III Sem BA Malayalam Core Course Drama and Thirakkadha On07Dec2015

8/19/2019 III Sem BA Malayalam Core Course Drama and Thirakkadha On07Dec2015

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BA MALAYALAM

2014 Admission onwards

III Semester

CORE COURSE

(CU CBCSS)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT UNIVERSITY P. O., MALAPPURAM DIST., KERALA,INDIA PIN: 673 635

544


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School of Distance Education

\mSIw/ Xnc ¡Y Page 2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL

BA MALAYALAMIII SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

X¿mdm¡nbXv tUm. PaoÂ AlvaZv (Akn. s{]m^kÀ,Kh. tImtfPv ae¸pdw)

Lay out : Computer Section, SDE©

Reserved


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samUyqÄ 1 5

samUyqÄ 2 temI \mS I th Zn bpsS B[p\nI L«w 20

samUyqÄ 3 tIc f ̄nsâ {]mtZ inI \mS I ]mc ¼cyw 36

samUyqÄ 4 \mSIhpw kn\nabpw 49


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samUyqÄ 1s]mXpsh kmln Xȳ n\v Zriy sa¶pw {ihy sa¶pw c-p hn`m K§ fp-v. AXnÂ

\mSIw, kn\na XpS §nbh Zriy hn`mK¯nemWv DÄs¸ SpI. A`n\bw, kw`mjWwF¶nhbneqsS a\pjyhym]mcs¯ t{]£Icnte¡v ]Icp¶ Zriy þ{imhy IebmWv \mSIw. "Hcp ]qÀW{InbbpsS A\pIcWw' F¶mWv \mSIs¯ Acnkvtäm«nÂ\nÀhNn¨n«pÅXv. kmlnXyw, kwKoXw, \r¯w, Nn{XIe F¶n§s\ hn`n¶ IeIfpsSIq«mbvabmb Xn\mÂ \mSIs¯ k¦ cI e sbt¶m k¼qÀW Ie sbt¶m hnfn¡mw.\mSImhXcW¯nsâ kmlnXycq]amWv s]mXpth \mSIw ({Uma) F¶dnbs¸Sp¶sX¦nepwUp (Do ) F¶ ]Z¯nÂ\n¶mcw`n¨ "{Uma' \mSI¯nse {Inbmwi¯nte¡mWv hncÂNq-p¶Xv. \mSIs¯ k¼qÀWambn DÄs¡mÅp¶ BwKteb]Zw XnsbäÀF¶XmWv. aebmf¯nÂ \mSIthZnsb¶pw \mSIIesb¶pw {]tbmKn¡mdp-v.

\mSIIe, \mSIkmlnXyw F¶nhbnÂ GXmWp {][m\w F¶Xns\¡pdn¨v hyXykvX A`n{]mb§Ä \nehnep-v. kmlnXy¯n\p {]m[m\yw Iev]n¡p¶hÀ\mSIkmlnXy¯n\mWv {]m[m\ysa¶pw asämcp Iq«À \mSIIebv¡SnØm\ambn HcpkmlnXyIrXn AXy´mt]£nXasÃ¶pw Hcp kmlnXyIrXnsbbpw Ahew_n¡msX\mSI¯n\v cq]w\evIm\pw Ac§¯v BhnjvIcn¡m\pw km[n¡psa¶pw IcpXp¶p.\mSIkmlnXys¯bpw \mSIIesbbpw Hcpt]mse a\Ênem¡nbn«pÅhcpwIemX¯zhmZnIfpamWv c-mas¯ ho£WKXn h¨p]peÀ¯p¶Xv. F´mbmepwP\§tfmSv t\cn«v kwhZn¡p¶ Hcp Iesb¶\nebnÂ \mSI¯nsâ iàn hfschepXmWv. AXpsIm-mWv atäsXmcpIesb¡mfpw \mSIw P\IobIebmbn hfÀ¶Xv;]et¸mgpw Hcp kacmbp[w Xs¶bmbncp¶p AXv.temI \mSI Ncn{Xw

temIkmlnXy¯nse Gähpw ]g¡apÅ IeIfnsem¶v \mSIamWv. {]mNo\Ime¯v AXv HcpXcw A\pjvTm\ambncp¶p. a\pjyPohnXs¯bpw {]]©s¯bpw\nb{ń¡p¶ AZriyiànIÄ X½nÂ \S¶psIm-ncn¡p¶ kwL«\wBwKy¯neqsSbpw \r¯Ne\§fneqsSbpw Km\¯neqsSbpw {]mNo\a\pjyÀBhnjvIcn¨hbmWv B A\pjvTm\§Ä. A¯cw aX NS§pIÄ ]e ]cnWma§fneqsShnIkn¨v \mSIcq]w {]m]n¨Xn\ptijamWv BZyIme \mSIIrXnIÄ D-mbXv.A\pIcWhmk\bnÂ \n¶mWv \mSĪ nsâ Bcw`sa¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶Xpt]mse

kwL«\amWv \mSIIebpsS ASnØm\LSIsa¶pw IcpXs¸Sp¶p. CukwL«\kn²m´w ]mÝmXy \mSINn´bnse \nÀWmbILSIamWv. a\pjycpsS hn`n¶{]IrX§Ä X½ntem \·bpw Xn·bpw X½ntem hyànIÄ X½ntem kaql¯nsâ hn`n¶LSI§Ä X½ntem \S¡p¶ kwL«\§fpsS Iem]camb BhnjvImcamWv \mSIwF¶XmWv kwL «\sa ¶Xn\ÀYw.

hnIknXamb \mSIIe BZyambn \nehnÂ h¶ cmPyw {]mNo\ {Kokv Bbncp¶p.AXns\¯pSÀ¶v A[nIImew Ignbp¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ Cýbnepw \mSIIecq]wsIm-p. {]mNo\{Koknse P\§Ä tZhXIÄ¡v _en AÀ¸n¡m³ tZhXm{]XnjvTIÄ¡p Npäpw AWn\nc¶v Bcm[\m]camb ]m«pIÄ ]mSpIbpw XmfmßIambnNphSph¨v \r¯w sNbvXpsIm-v {]XnjvTsb hewhbv¡pIbpw sNbvXph¶p. B NS§v Iem]cambn hnIkn¨t¸mÄ Bcm[IÀ ]mSnbncp¶ KoX§fnÂ Hmtcm `mKhpwHmtcmcp¯À amdnamdn ]mSp¶ k{¼Zmbambn. {ItaW, KoX¯nsâ GsX¦nepw Hcp `mKw]mSp¶bmÄ {]tXyI IYm]m{X¯nsâ `mhcq]§Ä ssIs¡mÅm³ XpS§n. C§s\\r¯w sN¿p¶hscÃmw hyXykvX IYm]m{X§fmbn¯ocpIbpw Hmtcmcp¯cpsSbpw\r¯cwK§Ä AhchÀ ]mSp¶ KoX`mK¯nsâ A`n\bambn cq]mćs¸SpIbpwFÃmhcpsSbpw A`n\bw IqSnẗ À¶v \nbXamb Hcp CXnhr¯¯nsâBhnjvIcWambn¯ocpIbpw sNbvXp. AtXmSpIqSn A\pjvTm\w \mSIambn¯oÀ¶p.Imemć¯nÂ C{]Imcw Hcp kwLw IemImc·mÀ IqSnt¨À¶v ]m«nepw kw`mjW¯nepwcwKNe\§fnepw IqSn CXnhr¯w AhXcn¸n¡p¶ \mSIIe cq]w{]m]n¨p. Cý bnepwssN\bnepw P¸m\nepw CXpt]mse {]IrXniànIsf {]oXnş Sp¯m³ \S¯nbncp¶\r¯mßIamb NS§pIfnÂ \n¶pXs¶ bmWv \mSIap-mbXmbsX¶pw Icp X s¸ Sp¶p.A§s\ D-mb Pm¸\okv \mSI§fpsS ]cnWnXcq]§fmWv P¸m\nÂ \ne\nÂ¡p¶'t\m', 'I_q¡n' F¶o ]c¼cmKX \mSI§Ä.


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_n.kn. \mepw A©pw iXI§fnÂ {Koknse \mSIw ]qÀW hfÀ¨ {]m]n¨ncp¶p.\mSIcN\bpw \mSImhXcWhpw \mSIaÕchpw hn]peamb {]Nmcw t\SnbImeL«ambncp¶p AXv. kvtäUnb¯n\p kZrihpw hr¯mImchpamb Bw^n Xntb äÀF¶dn b s¸ Sp¶ Øe¯mWv AhXcWw \S¶ncp¶Xv. AXnsâ aq¶phi¯pw kZkyÀ¡v \mSIw Ccp¶pImWm\mbn ]ShpIÄ t]mepÅ Ccn¸nS§Ä \nÀan¨p. CXn\v taÂ¡qctbm

AS¨psIt«m D-mbncp¶nÃ. ImWnIfpsS FXnÀhi¯v s]m¡tadnb cwKthZn\nÀan¡s¸«ncp¶p. B thZnbnÂ \n¶mWv \S·mÀ A`n\bw \S¯nh¶Xv. cwKthZnbpsSap³hi¯v Xmsg KmbIkwLw \mSImhXcWthfbnÂ \n¶p. \mSI¯nse Hmtcm cwKhpwAhkm\n¡pt¼mÄ AXnse kw`h§tfmSv {]XnIcn¨psIm-v KmbIkwLw Km\§ÄBe]n¡mdp-mbncp¶p. Cu kwLs¯ tImdkv F¶mWv Cu Kmb I kw L §Ä¡v ]dªncp¶Xv. \mSIaÕc§fnÂ hnPbn¡p¶hÀ¡v k½m\§Ä \ÂIpI ]Xnhmbncp¶p.\mSI ¯n\v Ht«sd cq] t` Z§ fp-v. `mcXob kmlnXy BNm cy·mÀ Ahsb Zi cq ] I §ÄF¶p hnfn¡p¶p. \mS Iw, {]I cWw, `mWw, {]l k \w, Unaw, hymtbmKw, ka h Imcw,hoYn, A¦w, CulmarKw F¶n§ s\ bmWh. \mS I s¯ ¡pdn¨pw AXnsâ hnhn[ LS I §sf ¡pdn¨pw hni Zambn {]Xn]mZn¡p¶ {KÙ §Ä {]mNo \ ImewsXmt« Fgp Xs¸ ««p-v.Ah bnÂ Gähpw ]g b XmWv `cXsâ \mSy im kv{Xw.

ae bm f ̄ nse BZy Ime \mSI§ÄtIcf¯nÂ {]mNo\ kwk vIrX \mSI ]mc¼ cyhpw \mtSmSn \mSI ]mc¼ cyhpw

D-v. Iq¯v IqSnbm«w, IYI fn, XpÅÂ F¶nh tIcf¯nse ]eXcw \mS I cq ] § fpsS{]I S§ fmWv. B«{] Im cw, {Ia Zo]nI XpS §nb \mS I ]mT {KÙ §fpw tIcf¯nÂ cNn ¡s¸ «n «p-v. Im¡m cnÈn \mSIw, ]mh \mS Iw, kwKo X\mSIw, shÅ cn\mSIw XpS§n \mtSmSnP\{]nb \mS I ]mc¼ cyhpw tIcf ¯n ep-m bn«p-v. k¼ ¶amb Hcp Zriy Iem ]mc ¼cywtIcf̄ n\p-v. \mtSm Snbpw ¢mÊn¡ epamb A\h[n cwK I e IÄ ]e ssIh gnI fneq sSbpwtIcf kwkvIm c¯nÂ ]SÀ¶p InS¡p¶p. IqSnbm«w, IYI fn, sX¿w, Xnd, ]S bWn XpS§nb sshhn[yw \ndª Ie I fnÂ \mS I ¯nsâ Awi §Ä AenªpInS ¡p¶p -v.F¦nepw B[p \n I amb AÀY ¯nÂ \mSIw F¶ Ie tIc f¯nÂ hn]pe amIp¶Xv bqtdm]y³ kzm[o\w hgn bmWv. bqtdm]y³ \mS I §sf A\p I cn¨v ]mÀknIÄ cq] s¸ Sp̄ nbkwKoX{] [m\ amb \mSI §fpw Ahsb A\p I cn¨v XangÀ cq]s¸ Sp ̄ nb Xangv kwKoX\mSI §fpw tIcfo bsc kzm[o \n¨p. A§ s\ bmWv aebmf kwKoX \mS I §Ä D-mIp¶

