs. This extraction process was very expensive. Sometime the insulin from theanimals caused allergic reactions to the diabetics who used it. Through molecular bio-technology, insulin is now produced artificially in laboratories. This artificial insulin isof higher quality and less expensive to produce. This is just one example of a productbeing developed through biotechnology that will benefit human health. Many more areon the horizon.

B. Food production—Increasing the levels of beta casein in milk decreases the timerequired for rennet coagulation and whey expulsion in making cheese. This lowers totalprocessing time and cost. Also through biotechnology, the fat content in milk can bereduced to make fat-free cheese and ice cream. If a substance known as kappa casein isincreased 5 percent in milk, it makes it more stable and easier to ship. These are only afew examples of food products that have been developed through biotechnology. Soon,many new foods will be introduced on the market that are high in quality.

C. Livestock production—The use of biotechnology has increased growth rate, efficiency,and disease resistance in livestock. This has made livestock production cost decline andaids in the supply of a low cost food supply.


material. Students need text material to aid in understanding the applications of

molecular biotechnology. Introduction to Livestock & Companion Animals is recom-

mended. Use TM–D to aid in the discussion on this topic.

Objective 4: Discuss applications of organismic biotechnology.

Anticipated Problem: What are some applications of organismic biotechnology?

IV. Most animal management practices done in livestock production are organismic biotech-nology. Several examples of this area of biotechnology are:

A. Greater fertility—Increasing the reproductive capacity of top animals is important toproducers. Two methods to increase the reproductive capacity of animals are:

1. Superovulation—Superovulation is getting a female to release more than the usualnumber of eggs during a single estrous cycle. Hormones are injected to assure moreeggs.


2. Embryo transfer—Embryo transfer is taking an embryo from its mother andimplanting it in another female. The embryo completes development in the recipi-ent.

B. Increased production—Three methods used to increase production are:1. Milk hormones—Injections of milk hormones cause the cow’s mammary system to

become more productive. The most common milk hormone is bovine somatotro-pin (bST). Since bST is a naturally occurring hormone, it has been widely acceptedin the dairy industry.

2. Meat hormones—Injections of meat hormones causes the animal to produce moremuscle cells resulting in larger and leaner cuts of valuable meat.

3. Growth implants—Growth implants are small pellets placed under the skin. Theypromote growth by making the animal more feed efficient.

C. Enhancing animal nutrition—The greatest results of biotechnology have been seen inanimal nutrition. Some of the enhancements are:1. Digestibility testing—Tests are made by getting samples from the digestive systems

of animals after they have eaten. This information is used to improve feed use andanimal growth.

2. Controlled feeding—Computer chips can be put in a monitor around the animal’sneck, ear tag or under the skin. A computerized feeding station will read the chipand regulate the amount of feed the animal receives. Daily feed intake by the animalis used to aid in the detection of health problems.


material. Students need text material to aid in understanding the applications of

organismic biotechnology. Introduction to Livestock & Companion Animals is recom-

mended.

Review/Summary. Use the student learning objectives to summarize the lesson.Have students explain the content associated with each objective. Student responses can be usedin determining which objectives need to be reviewed or taught from a different angle.

Application. Use the following transparency masters, lab sheets, and technical supple-ment to apply the information.

� TM–A: Benefits of Biotechnology� TM–B: Removing Pieces of DNA� TM–C: Genetic Splicing Using Bacteria� TM–D: Insulin Production Using Mammal Cells� LS–A: Biotechnology� LS–B: Biotech Debate� LS–C: Cloning Debate


� LS–D: Biotech Report� TS–A: Biotechnology

Evaluation. Evaluation should be based on student comprehension of the learningobjectives. This can be determined using the attached sample test.

Answers to Sample Test:

Part One: Matching

1. f2. e3. g4. b5. a6. i7. c8. d9. h

10. j

Part Two: Fill-in-the-Blank

1. transgenic animal2. Particle injection3. physical4. hundreds5. increased6. bovine somatotropin (bST)7. health8. muscle9. Organismic biotechnology

Part Three: Multiple Choice

1. a2. d3. b4. c

Part Four: Short Answer

Molecular biotechnology is changing the structure and parts of cells to change the organism. Itbegins with the atom. Molecular biotechnology often changes the physical appearance of an


organism. In some cases, undesirable traits may develop along with those that are desired.Organismic biotechnology deals with intact or complete organisms. The genetic makeup ofthe organism is not artificially changed. This is the most widely used type of biotechnology.


