IInd Assign of IFTC

8/13/2019 IInd Assign of IFTC

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RAM needs electricity to flow to retain information while ROM is

permanent.

RAM is analogous to a blackboard on which information can be written

with a chalk and erased any number of times, while ROM is permanentand can only be read. One example is BIOS (basic input output system)

that runs when computer is switched on and it prepares disk drives and

processor to load OS from disk.

Q3. -Diff. b/w Serial & Parallel Ports.

Ans. -(i) Parallel ports are usually purple in color and serial ports usually

come in light green as part of ISO standards when found on PCs.

(ii) Parallel ports on the motherboard are usually female and serial ports

are usually male.

(iii) Parallel ports will have different pin outs to serial, most of the serial

lines will be used for control functions and grounding functions while a

good few of the parallel pins usually 8 are used for sending data.

(iv) To avoid crosstalk Parallel usually operates at a lower frequency then

serial and popularity switches from one to the other as a result of

emerging technologies.

(v) Examples of serial technology are USB and Fire wire with IEEE 1284

being a parallel technology.

Q4. - Explain the functionality of the CMOS Battery, North Bridge,

South Bridge, Microprocessor, and SMPC.


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Ans. - 1. CMOS BATTERY--All personal computers require a small

battery on the system board that provides power to the Complementary

Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) chip, even while the computer is

turned off. This chip contains information about the system configuration

(e.g., hard disk type, floppy drive types, date and time, and the order in

which the computer will look for bootable disks). The CMOS battery

allows the CMOS to preserve these settings. The CMOS battery (or the

motherboard battery) has a unique purpose in a computer. NonvolatileBIOS memoryrefers to a smallmemory onPCmotherboards that isused to storeBIOS settings. It was traditionally called CMOS RAMbecause it used a low-powerComplementary metal-oxide-semiconductor

(CMOS)SRAM (such as theMotorola MC146818 or similar) powered by

a small battery when system power was off. The term remains in wide use

but it has grown into amisnomer:nonvolatile storage in contemporary

computers is often inEEPROM orflash memory (like the BIOS code

itself); the remaining usage for the battery is then to keep thereal-time

clock going. The typicalNVRAM capacity is 512bytes,which is generally

sufficient for all BIOS settings. The CMOS RAM and thereal-time clock

have been integrated as a part of theSouthbridge chipset and it may notbe a standalone chip on modern motherboards.

2. NORTH BRIDGE--Northbridge is an Intelchipset that communicates

with the computerprocessor and controls interaction withmemory,the

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)bus,Level 2cache,and all

Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)activities. Northbridge communicates

with the processor using the front side bus (FSB). Northbridge is one part

of a two-part chipset called Northbridge/Southbridge.Southbridge

handles the input/output (I/O)functions of the chipset.

The Intel Hub Architecture (IHA) has replaced the

Northbridge/Southbridge chipset. The IHA chipset also has two parts: the

Graphics and AGP Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) and the I/O

Controller Hub (ICH). The IHA architecture is used in Intel's 800 series
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chipsets, which is the first chipset architecture to move away from the

Northbridge/Southbridge design.

3. SOUTH BRIDGE-- Southbridge is an Intelchipset that manages the

basic forms of input/output (I/O ) such as Universal Serial Bus(USB ),serial , audio, Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE ), and Industry

Standard Architecture (ISA ) I/O in a computer. Southbridge is one of

two chipsets that are collectively called Northbridge /Southbridge.

Northbridge controls theprocessor ,memory , Peripheral Component

Interconnect (PCI )bus , Level 2cache , and all Accelerated Graphics

Port (AGP ) activities. Unlike Northbridge, Southbridge consists of one

chip, which sits on Northbridge's PCI bus.

The Intel Hub Architecture (IHA) has replaced theNorthbridge/Southbridge chipset. The IHA chipset has two parts also, the

Graphics and AGP Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) and the I/O

Controller Hub (ICH). The IHA architecture is used in Intel's 800 series

chipsets, which is the first chipset architecture to move away from the

Northbridge/Southbridge design.

4. MICROPROCESSOR--A microprocessorincorporates the functionsof acomputer'scentral processing unit (CPU) on a singleintegratedcircuit,[1](IC) or at most a few integrated circuits.[2]It is a multipurpose,

programmable device that acceptsdigital data as input, processes it

according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as

output. It is an example ofsequential digital logic,as it has internal

memory. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented

in thebinary numeral system.

The advent of low-cost computers on integrated circuits has transformedmodern society. General-purpose microprocessors inpersonal computers

are used for computation, text editing, multimedia display, and

communication over theInternet.Many more microprocessors are part

ofembedded systems,providing digital control of a myriad of objects
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from appliances to automobiles tocellular phones and industrial process

control.

5. SMPC--A switched mode power supply(switching mode powersupply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronicpower supply thatincorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently.

Like other power supplies, an SMPS transferspower from a source like

the electricalpower grid to a load (such as apersonal computer)while

convertingvoltage andcurrent characteristics. An SMPS is usually

employed to efficiently provide a regulated output voltage, typically at a

level different from the input voltage.

Q5. Define the diff. types of RAM Memory.

Ans.- The various types of Random Access Memory(RAM) are-

1.Static RAM (SRAM).2.Dynamic RAM (DRAM).

Other RAM types are-

3.Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM).4.Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDRSDRAM).5.Rambus DRAM (RDRAM).6.Direct Rambus DRAM (DRDRAM).7.Video RAM (VRAM).8.Fast Page Mode RAM (FPMRAM).9.Extended Data Out Ram (EDORAM).

Q6.- Name the fastest Super Computer?

Ans.- The most used fastest Super Computers are :-

K Computer,(Japan) Tianhe-1A(China) Jaguar/Titan(U.S.) Blue Gene Watson ,Blue Gene/L, Blue Gene/P(Colombia) Baku(Germany)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_phone


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TSUBAME 2.0( Japan) Nebulae(China) SAGA-220(India), etc.

Q6.- What are the tasks performed by System Software?

Ans. -The three major tasks performed by system software are allocatingsystem resources, monitoring system activities, and disk and file

management.1. Allocating system resources:The system resources are time, memory,input, and output. The time in the CPU is divided into time slices. The

time slices is measured in terms of milliseconds. Based on the priority of

tasks the time slices are assigned. Memory is also managed by operating

system. Disk space is the part of main memory. The data flow is

controlled by operating system.2. Monitoring system activities:The system security and systemperformance is monitored by system software. System performance

includes response time and CPU utilization. System security is a part of

operating system. Multiple users cant access without the security code or

password.

3. File and disk management:The user needs to save, copy, delete, moveand rename the files. The system software will handles those functions.

Disk and file management is the technical task.

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