Xv. kam´ cambn¯s¶ kwkvIrX \mS I § fp sSbpw Cw¥ojv \mSI § fp sSbpw hnhÀ¯ \§fpw ae bmf ¯n ep-m bn.

ae bm f ̄ nse hnhÀ¯\ \mSI§ÄCw¥ojv ]T\hpw B[p \nI s]mXphnZym`ymk k{¼ Zmbhpw KZykmln Xy ¯nsâbpw

]{X amkn I I fpsSbpw {]N cW ¯n\v B¡w Iq«n. FÃm C´y³ `mj I fnepw kwkvIr X\mSI ¯nsâ XÀP aI fm bn«mWv C¡me¯v \mSIw {]Xy £ s¸ «pImWp¶Xv. tIcfhÀa hen btImbn¯ ¼pcm³ 1882 Â tIc fob imIp ´fw {]kn²o I cn ¨ Xn\p tijw kwkvIrX \mSI§ fpsS [mcmfw hnhÀ¯\§Ä ae bmf¯nep-mbn. Nm¯p¡p«n a¶mSnbmcpsS Pm\Io ]cnWbw (1889) D¯ ccma NcnXw (1892) sI \mcmbW tat\msâ amfhnImánan{Xw (1890)sIm«mc¯nÂ i¦p®nbpsS hn{I tamÀhiobw, ame Xoam[hw (1892) sImSp§ ÃqÀ Ipªn ¡p«³ X¼p cmsâ BÝcy NqVmaWn (1893) ]´fw tIc fhÀa bpsS thWo kwlmcw (1916), FBÀ cmP cm P hÀa bpsS A`n Úm \imIp´fw (1913) amf hnImán an{Xw (1916) kz]v\hmk h Z¯w, Nmcp Z̄ ³ (1917) F¶nh DZm l cW § fmWv.

kmlnXy ] camb Hcp hymbmaw F¶ XnÂ Ihnªv CXnse ]e XÀP a IÄ¡pw \mSI¯n\pth- KpW § fp-mbncp¶nÃ. AXn \mÂ Cu Ime L «¯nÂ Xs¶ ]pcmW §sfD]Po hn¨v kzX{´ \mS I §fpw Nne Ncn{X \mSI §fpw cNn¡ s¸ SpI bp-mbn. kmaqlnIhnj b § fnepw A]qÀh ambn cN \ I fp-m bn. sImSp§ ÃqÀ Ipªn ¡p«³ X¼p cmsâ e£Wmkw Kaw (1891) N{µnI (1892) tXm«bv¡m«v am[hnb ½ bpsS kp`{Zm [\RvPbw (1891) ]nsI sIm¨o ¸³ XcIsâ adnbm½m \mSIw (1892) sImSp § ÃqÀ sIm¨p ®n¯ ¼pcmsâIeymWn \mSIw (1892) I- ¯nÂ hÀKokv am¸nfbpsS F{_mb ¡p«n (1893) sI kn tIi h¸nÅ bpsS e£van IeymWw XpS §nb \mS I §Ä ae bmf \mS I {] Øm\¯n\v BZy Ime §fnÂ DuÀPw \ÂInb {it²b amb cN \I fmWv.


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sIm¨p®n¯ ¼pcmsâ IeymWn \mSIw `mcym ̀ÀXr _ Ôs¯ Ipdn¨m Wv. e£vanIeymWw XdhmSv apSn¡p¶ BNm cm\pjvTm\§sf ]cn lnkn¡p¶p. Ch bnÂ Gsd {it²b ambXv adnbm½m \mSI amWv. {InkvXy³ IpSpw_ ¯nsâ ]Ým¯ e ¯nÂ A½m bnb½t¸mcm Wv Cu \mSIw ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ hnj bw. Ht«sd cwKmhX cW §Ä Cu \mS I¯n\v e`n ¨p. 1891 Â hb kvIc aqÊv FgpXnb at\mca hnP bhpw 1892 Â N§ \mtÈcn chn

hÀa Fgp Xnb Ihnk `mcRvP\hpw s]mXp {i² ]nSn¨p ] änb kmaq lnI {]m[m\y apÅ \mSI § fmWv. kwkvIr X \mSI §sf A\pI cn̈ mWv Ch bnÂ ]eXpw Fgp Xs¸ «Xv. A\pI cW\mSI § fpsS Cu ae sh Å ¸m¨nÂ Ac§pX IÀ¯ t¸mÄ Ahsb Bt£ ]n¨p sIm-v 1893Â ap³jn cma ¡pdp¸v N¡oN¦cw F¶ \mS I sa gpXn. CXnse IYm\mb I \mb N¦ c\pwIpw`mWvU\pw X½nepÅ kw`mj ¯neqsS hnI e cN \IÄ \nÀh ln¡p¶ \mS I Ir¯p¡sf IW¡äp ]cn l kn¡p¶p -v.

Cw¥ojv hnZym`ymkhpw ]mÝmXy kmlnXy k¼À¡hpw hgn A¡me¯v ]eCw¥ojv \mSI § fpw ae bmf¯nte¡v XÀP a sN ¿ s¸ «p, Ipªn ¡p«³ X¼p cm³ lmwe äv,I- ¯nÂ hÀKokv am¸nfbpsS Ie ln \o Za\ Iw (tjIvkn]nb dpsS ssSanwKv Hm^v Z {jq),F tKmhnµ ¸nÅ bpsS enbÀ \mSIw, IÃqÀ D½³ ]nen t¸m knsâ BÄamdm«w (tjIvkv]nbdpsS tImaUn Hm^v FtdÀkv F¶ \mS I ¯nsâ kzX{´hnhÀ¯\w) kn. tKmhnµ³ Ff bnS¯v cNn¨ kp\µm kc k hocw AYhm sImSp ¦mäv (sSws]Ìv) sImSp § ÃqÀ Ipªn¡p«³X¼pcmsâ lmwse äv, Znhm³ _l ZqÀ F tKmhnµ¸nÅ bpsS InwKv enbÀ, saÀsNâv Hm^v sh\okv F¶nh Ah bnÂ {][m \amWv. Kuch ]qÀh ambn \mSIs¯ kao ]n¡p¶ kZ Ên\pap¼nÂ Ah X cn ¸n¡ s¸ «XmWv ChbnÂ ]eXpw.{]l k \§Ä

{]l k \§Ä F¶ Hcp {]tXyI lmky \mSI k{¼ Zmbw aebmf ¯n te¡v IS ¶p hcp¶Xv ]mÝmXy kzm[o\w hgnbmWv. kn hn cma³]nÅ bmWv C¯cw \mS I §Ä cNn¨ hcnÂ {]apJ³. Cw¥ojv \mS I Ir¯p¡ fmb sjdnUWpw tKmÄUv kvan¯pw {^©v \mSIIr¯mb tamfntbbpw kn. hn. sb kzm[o \n¨n«p-v. N{µapJohnemkw (1884), F¶ {]lk\w Ah XcW X e ¯nepw {i²n¡ s¸ «p. kwkvIrX þ kwKoX \mS I {] Øm \§ fnÂ \n¶pthdn« cwKmh X cW ambncp¶p AXv. a¯ hnemkw, Ipdp ¸nÃmIfcn, XpS §nb {]l k \§fpwkn. hn bptS Xmbn«p-v. {]mtZinI Po hnXcoXnIfpw Cw¥ojv hnZym`ymk ̄ nsâ KpW tZmj§fpw tNÀ¶v bph Xe apdsb Gsd BIÀjn¨ ae bmf {]l k \§ fnÂ C. hn IrjvW]nÅbpsS cN \Ifpw ap¼nemWv. IhnX t¡ kv, s]® cip\m Sv F¶o cN \IÄ C¡p «¯nÂ

s]Sp¶p. F³. ]n sNÃ ¸³ \mbÀ, Sn F³ tKm]n\m Y³ \mbÀ, PKXn F³ sI BNmcn XpS§nb hcpw {]l k \cN \bnÂ kw`m h \ I fÀ¸n¨p.kwKoX \mSI§Ä

]mÀkn Xntb ädnsâ kzm[o \^ e ambn cq]ş « Xangv kwKoX \mSI §Ä tIcf¯nepS \ofw Ifn ¨ph ¶ncp¶p. IeymW cma ¿³ skäv, cmapUp skäv XpS §nb Xangv \mSI I¼\nIÄ Kpte_¡mh en, ]mÀkn efnXmw Kn, tImh e³ NcnXw, \Ã X¦mÄ F¶o \mS I §ÄAh Xcn¸n¨p. tIcf ¯nsâ hS ¡³ {]tZ i § fnÂ IÀWmS I ¯nÂ \n¶pÅ \mS I I ¼ \nIfpw \mS I §Ä Ah X cņ n¨ncp¶p. lpºn hoc ®sâ kZm cma AXnÂ {][m\amWv. Chbv¡p-mb kzm[o \X Xangv\m SI §sf A\p I cn¨v ae bmf kwKo X\mSI §Ä cNn ¡phm³{]tNmZ\ ambn. sI kn tIi h ]nÅ bpsS kZmcma F¶ ae bmf kwKo X\mSI amWv CXnÂBZy t¯ Xv. kmlnXyKpW¯nepw kwKo XKpW ̄ nepw Cu \mSIw kwKo X\mSI § fpsSIq«¯nÂ anI hpäXmWv. Sn kn ANypXta t\msâ kwKoX ss\j[w, Fcp h bnÂ N{I ]mWnhmcnb cpsS lcn Ý{µ NcnXw, cpÜmwKZ NcnXw, hÅnb ½mÄ NcnXw F¶o \mS I§fpwsIm¨o ¸³ XcIsâ adnbm½m \mS Ihpw kwKo X \mSI § fpsS a«nemWv Ah Xcn¸n¡ s¸ «Xv.hS ¡³ tIcf ¯nÂ hnZzm³ ]n tIfp \mb cpw, Ip«a¯v IhnIfpw Cu taJ e bnÂ {]i kvXcmbncp¶p. tZiob kzmX{´y ka chpambn _Ô s¸« ]cmaÀi §Ä kwKo X\mSI th Znbnte¡v sIm-ph ¶Xv tIfp \mb cmWv. ]mZpI ]«m`ntj Iw \mSI amWv CXnÂ {]tXyIw ]cmaÀint¡ - Xv. tIcf¯nse PmXnhy h Ø s¡ Xnsc ]m¡ \mÀ NcnXw F¶ \mS IhpwAt±lw cNn¨p. alm Ihn Ip«a ¯nsâ kwKo X \m SI amWv _me tKm]m e³ . 1882 Â tIc fhÀa henb tImbn¯ ¼pcmsâ A`n Úm\ imIp ́fw XÀPa Xncph «mÀ \mcmbW ¸nÅ F¶\Ssâ t\Xr Xz¯nÂ at\m taml\w \mS I I ¼\nbmWv Ah X cn¸n¨Xv. 1930 Â kzman {_Ò{hX³ Ipamc\mimsâ IcpW F¶ Imhyw kwKo X\mSI am¡n Ah Xcn¸n¨ Xv tIcf¯nep S\ofw {i²n¡ s¸ «p.