Name ________________________________________Test

BIOTECHNOLOGY

� Part One: Matching

Instructions: Match the word with the correct definition.

a. Biotechnology e. Genetic Engineering i. Embryo Transferb. Microinjection f. Molecular biotechnology j. Superovulationc. Organismic biotechnology g. Transgened. Recombinant DNA h. Gene transfer

_______1. Changing the structure and parts of cells to change the organism

_______2. A form of biotechnology in which genetic information is changed to make a new product.

_______3. Altered gene

_______4. Injecting DNA into a cell using a fine diameter glass needle and a microscope

_______5. The management of biological systems for the benefit of people and their environment.

_______6. Taking an embryo from its mother and implanting it in another female

_______7. The genetic makeup of the organism is not artificially changed.

_______8. Gene slicing

_______9. The moving of a gene from one organism to another.

______10. Getting a female to release more than the usual number of eggs during a single estrous cycle.

� Part Two: Fill-in-the-Blank

Instructions: Complete the following statements.

1. A ______________ ______________ is an animal that has incorporated a foreign gene into its cells.

2. _______________ _______________ is using a microprojectile unit to shoot tiny particles coated with DNAinto cells.

3. Molecular biotechnology often changes the ________________ appearance of an organism.


4. Biotechnology has been used for _________________ of years.

5. The use of biotechnology has __________________ growth rate, efficiency, and disease resistance in live-stock.

6. The most common milk hormone is _______________ _________________.

7. Daily feed intake by the animal is used to aid in the detection of ___________ problems.

8. Injections of meat hormones causes the animal to produce more __________ cells.

9. ____________ _______________ is the most widely used type of biotechnology.

� Part Three: Multiple Choice

Instructions: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

_______1. Biotechnology in agriculture consists of all of the following except:

a. equipment engineeringb. genetic engineeringc. cell culturesd. tissue cultures

_______2. Which is a product of biotechnology in the agriculture industry?

a. leaner meat in cattleb. cloningc. BSTd. all of the above

_______3. Which type of biotechnology involves changing the structure of the cell?

a. superovulationb. molecular biotechnologyc. organismic biotechnologyd. embryo transfer

_______4. All of the following are true about genetic engineering except:

a. it is a form of biotechnology in which genetic information is changed to make a new productb. DNA strands are cut out and new sections are insertedc. genes are not allowed to be moved from one organism to anotherd. it is a means of complementing traditional breeding programs.

� Part Four: Short Answer

Instructions: Answer the following statement.

Explain the two types of biotechnology.


TM–A

BENEFITS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY


Transfer of newgenes into animal

organismsCulture of

plants fromsingle cells

Diagonstics

Anti-cancerdrugs

Cell CultureMonoclonalAntibodies

MolecularBiology

Crime solving

DNA technology

Banks of DNA,RNA, and proteins

Complete mapof the human

genome

GeneticEngineering

Synthesisof new

proteins

New types ofplants and

animals

New typesof food

Newantibiotics

Cloning

Mass productionof human proteins

Resource bankfor rare human

chemicals

Gene therapy

Tracers

Synthesis ofspecific DNA

probes

Localization ofgenetic disorders

TM–B

REMOVING PIECES OF DNA


Plasmid isolated

from bacterium

Enzyme splits the

plasmid open, removing

a section of DNA

Recombinant plasmid

inserted back into bacterium

Section of donor DNA

inserted into bacterial plasmid

Enzyme splits the

donor plasmid

open, removing

a section of DNA

Strand of DNA

from donor cell

Plasmid

Bacterium

TM–C

GENETIC SPLICING USING BACTERIA


Foreign DNA to

be inserted

Antibiotic-resistance

marker

Joining

Plasmid Recombinant

DNA molecule

Introduction into

host cell

Selection for cells

containing recombinant DNA

molecules by growth in the

presence of antibiotic

TM–D

INSULIN PRODUCTION USINGMAMMAL CELLS


Plasmid Insulin Gene

Cell DNA

Insulin GenePlasmid cut

Plasmid containingthe Insulin Gene

Bacterium Cell Mammalian Cell

Plasmid reintroducedinto bacterium

Insulin is producedfor medical use

Bacteria multiply infermentation tank

Insulin is injectedinto human patients

LS–A: Teacher Information

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Agricultural Applications and Practices

Biotechnology has the potential to greatly affect animal agriculture of the future. Theword biotechnology can be divided into its two root words: bio which means life andtechnology which means applying science to solve a problem. Biotechnology is the collec-tion of techniques that use living organisms to make products or solve problems. Themost common techniques include genetic engineering, diagnostics, and cell/tissue cul-ture.

Biotechnology is currently being used in animal science to improve reproduction and ani-mal health, create useful products from animal waste, and increase lean meat and milkproduction. Before, biotechnology, producers utilized selective breeding to improve per-formance. With biotechnology, animal scientists can save, store, and even split valuableembryos, thus reproducing genetically identical offspring. Biotechnology is also beingused to eliminate harmful side effects of vaccines and to develop disease resistance in ani-mals. Bioprocessing involves using techniques of biotechnology to transfer livestockwaste into beneficial products. Leaner meat and increased milk production is also a realitytoday with the development of growth hormones which increase gain and feeding effi-ciency. Animal products are being made more nutritionally desirable through biotechnol-ogy techniques, which result in less fat. The applications of biotechnology in animal agri-culture will continue to grow as more is learned about the genetic make-up of animals

Science Connections—Questions for Investigation

1. What is genetic engineering?

2. What is the potential of genetic engineering in animals?

3. How is genetic engineering currently being used in the animal industry?

4. What is cloning?

5. What are concerns over genetic engineering?

Research Problem

How is genetic engineering being used?