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IÃqÀ D½³ ^nent¸mkv sjbvIvkv]nbÀ IrXnbnÂ\n¶v ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nbBÄamdm« amWv (tImaUn H^v Ftdgvkv) aebmf¯nse BZy\mSI hnhÀ¯\ IrXnsb¶v IcpXp¶p (1866). tIcfhÀ½ henbtImbn¯¼pcmsâ A`nÚm\imIp´fw (Imfn Zmk³) hnhÀ¯\s¯ c-mat¯Xmbpw IW¡m¡p¶p. 1882Â {]IminXambimIp´fhnhÀ¯\¯n\p ap¼v tIcf¯nÂ \mSIw F¶t]cnÂ Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv Xangv

\m«nÂ \n¶pw tIcf¯nÂ h¶v AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ kwKoX\mSI§fmbncp¶p.kmlnXytemI¯v N{IhÀ¯n]Zw Ae¦cn¨ncp¶ tIcfhÀ½bpsShnhÀ¯\]cn{iaw Cu ZnibnÂ {]hÀ¯n¡phm³ aebmfnIfmb kmlnXyImc·msct{]cn¸n¨p.kwkvIrX¯nÂ\n¶p hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX Cu IrXn hfscb[nIw BkzmZIsck¼mZn¨p.

]n¶oSv H«\h[n kwkvIrX \mSI hnhÀ¯\§fpw kzX{´ \mSIIrXnIfpw]pd¯nd§nsb¦nepw ]eXpw cwK¯v AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶nÃ. kwkvIrX¯nÂ \n¶v amfhnImKv\nan{Xw, hn{ItamÀhiobw, ameXoam[hw, NmcpZ¯w, kz]v\hmkhZ¯w,]©cm{Xw, A`ntjI\mSIw, AhnamcIw, a[yahymtbmKw, thWokwlmcw, arÑISnIw,cXv\mhen, \mKm\µw XpS§nb \mSI§Ä aebmf¯nte¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«p.CwKvfojnÂ \n¶v Nne sjbvIvkv]nbÀ IrXnIfpw t]mÀjym kzbwhcw, Ieln\oZa\Iw,enbÀ \mSIw, kp\µmkckhocw, lmwseäv, sh\oknse hym]mcn, hmkńImkz]v\wF¶o t]cpIfnÂ aebmf¯nse¯n. H¸w kmaqlnI{]iv\§Ä AhXcn¸n¡p¶aebmf¯ntâXmb \mSI§fpw {]lk\§fpw ]s¯m¼Xmw \qäm-ns\mSphnÂ{]Xy£s¸«p. N{µnIm\mSnI (Ipªn¡p«³ X¼pcm³ 1891); F{_mb¡p«n (I-̄ nÂhÀKokv am¸nf 1893); a¯hnemkw (kn.hn. 1893); N¡oN¦cw (ap³jn cma¡pdp¸v 1894)F¶nhbmbncp¶p Ah.

hni Z ]T \ ¯n\v 1. CuUn ̧kv cmPmhv. tkmt^m ¢okv

hnhÀ¯\w kn sP tXmakv {Ko¡v \mSIw

e`y amb sXfnhp IÄ sh¨v temI ¯nse Gähpw BZys̄ \mSIthZn {InkvXphn\pap³]v 534 Â GY³knÂ \S¶ncp¶ Zpc \́mSI aÕcamWv. B \mSIaÕc§fnse

hnPbnbmbncp¶ sXkv]nkv BWv Adnbs¸«n«pÅXnÂ h¨v BZys̄ \S\pw\mSIIr¯pw. GY³knse At{Imt]mfoknse UtbmWnkkv Xn¿ädnÂ h¨mbncp¶p{Ko¡pImÀ \mSI§Ä AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. Cu UtbmWnkknÂ 14000 t]À¡v \mSIwImWm³ kuIcyw D-mbncp¶p. ChnsS A`n\bn¡p¶ thZnsb HmÀ¡kv{S F¶mWvhnfn¨ncp¶Xv. {Ko¡v \mSI§sf {][m\ambpw aq¶v Xc¯nÂ hn`Pn¨ncn¡p¶p.Zpc \́mSIw({SmPUn), Bt£]lmky \mSIw (skä bÀ), ip`mý \mSIw(tImaUn)F¶nhbmWv Ah. CXnÂ Zpc´\mSI§fmWv hninãamb \mSIcq]ambn IcpXs¸«ph¶Xv

CukvInekv, tkmt^mIvfokv, bqdn¸nUnkv, Acnkvtäm^\nkv XpS§nbAhnkvacWobcmb \mSIIr¯p¡fpsS km¶n[yw {]mNo\ bh\ \mSIthZnsb\mSIIebpsSbpw kmlnXy¯nsâbpw kÀhImeamXrIbm¡n. {]mNo\ {KoknÂ{SmPUnIfpw tImaUnIfpw Hcpt]mse t{]mÕml\amÀPn¡pIbpw hnIkn¡pIbpwsNbvsX¦nepw {SmPUnIfmWv ]nev¡me¯v IqSpXÂ kamZcWob§fmbn¯oÀ¶Xv.{Ko¡p{SmPUnIÄ hnhn[ cq]§fnÂ ]nev¡me \mSIkmlnXys¯ kzm[o\n¨n«p-v.s]mbänIvkv F¶ AXn{][m\amb {KÙw cNn¨ Acnkvtäm«nÂ F¶ bh\NnÍ³{SmPUnbnse CXnhr¯§Ä¡mWv ]ca{]m[m\yw Iev]n¡p¶Xv. {SmPUnbnse aq¶pXcwsFIyw AXy´mt]£nXamsW¶v Acnkvtäm«nÂ {]kvXmhn¨n«p-v. kabw kw_Ôn¨sFIyw BWv AhbnÂ H¶mat¯Xv. c-mat¯Xv Øe]camb sFIyamWv. ap¶mat¯Xv {Inbmwi¯nsâ sFIyw.

]mÝmXy \mSI Ncn{X¯nse F¡me s¯bpw anI¨ Zpc ´ \mSIamWv CuUn¸kv cmPmhv. {Ko¡v \mSI Ir¯mb tkmt^m¢okv BWv CXv cNn¨ Xv. _n kn 465 Â GX³kn \Sp̄ pÅ sImtfmk kn emWv tkmt^m¢okv P\n¨ Xv. bphmhmbncn¡pt¼mÄ Xs¶ IemcwK¯v {]th in¨p. _n kn 480 Â t]Àjy ¡mtcmSv hnPbn¨ {Ko¡pImÀ BtLmj ] cn ]mSnIfpsS `mKambn \S¯nb \rt¯mÕh¯nÂ tkmt^m ¢okv {][m\ Iem Imc\mbn ]s¦ Sp¯p. tkmt^m¢okv cNn¨ Ggp \mS I § fnÂ Gähpw {]kn²amb aqs¶®w CuUn¸kv


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cmPmhv, CuUn¸kv sImtfm W knÂ, Bân KWn F¶nh bmWv. kn sP tXmakv BWv Cu\mSIw ae bmf¯nte¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX Xv. tkmt^m¢o knsâ \mS I ¯n\v thsdbpwae bm fhn hÀ¯ \§ fp -mbn «ps- ¦nepw kn sP bpsS hnhÀ¯\w AXnsâ `mjm] cambiànsIm-pw kzm`mhnI XsIm-pw {it²b amWv.

kn sP tXmakv (1918 þ 1960)Iq¯m«pIp f¯p P\n¨ kn sP tXmakv AÑsâ B{K l {] Imcw bmtIm_mb k`m]ptcmln X \m Im\mWv Hcp§nb sX ¦nepw hnip ²hkv{Xw XnckvI cn¨v \mSI cwK¯v kPo h

amhpI bmWp-mb Xv. \mSI imkv{X s¯ Ip dn¨pÅ \ncq] W §Ä, hntZ i \mSI § fpsS XÀPaIÄ, kzX {´ \mSI §Ä F¶n §s\ aq¶v taJ e I fnemWv ae bmf¯n\v kn sP bpsSkw`mh \ IÄ. Db cp¶ bh \nI (1950) BWv \mSI \ncq] W § fnÂ {]apJ ambXv. ]mÝmXy\mSI th Znbnse ]pXnb ]co £ W §Ä ae bmf¯n\v ]cn Nb s¸ Sp̄ p ¶XnÂ kn. sP ]¦ph ln¨p. Ch³ Fsâ {]nb ]p{X³, [n¡m cnbpsS ImXÂ F¶o {KÙ §Ä kmlnXy þ kmaqlnI cwK § fnÂ NÀ¨m hnj b ambn. Ah³ ho-pw hcp ¶p, 1128 Â ss{Iw 27, item an, Ba\pjy³ \o Xs¶, hnj hr£w F¶nh bmWv {]kn² \mS I §Ä. 1128 Â ss{Iw 27 ae bmf¯nse BZy ]co £W \mS I ambn Adnb s¸ Sp ¶p. {Ko¡v {SmPUnIsf ae bm f¯n\v ]cnNb s¸ Sp̄ pI F¶ e£y t¯msS BânK Wn, CuUn¸kv, enkn kv{Smä XpS§nb \mS I §ÄhnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp. B[p\nI \mS I ¯nsâ ]nXm hmb C_vsk³ sâ Z tKmÌv F¶\mSIw `qXw F¶ t]cn emWv hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX Xv. tamfntbbpsS ]nip ¡sâ Ieym Ww,Nm¸Iv ktlmZ c·m cpsS IoS P ·w F¶nhbpw kn sP bpsS hnhÀ¯\ \mS I § fnÂ s]Sp¶p.

AcntÌm«nÂ Xsâ \mS I hni I e \ ¯n\v amXr I bmbn kzoI cn¨Xv tkmt^m ¢oknsâ CuUn¸kv cmPmhv F¶ \mS I s¯ bmWv.

Zpc´\mSI k¦Â]wFÃm {Ko¡v Zpc´\mSI§fpw an¯pIsf ASnØm\am¡n cNn¡s¸«n«pÅh

bmbncp¶p. AXnse tI{µIYm]m{Xw BZymhkm\w H¶n\p]ndtI H¶mbn Zpc´§fmÂth«bmSs¸Sp¶h\mbncp¶p. km[mcW a\pjytc¡mÄ {]mKev`yhpwkz`mhsshinãyhpapÅ hyànIÄ X§fpsS kz`mh¯nepÅ GsX¦nepsamcp ZuÀ_eyw(slÀtajy) aqew ]cmPbs¸SpIbpw ]cnlmkycmbn¯ocpIbpw AhcpsS PohnXw]qÀWamb XIÀ¨bnÂ Iemin¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ IYbmWv {SmPUnbnÂNn{XoIcn¡mdp-mbncp¶Xv. CuUn¸kv cmPmhnsâ IYbmWv D¯tamZmlcWw. {Ko¡v Zpc´ \mSI§fnÂ Hcp k ab¯v thZnbnÂ aq¶v {][m\ A`nt\Xm¡Ä am{XtaD-mbncp¶pÅq. Hmtcm IYm]m{X§Ä¡v A\pkcn¨v Cu A`nt\Xm¡Ä apJwaqSnAWnbpIbmbncp¶p ]Xnhv. am{XhpaÃ \mSI§fnÂ kv{XoIÄ¡p]Icw ]pcpj·mÀ kv{Xothj¯nÂ A`n\bn¡pIbmbncp¶p. Zpc´ \mSI§Ä I-v hnImcXcfnXcmbn¯ocp¶t{]£IcpsS lrZb§fnÂ hnImchntcN\w (I¯mÀknkv) \S¡p¶p F¶mWv {SmPUnIsf hymJym\n¨psIm-v {KÙsagpXnb Acnkvtäm«nÂ tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXv.

CukvInekv BWv {Ko¡nÂ Pohn¨ncp¶ BZy Zpc ´ \mSIr¯v. asämcpZpc´\mSIIr¯mbncp¶ tkmt^m¢okv {In.ap. 465 þÂ GY³knÂ P\n¨p.CukvInekns\ At]£n¨v \mSILS\bnepw hnImk¯nepw \mSIm´y¯nepwanI¨hbmbncp¶p tkmt^m¢okn³sd \mSI§Ä. tkmt^m¢okmWv thZnbnÂIYm]{X§fpsS F®w c-nÂ \n¶pw aq¶m¡n DbÀ¯nbXv. Ct±l¯n³sd Gähpw{]kn²amb Zpc´\mSIamWv CuUn¸kv cmPmhv. hpa¬ Hm^v {Sm¡okv, Ce{Îm, ^ntemIssääkv, APmIvkv XpS§nbh tkmt^m¢oknsâ aäp {][m\ \mS§Ä. {In.ap. 480 IfnÂP\n¨ asämcp {Ko¡v Zpc´\mSIIr¯mbncp¶p bqdn¸nsUkv. kzm`mhnIX Bbncp¶pAt±l¯n³sd \mSI§Ä¡pÅ {][m\ KpWw. a\ximkv{X]camb kao]\¯neqsSt{]£Isc ckn¸n¡m³ At±l¯nsâ \mSI§Ä¡v Ignªncp¶p. aoUnb, AÂskÌnkv,lnt¸msseävkv, B³s{Uma¡n, Ctbm¬, sskt¢m]vkv F¶nhbmWv bqdn¸nsUkn³sd{][m\ \mSI§Ä.

CukvInekv, tkmt^m¢okv, bqdn¸nsUkv F¶nhÀ {Ko¡v \mSI¯nse{XnaqÀ¯nIÄ F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p.


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CuUn¸kv cmPm hnsâ ]qÀh IYXn_vknse cmPmhmb teb kn\v k´m\ `mKyap -mIm¯n\mÂ UÂ^nt£ {X̄ nse

shfn¨ ¸mSmb Hdm¡nfns\ kao ]n¨v A\p{Klw tXSp ¶p. F¶mÂ AÑs\ sIm¶v A½sbhnhmlw I gn¡p¶ i]n ¡ s¸« ]p{Xsâ ]nXmhmIm\m Ws{X cmPmhnsâ hn[n. XmaknbmsX]p{X³ P\n ¨p. P\n¨ bpSs\ B ss]X ensâ Imep I fnÂ Ba an«v In¯ tdm¬ Ip¶n³

sNcphnept] £n¡m³ Hcp ]«m f¡m cs\ GÂ]n¨p. hn[nsb amäm\m hnÃ tÃm. Ip«nbnÂIcpW tXm¶nb ]«mf¡mc³ Ahs\ Hcp ]ctZ in¡p \ÂIn. a¡ fnÃm¯ sImdnńsecmPmhmb s]mfn_ kn\v Ip«nsb ssIamdp I bmWv ]ctZin sNbvX Xv. IW ¦mepIÄ ho§nbncp¶Xn \mÂ CuUn¸kv (s]cp ¦me³) F¶ t]cn«v Ahs\ cmPmhv sIm«mc¯nÂhfÀ¯n.

Ime §Ä \o§n. CuUn¸kv bphm hmbn. sIm«mc¯nse hncp¶n \nSbnÂ IpSn¨pe¡psI« Hcp hncp¶p Imc³ CuUn¸kv s]mfn _ knsâ hfÀ¯p ]p{X³ am{XamsW¶kXyw hnfn¨p] dªp. `b ¶p t]mb CuUn¸kv kXyw tXSn UÂ^n bnte¡p bm{X bmbn.AÑs\ sIm¶v A½sb thÄ¡p¶ i]n¡ s¸« IpªmWv Xms\¶v a\ Ênem ¡nb At±lwsImdnń te¡p aS §msX t\sc Xn_vkns\ e£y am¡n \S ¶p. \S ¶p \S¶v UÂ^n¡pwZuftÊ ¡panS bnÂ ]ncnbp¶ ]mX bnse ¯n. hgnamdns¡mSp ¯psh ¦nepw ]Ã ¡nÂ Fgps¶Ånbhcp¶ {]`p hnsâ AI ¼ Sn¡mc\mb sldmÄUv AImcW ambn CuUn¸ kns\ ASn ¨p.CuUn¸kv Xncn¨ Sn̈p. ]Ã ¡nencp¶ {]`phpw CuUn¸ kns\ ASn¡m³ XpS §n. CuUn¸kv tZjyw aq¯v {]`p hns\bpw AI ¼ Sn¡mscbpw hI h cp¯n. Hcph³ am{Xw c£ s¸ «p.CuUn¸kv \S¶p Xo_vknt\mS Sp̄ t¸mÄ a\p jykv{Xo bpsS Xebpw knwl ¯nsâ DS epapÅ hnNn{X P´p hmb kv^nwKvkv At± ls¯ t\cn «p. Xsâ tNmZy¯n \p¯cw ]d bmsXapt¶m«p\o §m\mhn sÃ¶v òj Wns¸ Sp̄ nb kv^nwKvkn\v D¯cw \ÂIm³ At±lw X¿mdmbn. tNmZyanXmbncp¶p. cmhnse \mepImenep D¨¡v c-p Imenepw sshIp¶cw aq¶p Imenepw \S¡p¶Xmcv F¶ tNmZy ¯n\v a\pjy³ F¶ D¯cw tI« tXmsS kv^nwKvkv Ahkm\n ¨p. CuUn ¸kv Xo_vknse ¯n. cmPmhsâ A`mh ¯nÂ Ipg¸ §Ä ImWn ¨ncp¶kv^nwKvkns\ Ah km \n¸n¨ CuUn¸ kns\ Xo_vkp ImÀ c£ Im\mbmWv kzoI cn¨ Xv.BZyw cmPyhpw ]n¶oSv tbm¡mÌm dmWn sbbpw AhÀ CuUn¸ kn\v \ÂIn BZ cn¨p.

ChnsS apXemWv tkm^vtfm¡o knsâ CuUn¸kv \mSIw Bcw `n¡p¶Xv.kpJ km{µamb \nc h[n hk ´ §Ä ]n¶n «tijw cmPy¯v almtcm K §Ä ]SÀ¶p

]nSn¡m³ XpS §n. kv{XoIÄ Nm¸nÅ Isf s]äp. ]pcp j³amÀ s]mSp ¶s\ hoWpa cn ¨p.I¶Im enIÄ Ip¶n³ sNcp hpI fnÂ Ns¯mSp §n. P\ §Ä `b hnlze cmbn. \mSnsâ ZpcnX¯n\pÅ ImcW adnbm³ `mcymk tlm Zc\mb t{Ibs\ CuUn ¸kv ZÂ^n bnte ¡ b ¨p.teb Êns\ sIm¶bmÄ \m«n eps-¶pw Ahs\ Is-¯n sIm¶p I f bp Itbm \mSpI S¯pItbm sN¿msX ZpcnX §Ä \o§pI bnsÃ¶pw shfn¨ ¸mSp IÂ]n¨p. sIme bm fnsb I-p]nSn¨p {]XnImcw sN¿psa¶v CuUn¸kv P\§Ä¡p ap¼nÂ {]Xn Ú sb Sp̄ p. P·\mAÔ\pw {XntemI Úm\n bpamb sSbvtd kn b Êns\ £Wn¨ph cp¯n D]tZiw tXSnbCuUn¸ knt\mSv sIme bm fnsb IqSpXÂ At\zjn¨v h³ B]¯v £Wn¨p h cpt¯-F¶m bncp¶p At±lw ]d ª Xv. ]t£. P\§Ä¡p \ÂInb hmKvZm\w ]men¡m³ _²s¸« CuUn¸kv sSbvtd Ênb Êns\ Ipä s¸ Sp̄ pI bmWv sNbvXXv. \nhr̄ n bnÃmsX h¶At±lw CuUn¸ knsâ PmXIw hmbn ¨p. AtXmsS AÑ\p aI\mbpw sIme bmfnbmbpwA½bv¡v aI \mbpw `À¯mhpw a¡Ä¡p AÑ \mbpw ktlmZ c\mbpw {]h Nn¡ s¸« CuUn¸kv Xs¶ bmWv \mSnsâ ZpcnX§Ä¡v ImcW ¡m c\msW ¶XpIqSn sXfnbp¶ tXmsSZpc´w ]qÀ¯n bmIp ¶p. hmÀ[ Iy ¯nÂ In¯ tdm¬ Ip¶n³sN cphnÂ NmIm\mWv Xsâhn[nsb¶v At±lw Xncn¨ dnbp¶p. AtX k abw sImdnńÂ \n¶v Hcp ZqX³ h¶v s]mfn_kv acn¨ Xmbpw P\§Â CuUn¸ kns\ cmPm hm¡m³ Xocp am\n¨ Xmbpw DÅ hnhcw

Adnbn¡p¶p.im]w t]dp¶ Xm³ C\n sIdn ńte ¡n sÃ¶v CuUn¸kv Xd ¸n¨p ]d ªp. hÀj§Ä¡pap¼v I¯tdm¬ Ip¶nÂ sImdnýsâ I¶p ImenIsf ta¨ncp¶t¸mÄ Xo_vkp Imc\mb Hcp CS b³ X\n s¡mcp B¬Ipªns\ Zm\w \ÂInsb¶pw Ah \mWv bphmhmbCuUns¸ sÊ¶pw ZqX³ hni ZoI cn¨ t¸mÄ B CS bs\ Xncªp]nSn¨v lmP cm¡m\mbnCuUn¸ Ênsâ {iaw. Xo_vknte¡p hcp ¶ hgn BI kvaInI ambn Xm³ Hcp CS {] `phpambnCSªXpw At± l s¯bpw Iq«mfnI sfbpw h[n¨Xpw AXn\p Imc W amb kml N cyhpwCuUn¸kv tbm¡ Ìbv¡p hnh cn¨psIm Sp̄ p. tebkv GXm-v CuUn ̧ Ênsâ AtX ÑmbbpÅ h \msW¶v dmWn hni ZoI cn ¡pI IqSn sNbvXp. F¦nepw ]mc¼ cy s¯ ¡pdn¨v C§s\Npgnª t\z jn¡p¶Xv kam[m\w sISp ¯p Itb sN¿p I bpÅq F¶v tbm¡mÌ D] tZin¨p. F¶mÂ `mcy bpsS D] tZiw CuUn¸kv hne s¡ Sp̄ nÃ.