Purpose of the Laboratory and Students Performance Objectives

The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to understand the uses of biotechnology.Through this lab and related discussions, students will be able to:

1. Define biotechnology and genetic engineering.

2. Identify uses of biotechnology in the animal industry.

3. Debate genetic engineering.

Helpful Hints

� The labs offered in this lesson can be used while discussing animal biotechnology aswell as plant biotechnology.

� The debate activities will require that students have time for research in order tostrengthen their arguments.

� It is recommended that a video be shown to help students understand cloning. A videois offered from PBS titled “Cloning” that can be ordered to help students understandthe process and help them with their debate.

BIOENGINEER A PRODUCT

Procedure

1. Divide students into groups of three.

2. Give each group a plant or animal and a card that tells characteristics of that organ-ism. (Or you can give each group a topic and send them to the library to look upcharacteristics about the plant or animal)

Example:

CornZea maysAnnualLow tillering capacity200 days—reach harvestable stageFungal disease—southern corn leaf blightLeading grain crop in acreage and total yields


3. Tell the students to make a perfect crop or animal by bioengineering. Examples ofwhat the students should suggest to genetically engineer corn:

Have corn reach maturity at 100 days

Produce enough leaves to shade weeds

Straight stalks

Resistant to southern corn leaf blight

Increase yield per acre

Very little tillering

Resistant to insects

Frost resistant

Able to grow year-round

4. Have students present their perfect organism to the rest of the class by first explain-ing the original characteristics and then the characteristics after being bioengineered


Name ________________________________________LS–B: Student Worksheet

BIOTECH DEBATE

Procedure

1. In groups of four, prepare to debate the advantages of one of the two points of viewdescribed below. You will be assigned the statement you will need to debate. (Yourassigned statement may not be what you actually believe.) Use textbooks, resourcematerials, and information from the Internet to strengthen your arguments.

A. Should the introduction of genetically engineered products be prevented fromreaching the public?

B. Should the use of a genetically engineered product be allowed, until it is provenharmful, provided it meets some standard of safety?

Debate

� 1 min. opening statement—pro

� 1 min. opening statement—con

� 10 min. debate

� 1 min. to prepare closing statements

� 1 min. closing statement—con

� 1 min. closing statement—pro


Name ________________________________________LS–C: Student Worksheet

CLONING DEBATE

Purpose

To examine and debate issues related to cloning

Instructions

1. In groups, prepare to debate the advantages of one of the two points of viewdescribed below. You will be assigned the statement you will need to debate. (Yourassigned statement may not be what you actually believe.) Use information from thevideo, Internet or other material to strengthen your arguments

A. Your group is for cloning research not for reproductive purposes but for organs,etc. (you feel the benefits outweigh the risks, you believe that cloning research isthe answer to a cure for several diseases.)

B. Your group is against all cloning research (you don’t feel it is ethical to destroy ahuman embryo even if organs can be developed from them, you’re afraid it mayget into the wrong hands; you fear cloning)

Debate

� 1 min. opening statement—pro

� 1 min. opening statement—con

� 10 min. debate

� 1 min. to prepare closing statements

� 1 min. closing statement—con

� 1 min. closing statement—pro


Name ________________________________________LS–D: Student Worksheet

BIOTECH REPORT

Directions

You will be required to write a report on one of the fol-lowing topics:

1. How was DNA discovered and how is it usedtoday?

2. Follow one item (crop or animal) from concept toproduction.

3. How will genetic engineering be used in the future?

4. Highlight one biotechnology career.

The paper will need to be at least two pages typed, double spaced and 12 point font.


BIOTECHNOLOGY

TS–A

Technical Supplement

BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. What is genetic engineering?

It is a biotechnological technique that involves the alteration of the genetic makeupof an organism to produce a desired effect.

2. What is the potential of genetic engineering in animals?

Better disease resistance of animals, better feed efficiency, more milk production,more nutritious meat, and lower cholesterol levels.

3. How is genetic engineering currently being used in the animal industry?

One example is insulin. Insulin is produced, the insulin gene is then put into bacte-ria, huge amounts of this genetically engineered bacteria is produced, when bacteriais grown, they produce insulin, and bacteria is killed and the insulin is extracted.

4. What is cloning?

Cloning is the duplication of an animal from the genetic material found in a cell ofan animal. Even though clones have the same genetics, they do not always have thesame phenotypic expression.

5. What are concerns over genetic engineering?

There is a fear that this technology could get into the wrong hands and produceunwanted organisms. There are concerns that species might be produced that couldbe harmful. Some may even argue that using this technology is unethical becauseyou are tampering with nature.


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