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CSb³ sIm«mc¯nte¡v B\bn¡ s¸ «p. Ah³ clkyw shfns¸ Sp ̄ phm³ Iq«m¡nbn Ã. aÀ±\w kln ¡m\mhmsX h¶ t¸mÄ ]d bmsa ¶m bn. Ip«n teb Êntâ XmsW¶v k½ Xn̈p. ]t£, Ip«nsb Xs¶ GÂ¸n¨Xv cmÚn bmsW¶pw shfns¸ Sp̄ n. _m¡nsbms¡ kz´w `mcy tbmSv tNmZn¨p a\Ênem¡ W sa¶v A`yÀYn¨p. ad ̈psh ¡m\mhm¯hn[w kXyw shfn s¸«t¸mÄ tbm¡mÌ \ne hnfn¨v InS¸ d bn te t¡mSn. sI«n¯q§n Bß

l XysN bvXp. ]ndsI HmSnh¶ CuUn¸kv IXIv Nhp «ns¸mfn¨v AI ¯pI S¶v hmfp sIm-v Ib À apdn¨v `mcysb \ne¯pInS ¯n. At¸m tg¡pw AhÀ acn¨ncp¶p. B Zpc´ \mb I³`mcybmb A½sb Iptd t\cw t\m¡nbncp ¶p. ]ns¶, s]s«¶v AZr iy amb GtXm iànbmbmÂ Iog S¡ s¸«v tbm¡m Ì bpsS DSp¸pSh bnse ]n¶v Ducnsb Sp¯v kz´w I®nÂIp¯nbnd ¡n. Hcp ]pcpj³ sN¿m³ Acp Xm¯ sXÃmw sNbvXpt]mb Rm³ `qanbnseImWm³ sImÅm hp¶sXm¶pw ImWm³ sImÅ cpXm ¯ h \msW¶v hne ]n¨v ho-pwho-pw I®v Ip¯ns¸m«n ¨p. I®nÂ \n¶ Hen¨n d§nb càw apJ¯v hmÀs¶m gpIn.CuUn¸ Êns\ I- P\ §Ä ̀ b¶v HmSna dªp. Afn b³ t{Ib³ h¶v CuUn¸ Êns\ Aca\bnte¡v Iq«ns¡m -pt]mIp¶tXmsS \mSIw Ah km\n¡p¶p.\mSIkw{Klw

]qÀhm¦w Bcw `n¡p¶Xv \ne hnfnI tfmsS bmWv. Zpc´ \mSI § fpsS s]mXp hmb{]tXyIXI fnsem¶mWn Xv. Xo_vknse almZp cn X¯nÂ hiw sI« P\§ fpsS \ne hnfnbmWv CuUn¸kv \mS I ̄ nepw BZyw ImWp ¶Xv. CuUn¸kv P\§sf A`napJo I cn ¡pIbmWv. P\§Ä t\cn« Zpcn X¯nÂ \n¶v Ahsc Ic I b äpsa¶v CuUn¸kv hmKvZm\w\ÂIp¶p. At¸mÄ {Intbm¬ {]th in ¡p¶p. Cu a®nÂ ]nd ¶v, Cua ®nÂ ]peÀ¶v Cua®ns\ sISp¯p Ifbp¶ Hcp \oN h kvXphns\ ]pd ¯pI f bmsX cmPy¯nsâ kam[m\w]p\Øm ]n¡ s¸ SnÃ F¶ shfn¨ ¸mSnsâ hnhcw AbmÄ ssIamdp ¶p. CuUn¸kv Xo_vknte¡p hcp¶Xn \p ap¼v AhnsSbp-m bncp¶ cmPmhmb ebq knsâ sIme ]mXIn bmWv B\oN h kvXp sh¶v shfns¸ Sp̄ p¶p ap-v {Intbm¬. ebqknsâ acWs¯ kw_ Ôn¨v AhÀ¡v Hcphnh chpw CÃmbncp¶p. XoÀYbm{X¡nS bnÂ sImÃ s¸ «XmsW¶p am{Xw Adnbmw. sIm¶ XmcmsWt¶m Fhn sSsh ̈msWt¶m am{Xw AdnªnÃ. sIme ]mXInsb Is-¯psa¶v AhnsS sh¨v CuUn¸kv {]Xn Ú sb Sp¡p¶p.cwKw H¶v

cwKw H¶v Bcẁ n¡p¶Xv CuUn¸Ênsâ {]`mj W t¯msS bmWv. sIme ]mXIn P\§ fnse Bsc¦nepamsW ¦nÂ h¶v Iog S§m³ At±lw \nÀtZ in ¡p¶p. "Cu BÚsb

Ah K Wn¡p¶ hsc tZh³amÀ i]n¡ s«, AhÀ¡v `qan Duj chpw kv{XoIÄ hÔy IfpwXn_vknse ZpcnX§ sf¡mfpw henb ZpcnX §fpw D-mIs«' F¶v CuUn¸kv i]n¡p¶p.Xsâ AÑ s\ t¸mse At± ls¯ Xm³ Icp Xp¶p sh¶pw CuUn¸kv BW bnSp ¶p -v.bYmÀȲ nÂ Cu im]w sN¶ ¯p¶Xv CuUn¸ÊnÂ Xs¶ bmsW ¶XmWv Zpc´w. ]t£,P\§ fn semcmfpw Ipäw Gsä Sp¡m³ X¿mdmbnÃ. Úm\nbpw AÔ \pamb Xntd knbmÊns\ sIm«m c¯nte¡v CuUn¸kv B\bn¡p¶p. "hnthIw kwkmcn¡p¶p. ]t£,hnthIw {]tbm P \s¸ Sm¯nS¯v hnthIn hyk \n ¡p¶p. ChntS¡v htc- XnÃmbncp¶p'F¶mWv Xntd kn bmknsâ adp ] Sn. X\n¡v cl ky adnbmsa¶pw ]t£, ]d bn sÃ ¶p ambncp¶p B Úm\nbpsS \ne ]mSv. AXv CuUn¸Êns\ tIm]mIp e \m¡p¶p. AbmÄ IÅ \msW¶pw sIme ]m XInbnÂ\n¶v ssI¡q enhmM Mnbn«ps-¶pw hsc CuUn¸kv Btcm]n¡p¶p. HSp hnÂ KXy´ can ÃmsX Xtdknbm kn\v C§s\ ]d tb -nh ¶p. "" A§v {]Jym]n¨ B im]w hoWncn ¡p¶Xv A§ bpsS incÊnÂ Xs¶ bmWv. Cu cmPys¯ Xo-p¶B i]vX hkvXp A§mWv. A§pX s¶bmWv'' CXp tI«v CuUn¸kv A´m fn¡p¶p. CuUn¸kv kwi bwXoÀ¡m³ ho-pw tNmZns¨ ¦nepw B sIme bmfn Xm³X s¶bmWv F¶v BhÀ¯n¡pI bmWv Xntdknbmkv sNbvX Xv. am{XaÃ CuUn¸ Ênsâ Zm¼Xyw ]m] ] ¦ne amsW¶ kXyw IqSn Xtd knbmkv Xpd¶p ] dbp¶p. XIÀ¶p t]mb CuUn¸kv XnXtd knbmkns\ Ipä s¸ Sp¯n kzbw kam[m\n¡m³ {ian¡p¶p. am{X aÃ CXv Afnb \mb {IntbmWnsâ D]Nm ] amtWm F¶p hsc CuUn ¸kv ktµ ln¡p¶p -v. Xs¶ Iogvs¸ Sp̄ m³ h¶knw^nkn s\t¸mse b£nbmWv Cu {XnIme Úm\n bmb Xntd kn bmkv F¶p hsc At±lwA] l kn¡p¶p. HSphnÂ Xntd kn bmkv CuUn ̧ kn t\mSv ISp¯ `mj bnemWv kwkmcn¡p¶Xv. a®n\ Snbnepw apI fnepapÅ (acn¨ h cpw Pohn¨n cn¡p¶h cpw) kz´w cà t¯mSv t{ZmlwsN bvXh \mWv CuUn¸kv F¶v AbmÄ {]Jym ]n¡p¶p. kz´w A½ bpsSbpw AÑsâbpw im]w Cu temI ¯nÂ \n¶v Xs¶ Xq¯p I fbp sa¶v AbmÄ {]h Nn¡p¶p.


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"sXfnª I®pIÄ A¶v Ipcp -pt]mIpw.' F¶v B Úm\n CuUn¸ kns\ i]n ¡p¶p.Xntdknbmknt\mSv sIm«mc¯nÂ \n¶v Cd §nt¸mIm³ AkzØ \mb CuUn¸kv BÚm]n¡p¶p. "C¶v A§ bpsS P· Zn\amWv, acW\mgnIbpw' F¶ ap¶ dnbn¸v \ÂIns¡m-mWv Xntd knbmÊv Xncn¨pt]mIp¶Xv. AtXmsS H¶mw cwKw Ah km\n¡p¶p.cwKw c-v

{ItbmWnsâ kw`mj W t¯msS bmWv cwKw Bcw `n¡p¶ Xv. CuUn¸kv X¶nem tcm]n¨ Ipäw tIhew AhmkvX hw am{XamsW¶v AbmÄ P\§ tfmSv BW bnSp ¶p. AhntS¡v IS ¶p h¶ CuUn¸kv {Itbm¬ X\ns¡ Xnsc KqVmtemN\ \S¯n F¶ Btcm]WwISp¯ `mj bnÂ BhÀ¯n¡p¶p. AbmÄ {ItbmWnsâ ]nXmhnsâ acW s¯ ¡pdn¨v tNmZyw sN¿p ¶p. A¶v CtX Xntd knbmÊv Pohn¨ncp¶n«pw F´p sIm-v Xsâ t]cv ]dªnÃ F¶ tNmZy ¯n\v {IntbmWn\v adp ] Snbp-mbncp ¶nÃ. AhÀX ½nÂ hg ¡p-mIp¶p. Xsâ \nc] cm[nXzw sXfnbn¡m\m ImsX {Intbm¬ Ipg §p¶Xn \nS bnÂ AhntS¡v CuUn¸ Ênsâ `mcy bmbnamdnb cmÚn {]th in ¡p¶p. shdpsX hg ¡ Sn¡ cpsX¶pw{Intbm¬ ]d bp¶ XmWv icnsb ¶p ambncp¶p tbm¡m kvXmbpsS ]£w. AtXmsS CuUn¸kv XWp ¡p¶p. tIm] ¯nepw im´ XbnepapÅ CuUn¸ Ênsâ Cu AXnssh ImcnI XbmWv At± l ¯nsâ Zpc´ ImcW sa¶v {Intbm¬ kqNn ¸n¡p¶p -v. {Intbm¬ t]mbtijw CuUn¸kv dmWn bpambn kwkm cn¡th Xsâ `À¯mhn \p-mb shfn]m Sns\¡pdn¨pÅ kw` h §Ä AhÀ shfn s¸ Sp̄ p ¶p. C¯cw shfn]m SpIÄ hnizkn¡ cpsX ¶m bncp¶p ]d ª Xnsâ Npcp¡w. ImcWw kz´w `À¯mhv aIsâ ssIbmÂ sImÃ s¸ Sp sa ¶mbncp¶tÃm {]h N \w, ]t£, At±lw ac W s¸ «tXm bm{X ¡nS bnÂ sImÅ kw L ¯nsâssII fmepw. (A¯ csamcp IYbmWv Xo_vknÂ {]N cn¸n¡ s¸ «ncp¶Xv). ]-v, B {]hN\w D-m b k ab¯v P\n¨ Ipªns\ ImenÂ Xpf bn«v _Ôn¨v hnP \amb ]Àh X¯nÂacW ¯n\v hn«p sImSp ̄ psh¶pw dmWn shfn s¸ Sp̄ n. AXn \mÂ Xntd b Ênsâ shfn ]mSpIsf ¶Ã Hcp shfn]mSpw hnizkn¡ cpXv F¶mWv tbm¡mÌ bpsS D] tZiw. ebqkv cmPmhv sImÃ s¸« aq¡q«ps]cphgn Xo_vknte ¡pÅ hgn ]ncn bp¶ Xn\v sXm«pap¼msW¶pw Bkw`hw \S ¶Xv Xm³ Xn_vknse¯p ¶Xnsâ Znh k §Ä¡p ap¼msW¶pw Adn ª tXmsSCuUn¸Êv IqSp XÂ kwi bmephmIp¶p. ebqknsâ cq] `mh§fpw IqsS bpÅ h cpsS ASbmf §fpw CuUn ¸Êv tNmZn¨v a\Ênem ¡p¶p. "Dbcw IqSn. Xe shÅn t]mse \c¨v GItZiw A§ sb t¸mse' F¶ tbm¡m Ì bpsS adp ] SnbnÂ ]eXpw AS §nbn«p -v. AtXmsSCuUn¸kv BsI XIÀ¶p t]mIp ¶p. cmPmhnsâ kwL ¯nÂ \n¶v c£ s¸« Hcp ]S bmfn

Xncn¨v Xo_vknse¯n b t¸mÄ knwlmk \¯nÂ CuUn¸ Êns\ I- tXmsS Hcp B«nSb\mbn amdn cmPyw hn«pt]m sb¶pw dmWn shfns¸ Sp̄ n. AtXmsS B B«n Sbs\ ImW Wsa ¶mbn CuUn ¸ Ên\v. tbm¡mkvX tbmSv kz´w `qX Ime NcnXw CuUn¸Êv hni ZoI cn ¡p¶p. sImdn ńse s]mfn_ kmWv AÑ³, A½ tUmdnkvImcn satdm¸nbpw. Hcp hncp ¶nÂsh¨v N§m XnbmWv A\mYXzw shfns¸ Sp̄ nb Xv. HSphnÂ AÑ \ ½ amcdnbmsX sUÂ^nbnte¡p t]mbn. AhnsS sh¨mWv AÑs\ sIm¶v A½sb hnhmlw sN¿p sa¶ {]h N\wBZy ambn tI«Xv. AhnsS \n¶p t]mcp t¼mgmWv ebqkv acn¨ \mÂ¡ h e bnse¯p ¶Xv.AhnsS sh¨p-mb hg ¡nÂ Hcp kwL hpambn Gäpap«pIbpw ]e scbpw sImÃp IbpwsNbvXn«p-v. Iq« ¯nÂ Hcp Xe \ c¨ hr²{] `pap-mbn cp¶p. AXv ebq kmbncps¶¦nÂhn[n X\ns¡ XncpXs¶. C\n C¡mcy ¯nÂ Hcp sXfn hpIqSnsb _m¡nbpÅq. A¶v t]mcm«¯n \nSbnÂ c£ s¸« ]«mf¡m c³. AbmÄ B«n Sb \mbn ae s©cnhpI fn eps- ¶mWtÃm]d b s¸ Sp¶ Xv. AbmfmWv ebqkv sImÅ ¡mcmemWv h[n¡ s¸ «Xv F¶ IY Xo_vknÂ]c¯nb Xv. Abmsf hnfn ¨p h cp¯n kXy adnbpI Xs¶ hgn F¶ CuUn ¸kv Xocp am\n¡p¶tXmsS c-mw cwKw Ah km\n¡p¶p.cwKw 3

cwK¯v tbm¡mkvXmbmWv XpS¡ ¯nÂ kwkmcn ¡p¶ Xv. CuUn¸ Ên\v \Ã a\ÊpJ ansÃ¶v AhÀ ]ucP \§sf Adnbn ¡p¶p. AtX kabw sImdn ńÂ \n¶pÅ ZqX³ hcp¶p. CuUn¸ Êns\ sImdn ńse cmPmhm¡m³ P\§Ä B{K ln ¡p¶p-v F¶ hnhcwAdnbn¡m\mWv AhÀ hcp¶Xv. Ahn Ss¯ cmPmhmbn cp¶ t]mfn _ knsâ acWhmÀ¯bpw AhÀ A dnbn¨p. CuUn¸ kn\v Cu hmÀ¯ Bizm k I cambncp ¶p. ImcWwXsâ bYmÀY ]nXmhv t]mfn_kv BsW ¶mbncp¶tÃm At±lw hniz kn¨ncp ¶Xv. ]nXmhnsâ LmX I \mbn¯ocpw Xms\¶ {]h N\w CtXmsS s]mfnªpsh¶v At±lw kam[m \n¨p. kz´w aI \mb Xs¶ ImWmXmb hnj a ̄ nemWv At±lw acW s¸ «Xv F¶ Xn\mÂ


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HcÀY¯nÂ aI³X s¶ bm Wv sIm¶Xv F¶v C\n {]hmN I ·mÀ hymJym\w Nabv¡pw F¶v At±lw Ifnbm ¡p¶p. "GXmbmepw shfn]mSv A£ cw {]Xn \ndth dnbn«nÃ, AXv s]mfn_Êns\t¸mse acn ¨pInS ¡p¶p' F¶mW t± l ¯nsâ {]XnI cWw. ]t£, kz´w A½bmbsatdm¸ndmWn (s]mfn_ Ênsâ `mcy) Pohn¨ncn ¸p-v F¶ Xn\mÂ {]h N \¯nsâ c-mw `mK¯n\v C\nbpw km[y X bp-v F¶ hnjaw At±lw ZqX \pambn ]¦p sh ¡p¶p. At¸mgmWv

sImdnńse ZqX³ B kXyw shfn s¸ Sp̄ p ¶ Xv, bYmÀY¯nÂ CuUn¸ kv kz´w AÑ\mbn Icp Xp¶ s]mfn _kv At± l hpambn bmsXmcp cà _ Ô hpanÃ F¶ ]ca ambkXyw. CuUn¸ Êns\ s]mfn_ kn\v k½m \n¨Xv Xm\msW¶v ZqX\mbn h¶ BÄ ]d bp¶p.InY tdm¬ ae bnse Hcp hÅn ¡pSn enÂ h¨mWs{X B Ipªns\ (CuUn¸ Êns\)AbmÄ¡p e`n ¨ Xv. A¶v Abm sfmcp B«nS b \m bncp¶p h s{X. cmÚn sImÃp hm³ th-nImep IÄ _Ôn¨v ae s©cn hnÂ Dt] £n¨ ss]X ens\ c£ s¸ Sp̄ p I bmbncp¶p B CSb³. ImepIÄ hne §n«v hnf¡n b Xn\mÂ Ip«n¡m ew sXms« CuUn ¸ Ênsâ ImepI fnÂAXnsâ Ie I fp-mbn cp¶p. CuUn ¸kv F¶ t]cnsâ AÀYhpw AXmWv. ebqkv cmPmhnsâ ]cnNmcI cnÂ HcmfmWv B Ipªns\ ae s© cnhnÂ Dt] £n¨Xv F¶pw ZqX³ k½Xn¨p. CsXÃmw tI«v tbm¡mkvX dmWn ]cn {` an¡p¶p. bYmÀY¯nÂ Ipªns\ Dt] £n¡m³ sImSp¯ b ¨Xv dmWnXs¶ Bbn cp¶p. At\zjWw aXnbm ¡m³ AhÀ CuUn¸ Ênt\mSv Bh iy s¸ Sp¶p. "i]vX \mb a\p jym, kXy adnbp¶Xn\p ap¼v \n§Ä acn ¨ncps¶¦nÂ' F¶p hsc cmÚn hne ]n¨psIm-v AhÀ HmSn adbp¶p. AtXmsS CuUn¸ Ên\v kXy

saÃmw shfns¸ SpIbpw Xm³ amXmhns\ hnhmlw I gn̈ h \msW¶pw ]nXmhns\ sIm¶h \msW¶pw t_m[y s¸ SpIbpw sN¿p ¶p. kXy ¯nsâ Ah km\I WnIbpw ]pd ¯ph cs« F¶CuUn¸ Ênsâ {]Jym] \t¯msS B cwKw Ah km\n ¡p¶p.cwKw 4

sNdnsbmcp cwKamWnXv. sImdnńse ZqX³ ]dª CS bsâ BK a\ t¯msSbmWv \memw cwKw Bcẁn¡p¶Xv. ZqX³ ]dª AS bm f §Ä AbmÄ HmÀan¡p¶p. X\n¡v HcpB¬Ip «nsb GÂ]n¨ Imcyw ]d ª t¸mÄ am{Xw CSb³ AXv \ntj [n¡p¶p. ImcWwcmPmhv sImÃm³ GÂ]n¨ Ip«nsb ssIamdn F¶ dnªmÂ in£ e `n¡psa¶v AbmÄ `b¶n cp¶p. AbmÄ òj Wns¸ Sp̄ pw hsc B kXyw k½ Xn¡m³ Iq«m¡n bnÃ. HSphnÂ acW in£ `b¶v AbmÄ¡v FÃmw shfn s¸ Spt¯ -nh cp¶p. dmWnbmWv X\n¡v Ip«nsbsImÃm³ X¶ sX¶pw AXn\p ImcWw {]h N \§ fmsW¶pw AbmÄ Xpd ¶p ] dªp.sImÃm\pÅ iànbnÃmbvI bmÂ atä sX ¦nepw cmPy¯p sIm-p t]mbn hfÀ¯n s¡m Åpsa¶v hnNmcn̈ mWv B Ipªns\ N§m Xn¡v ssIamdnb Xv. AtXmsS CuUn¸ Ênsâ At\z

jWw ]qÀ¯nbm Ip¶p. "{]Imi ta, Rm\n\n Hcn ¡epw \nsâ apJ¯v t\m¡mXncn¡ s«.]m] ¯nÂ P\n¨p, hnhmlw ]m] ] ¦n ew, Rm³ càw NnńbXpw ]m]w.. lm' F¶v CuUn¸kv hne ]n¡p¶tXmsS cwKw Ah km\n¡p¶p.D¯ cm¦w

"Xo_vknse am\y ]uc·msc, I®o scmgp¡phn³... CukvsXÀ IS ensebpw ^mko _v XSmI¯n sebpw shÅ a {Xbpw t]mcm, Cu sIm«mc¯ne Snªp IqSnbncn¡p¶ amen\y a{Xbpw IgpIn¡ f bm³' F¶ hnem ] t¯msS ZmknbmWv cwK¯v BZyw {]Xy £ s¸ Sp ¶Xv.F¶n«v Zmkn dmWnbpsS acW hnhcw ]ucP \ §sf Adnbn¡p¶p. £p`nX bmbn cwK̄ p\n¶v adª dmWn A´ ]pc ¯n \I¯v Ibdn hmXnÂ sIm«nb S ̈p. a¬a dª ebqkv cmPmhns\ hnfn¨v AhÄ Ae apd bn«p. Xm³ KÀ`¯nÂ hln¨ aIs\ tbmÀ¯pw AhÀ hne ]n¨p.aI\nÂ X\n¡p-mb i]vX cmb a¡ sf tbmÀ¯pw AhÀ hne ]n¨p. ]ndsI Aedns¡m-ph¶ CuUn¸kv cmPmhv hmXnÂ XÅn¯p d¶p. hmÄsIm-v dmWn bpsS arX tZlw \net¯¡v Adp¯n«p. F¶n «t±lw cmÚnbpsS hkvXw _Ôn¨n cp¶ kqNnsb Sp¯v kz´w

I®pI fnÂ Bªp X d ̈p. FÃm hmXn epIfpw Xpd¡m\mÚm]n¨v At±lw òI ccq]w]q-v Ct§m«v \S ¶ Sp ¡pI bmsW¶pw Adnbn¨v Zmkn HmSnt¸mbn. At¸mÄ cwK t¯¡v CuUn¸kv IS ¶p h cp¶p. ico c¯nepw Bßm hnepw Htct]mse thZ \b \p` hn¨psIm-v cwKt¯¡p hcp¶ CuUn¸ kn s\ I-v ]ucP \ §Ä `b ¶p t]mIp ¶p. kz´w AÑ s\bpwA½ sbbpw a¡ sfbpw ImWmXncn¡m³ th-n bmWv Xm³ I®p IÄ Ip¯ns¸m«n¨ sX¶v CuUn¸kv Ae dņ dbp¶p. Hmtcm ]uc\pw CuUn¸ Ênsâ ssII fnÂ s]SmXncn¡m³ Hgnªpam dp ¶p. AhntS¡v {Intbm¬ IS ¶p h cp¶p. At±lw Bt£ ]n ¡pItbm FXnÀ¡pItbm sN¿msX ssZh hn[nbpsS A\nhmcyX CuUn¸ Êns\ HmÀaņn¡pI am{Xw sN¿p ¶p.Xsâ t]cp sIm-pam{Xw kvacn¡ s¸ Sp¶ InY tdm¬ ae I fnÂ GIm´ \mbn Aeªv acn¡m\mWv CuUn¸kv B{K ln¡p¶Xv. ]t£ {Intbm¬ CuUn¸ Êns\ sIm«mc¯n\pÅnte¡pX s¶ B\bn¡p¶tXmsS \mS I ¯n\v XncÈoe hogp ¶p.


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2. kz]v\ hm k h Z¯w (`mk³)]cn ̀mj þ hÅ t¯mÄ \mcmb W ta t\m³

`mk³kwkvIrX \mS I I hnbmWv `mk³. ImfnZmk\pw apt¼ Pohn¨ncp¶p sh¶v IcpX s¸

Sp¶p. {InkvXphÀjw H¶v þ c-v \qäm-p I fmWv `mksâ Imew F¶mWv A\p am\w. ImfnZmk³t]mepw Nne k µÀ` § fnÂ `mks\ A\pI cn¨n«p-v F¶p ]d b s¸ Sp¶p. 23 \mS I§Ä At±lw cNn ̈n«p-v. ]Xn \t©m fta Is- ¯nbn «pÅq. `mk³ F¶]qÀÆ{]kn²amb \mSIImcs\¡pdn¨v ]pcmX\Imew apXte ]e `mcXobcpw]cmaÀin¨ncps¶¦nepw At±l¯ntâXmbn Hscmä IrXnt]mepw e`yambncp¶nÃ. Xncp h \´ ]pcw ssIsbgp¯v {KÙ im e bnse DtZymK Ø \mbncp¶ tUm.Sn KW ]Xn imkv{XnIÄ1909 Â Z£nW tI cf¯nse ]ß \m` ]pc¯n\Sp ¯pÅ aW en¡c aT¯nÂ \n¶v `mksâ]¯p \mS I §Ä Is- Sp ¯p. Bbneyw Xncp \mÄ cmPmhnsâ `cW Ime ̄ mWv (860 þ 1880)kz]v\hmk h Z¯w \mSIw Is- Sp¡p¶ Xv.

tIcf]mWn\nbpsS A`n{]mb¯nÂ {InkvXzÐw H¶mw \qäm-n\ptijamWp`mkIhn Pohn¨ncp¶Xv. kz]v\hmkhZ¯ ¯nsâ aqeIYbpsS {]mbw KWn¨mWv At±lw

Cu A`n{]mb¯nÂ F¯nbncn¡p¶Xv. KpWmVy³ cNn¨, ep]vXambnt¸msb¶phnizkn¡s¸Sp¶ _rlXvIY F¶ ss]imN{]mIrX{KÙ¯nepw AXnsâkw£n]vXcq]amb tkmatZh`«sâ IYmkcnÕmKcw F¶ kwkvIrXIrXnbnepwkz]v\hmkhZ¯¯n se \mbI\mb DZb\almcmPmhnsâ hniZamb PohnXIYIfp-v.KpWmVy³ H¶mw \qäm-nÂ Pohn¨ncp¶ kmXhml\sâ kaImeo\\mbncp¶p F¶XmWv tIcf]mWn\nbpsS A\pam\¯n\v ASnØm\w.

Xsâ ImhyaoamwkbnÂ cmPtiJc³ F¶ `mc Xob Be ¦mcnI³kz]v\hmkhZ¯ s¯ `mksâ cN\bmbn GSp¯p ]dbp¶p. ImfnZmk\pw _mW\pw`mks\¡pdn¨v {]kvXmhn¨n«pÅXn\mÂ, AhÀ¡v ap¼mbncp¶p `mk³ Pohn¨ncp¶sX¶v A\pam\n¡mw. `mksâ {]XnÚmbuKÔcmbWw F¶ \mSI¯nse Hcp ]Zyw,{InkvXphÀjmcw`¯n\Sp¯p Pohn¨ncp¶ AiztLmjsâ _p²NcnXs¯B{ibn¡p¶Xn\mÂ AiztLmj\p tijhpw, iq{ZIsâ 'arÑISnIw' `mksâ"Zcn{ZNmcpZ¯³" F¶ A]qÀ®\mSIs¯ B{ibn¡p¶Xmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶Xn\mÂiq{ZI\p ap³]pw Bbncn¡Ww At±l¯nsâ Imew. Cu kqN\Isf B{ibn¨v,s]mXphÀjmcw`¯n\p tijw, \memw \qäm-n\¸pdw At±lw Pohn¨ncp¶XmbnA\pam\n¡s¸Sp¶p.

KW]Xn imkv{XnI fmÂ Is- Sp¡ s¸« \mS I §Äs¡Ãmw s]mXphmb ]e{]tXyIXIfp-v. D]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶ `mj, \mSIw XpS§p¶ \mµn tÇmĪ nsâ cq]w,awKfmNcW¯nsâ {Iaw, \mSIw Ahkm\n¸n¡p¶ `cXhmIy¯nsâ LS\, FÃmIrXnIfnepw ImWmhp¶ cmP{]iwk XpS§nbh aäp kwkvIrX\mSI§fpsSs]mXpkz̀ mh§fnÂ \n¶p thdn«p\n¶p. ]mWn\nbpsS Nn«IÄ¡p ap¼pÅImet¯Xpt]mse `mjbnse {]mIrXmwiw {]ISambncp¶p. ]e tÇmI§fpw A¸msStbmAtX ssienbntem H¶ne[nIw {KÙ§fnÂ {]Xy£ambncp¶p. AXp IqSmsX,kwkvIrX¯nse ]pcmX\\mSI§Ä ]n´pScp¶ ]Xnhn\p hn]coXambn, Chbnsem¶nepw\mSIIr¯nsâ t]cp-mbncp¶nÃ. F¶mÂ 13 \mSI§fnÂ H¶v, `mktâsX¶v

kÀhk½Xamb kz]v\hmkhZ¯w Bbncp¶p. \mSI§Ä¡p s]mXphmbpÅcN\mssienbpw kz]v\hmkhZ¯w AhbnÂ H¶mbncp¶Xpw ]cnKWn¨v, 13 \mSI§fpw`mktâXmsW¶v KW]Xn imkv{Xn hmZn¨p. `mksâ Gähpw t{ijvTamb IrXnbmbn]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶ ]pcmX\kwkvIrX\mSIamWv kz]v\hmkhZ¯w AYhm kz]v\\mSIw.Fs¶t¶¡pambn \ãs¸«pt]msb¶v hnizkn¨ncp¶ Cu cN\bpsS Hcp {]Xn 1910ÂtIcf̄ nÂ \n¶pw Is-Sp¡s¸«p. tIcf]mWn\n F.BÀ. cmPcmPhÀ½ GXm\pwhÀj§Ä¡pÅnÂ Xs¶ aqe\mSIIrXnbpsS GItZiw bYmXYamb Hcp aebmfwXÀÖa cNn¡pIbp-mbn. `mk\mSI§Ä ]cntim[n¨ \ncq]I·mÀ Ahsb H¶mbnXobnsednsª¶pw kz]v\hmkhZ¯w am{Xw B AKv\n]co£sb AXnPohns¨¶pw HcpIY {]kvXm hn¡ s¸ «n «p-v.


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hÅt̄ mÄ \mcmbW tat\m³aebmf almIhnbpw, tIcf IemaÞe¯nsâ Øm]I\pamWv hÅt¯mÄ

\mcmbWtat\m³. 1878 HtÎm_À 16 \v Xncqcn\p kao]w tImgn¸d¼nÂ Ip«n¸mdpA½bpsSbpw ISpt§m«p aÃntÈcn ZmtamZc³ CfbXnsâbpw aI\mbn P\n¨p. kwkvIrX]T\¯n\ptijw ssI¡pf§c cmahmcycnÂ \n¶v XÀ¡w ]Tn¨p. 1905Â XpS§nbhmevaoIn cmambW hnhÀ¯\w 1907 Â ]qÀ¯nbm¡n. 1915Â Nn{XtbmKw {]kn²oIcn¨p.AtX hÀjw tIctfmZb¯nsâ ]{Xm[n]\mbn .

B[p\nIaebmf Ihn{Xb¯nÂ Imhyssienbnse iÐkuµcyw sIm-pw,kÀ¤mßIXsIm-pw A\pKrloX\mb almIhnbmbncp¶p hÅt¯mÄ\mcmbWtat\m³. Ccp]Xmw \qäm-nsâ Bcw`¯nÂ aebmf IhnX¡p ]pXnsbmcpZnimt_m[w \evIm³ {]hcv¯n¨ IhnIfnÂ kamZcWob\mWv At±lw.tZiobmht_m[¯ntâbpw kzmX{ý¯ntâbpw AeIÄ At±l¯nsâ IhnXIfnÂIWmhp¶XmWv . almßPnbpsS BZÀi§fnÂ ASnbpd¨p hnizkn¡pIbpw, KmÔnPnsbKpcp\mY\mbn kzoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvX At±lw ssh¡w kXym{KlIme¯v (1924)KmÔnPnsb t\cn«pI-p.

1958 amÀ¨v 13\v Aćn¨p. sXm®qtdmfw IrXnIÄ {]Imin¸n¨n«p-v . _[nchnem]w,injy\pw aI\pw, KW]Xn, Nn{XtbmKw, kmlnXyaRvPcn, aKvZe\adnbw, sIm¨pkoX,AÑ\pw aIfpw F¶nh hfscb[nIw NÀ¨ sN¿s¸«hbpw P\IobX t\SnbhbpamWv .

hnhÀ¯Is\¶ \nebnÂ hÅt¯mfnsâ kw`mh\IÄ al̄ mWv. hnhn[hn`mK¯nÂs¸«hbmWv At±l̄ nsâ ]cn`mjIÄ. hmevaoIncmambW¯n\v ]pdsaA`nÚm\imIp´fw, EtKzZw, amXwKeoe, ]Zva]pcmWw, amÀ¡tÞb]pcmWw,hma\]pcmWw, aÕy]pcmWw, XpS§nbhbpw At±lw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp.hnhÀ¯\wsIm-v 'tIcf hmevaoIn'sb¶p hÅt¯mÄ hnfn¡s¸«p. ImfnZmk \mS I§fpw aäp [mcmfw kwkvIrX Imhy §fpw ae bm f ¯n te¡v ]cn `mj s¸ Sp¯nb almI hnbmWv At±lw. `mksâ A©p \mS I §Ä¡v hÅ t¯mÄ ]cn`mj \nÀh ln¨n«p -v. kz]v\hmk h Zs¯ ¡qSmsX Ducp`w Kw, a[yahymtbm Kw, ]©cm{Xw, A`ntj Iw F¶nh bmW h.]Ým¯eIY

D¯c{]tZinse Iuimw_nbpsS Npäpw hym]n¨pInS¶ncp¶ {]mNo\cmPyambncp¶phÕcmPyw. ]mÞhhwi]c¼cbnÂs¸« DZb\³ F¶ almcmPmhmWv ChnSw`cn¨psIm-ncp¶Xv. AXnkpµc\pw kwKoXmZn efnXIeIfnÂ AXymkà\pambncp¶p[ocefnX\mbI\mb DZb\³. At±l¯n\v hmkpIn \ÂInb tLmjhXn Fs¶mcphoWbp-mbncp¶p. tLmjhXnbv¡v Im«nÂ\n¶p aZbm\Isf BIÀjn¡m³ t]mepwiànbpÅ iÐam[pcyw D-mbncp¶pht{X. th«, s]®v, aZyw XpS§nbk]vXhyk\§fnÂ Hmtcm¶pw Cu cmPmhnt\bpw _m[n¨ncp¶p. F¦nepwAXnkaÀ°cmb alma{ń buKÔcmbW³, tk\m]Xn cpaWzm³ F¶nhcpsSklmbapÅXn\mÂ cmPyw t£ssaizcy§tfmsS \ne\n¶p.

CtX Ime¯pv DÖbn\n F¶ cmPyw `cn¨ncp¶Xv NÞalmtk\³ F¶ A] c\maw IqSn D-mbncp¶ almtk\³ Bbncp¶p. Ct±l¯n\v AwKmchXn F¶cmÚnbnÂ tKm]meI³, ]meI³ F¶n§s\ c-p ]p{X·mcpw hmkhZ¯ Fs¶mcp]p{Xnbpw P\n¨p. hmkhZ¯bv¡v A\ptbmPy\mb Hcp ]pcpj³ DZbtk\t\ DÅq F¶v almtk\\p t_m²yw h¶p. F¶mÂ Bßm`nam\hpw DXvIÀjmt_m[hpw aqewAt±l¯n\v DZb\s\ At§m«p sN¶p I-v I\ymZm\w \S¯m³ aSn tXm¶n.\b]cambn Imcyw \S¯m³, Xsâ aIsf hoWmhmZ\w ]Tn¸n¡m³ DZb\³DÖbn\nte¡p h¶mÂ sImÅmw Fs¶mcp ktµiw At±lw ZqX³ hiwIuimw_nbnte¡b¨p. F¶mÂ hoc\pw A`nam\¯n\v H«pw IpdhnÃm¯h\pamb DZb\³hmkhZ¯sb At§m«b¡m³ {]Xnktµihpab¨p. At\ym\yapÅ CuaÕc¯ns\mSphnÂ, almtk\³ Hcp b{´KPs¯ D-m¡n I¬sI «psIm-v DZb\s\his¸Sp¯n DÖbn\nbnte¡p sIm-ph¶p. F¶n«v aIsf DZ b tk \\cnInte¡v hoWm`ymk \¯n\v ]d ª b ¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS AhÀ X½nÂ {]W b ¯n embn. buK ÔcmbWsâ \oXn Iu i e t¯msS XS hnÂ\n¶p NmSn hmk h Z̄ sbbpw sIm-v DZ b tk \³\oKqV ambn Iuimw _nbnte¡p Xncn ¨p t]m cnIbpw sNbvXp

{]XnÚm bu KÔ cmbWw F¶ \mS I ¯n sâ {]tabw Cu ]qÀh I Ybm Wv. AXn\mÂ kz]v\hmk h Z¯w \mSIw {]XnÚm \mSI ̄ nsâ XpSÀ¨ bmWv F¶p a\Ên em¡mw.


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c-mw A¦wDZym\¯nÂ ]´pIfn¨p XfÀ¶ hmk h Z̄ bpw ]Zvamh Xnbpw X½nepÅ kw`mj W

t¯msS bmWv c-mw cwKw Bcw`n¡ ¶Xv. hmk h Z¯ ]Zvamh XnbpsS kuµcys¯ ]pIgv¯p¶p. ]ZvamhXn DÖbn\n bnse almtk \s\¶ dnb s¸ Sp¶ {]tZymXsâ `mcymbmhm³t]mIp¶h fmWv F¶v AÀYw sh¨v kwkmcn ¡sh Ahfpw hÕ cmPm hmb DZb \\pwX½nepÅ hnhmlw Dd ¨pI gnªp F¶ hnh camWv hmk h Z̄ bv¡p e`n ¡p¶Xv. AXptI«v hmk h Z̄ bpsS a\Êv Ccp fp ¶p -v.aq¶mw A¦w

hnhmlmtamZw \ndª \mepsI «nÂ ]Zvamh Xnsb DZb t\msSm¸w hn«v GIm´bpwZpJnXbpambn hmk h Z¯ kv{XoI fpsS DZym\¯nse¯p ¶p. ]Zvamh Xn¡v ametImÀ¡m\pÅ IÂ] \bpambn Zmknsb ¯p ¶Xv hmk h Z ̄ sb IqSpXÂ hnj an ̧n¡p¶p. Zmkn DZb \sâ cq] emhWyw hÀWn¡p¶Xpt]mepw AhÄ¡v Ak ly amhp¶p -v. k] Xv\namscXSbp¶ Ahn[ hml cWw F¶ acp¶p]pjv]hpw ame bnÂ tImÀ¡phm³ X¿mdm¡nbn«p-v. ]t£, AXp tImÀ¡m³ hmk h Z¯ k½ Xn¡p¶n Ã. DZ b \sâ `mcy ac Ws¸ «XmWtÃm F¶ Imc W amWv AhÄ Zmkn tbmSv ]dbp¶ Xv.\memw A¦w

Bcy h k ́ I³ F¶ hnZq j I\pw cmPmhpw X½nÂ ]qt´m«w Npän¡ d§m\nd §p

¶Xpw hmk h Z̄ bpw ]ßmh Xnbpw Ah sc¡-v ad ªp\nÂ¡p¶Xpw At¸mgp -mbNne Xami Ifpw tNÀ¶ Hcp cwK amWnXv. DZb \cmPmhn\v hmk h Z̄ sb ad ¡m\mIp ¶nÃF¶Xnsâ kqN \I fmWv {][m \ ambpw Cu cwK§ fnÂ shfn hmIp¶Xv. cmPmhns\ Hfn ªpImWpt¼mtg¡pw hmk h Z̄ bv¡p I®o cps]mSnbp¶p -v. F¶meXv ]qs¼mSn I®nte äXpsIm -msW¶mWv AhÄ IÅw ]d bp¶ Xv. AXn\nSbnÂ hnZqj I³, acW s¸« hmk h Z̄sb bmtWm ]pXp`mcybmb ]Zvamh Xnsb bmtWm cmPmhn\v IqSpXÂ {]nbw F¶ tNmZy ap¶bn¨v IpSp ¡p¶p. BZyw Hcp ¯cw ]d bm³ hnk ½ Xn¨ DZb \cmPmhv KXy´ canÃmsX"]ZvamhXn kpµcnbpw k½ XbpamsW¶pw am[pcy cq] KpW §Ä XnI ª h fmsW¶pwF¦nepw X\n¡v hmk h Z̄ bnÂ Bg ¯nÂ ]Xnªp t]mb a\Êns\ Xncn s¨ Sp¡m³ Ignbp¶nÃ F¶pw k½ Xn¡p¶p.' (tÇmIw 4) CXp tI«v hmk h Z̄ bpw ]Zvamh Xnbpw Hcpt]mse kt´m jn¡p¶p -v. cPmhv hnZqj I t\mSpw AtX tNmZyw tNmZn¡p¶p. ]ßmhXnkpµcn bmsW ¦nepw {]nbw hmk h Z̄ tbmSmWv, ImcWw hmkh Z¯ CS bv¡nSbv¡v X\n¡v CjvSw t]mse hn` h §Ä `£n¡m³ Xcpsa ¶mWv hnZqj Isâ D¯ cw. Cu XamitI«v cmPmhv Nncn¡pIbpw Cu adp ]Sn hmk h Z ̄ tbmSv ]d bpsa¶v AdnbmsX ]d ªp t]mhpIbpw sN¿p¶p. hmk h Z̄ sb ¡pdn ¨pÅ Hcp Xami tI«t¸mtg¡pw cmPmhv ]gb Ime¯nte¡v AdnbmsX aS §nt¸m b Xmbncp¶p. (tÇmIw 5). ZpJw Ifbp hm\mWv Xm³t{]as¯ \«ph fÀ¯nb Xv. ]t£, AXp sIm-pw ian¡msX Xsâ k¦Sw hfÀ¶p h cnI bmW tÃm. acn¨pt]mb {]nb P \ § tfmSpÅ IS ¸m SpIÄ I®o cphmÀ¯p ho«p hm\mWv DeInsâ \S¸v F¶v cmPmhv hne ]n ¡p¶p. (tÇmIw 6) k¦Sw XoÀ¡m³ ]Zvam hXn cmPmhn\Spt¯¡v sNÃp ¶p. F¶mÂ hmk h Z̄ sb t¸mse, ]qs¼mSn I®nÂ hoWmWv Xm³IcªXv F¶ IÅw BhÀ¯n¡pI bmWv cmPmhv (tÇmIw 7) ]pXp s]®mb ]ZvamhXnkXy adnªmÂ Ic ªp t]mIpw F¶ XpsIm-mWv cmPmhv C§s\ IÅw ] dbp¶ Xv.A©mw A¦w

kz]v\ hmk h Z¯w F¶ \ma ¯n\v B[m camb AwK amWnXv. AXnI Tn\amb Xeth Z\bmÂ hnj an¡pI bmWv ]Zvamh Xnsb¶pw AhÄ hmk h Z̄ sb ImWm³ B{K ln

¡p¶p sh¶pw Ct¸mÄ s]mbvImKr l ¯nÂ hn{i a¯n emsW¶pw Hcp tXmgn Adnbn¡p ¶tXmsSbmWv kw`hw Bcw `n¡p¶Xv. hmk h Z¯ IYIÄ ]dªv ckn¸n¡pt¼mÄ thZ\ad¡pa tÃm. ]t£, AtX ka b ¯mWv cmPmhn\v `mcymkwK¯n\v B{K l apZn¡p¶ Xv. cmPIpamcn s]mbvImKr¯nemsW¶ hnhcw sh¨v hnZq j I³ cmPmhns\ At§m«v B\bn ¡p¶p. s]mbvImKrl ¯n te¡p Ib dms\mcp§sh taem¸nÂ \n¶v DXnÀ¶p hoW tXmcWs¯I-v hnZq j I³ ]m¼m sW¶v IcpXn `b ¡p¶p. (XpSÀ¶v \S ¡m \ncn ¡p¶ kz]v\Zr iyt¯mSv Cu ambm \p `hw tNÀ¯p a\Ênem¡mw) F¶mÂ ]ßmhXn AhnsS h¶n«nsÃ¶v cmPmhn\v a\Ênembn. ImcWw hncn Npfnªn «n Ã. InS¡ Ipgn ªn«n Ã, s\änbnen« acp¶nsâ Id Xe bnW bnÂ ]änbn «nÃ, tcmKn¡v thZ\b dnbmXncn¡phm\pÅ taem¸pIÄXq¡nbn«n«nÃ. am{XaÃ, tcmKnbmb HcmÄ A{X s]s«¶v InS ¡ hns«gpt¶äv t]mhp I bpanÃ(tÇmIw 4). AXn\mÂ AtX InS ¡ bnÂ cmP Ipamcnsb Aev] t\cw Im¯ncn ¡m\mWv


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cmPmhv Dt±in¡p¶Xv. t\cw t]m¡n \mbn hnZqj I³ Hcp IY ] d bp¶p. "DÖbn\n Fs¶mcp\K cpap-v. AhnsS AXnca Wob § fmb Ipfn¡ ShpI fp-v....' DÖbn \nsb¶p tI«am {XbnÂ cmPmhn\v hmk h Z ̄ sb HmÀa h cp¶p. hmk h Z̄ sb kz\ Kc¯nÂ \n¶v X«ns¡m-ph cp¶ thfbnÂ amXm]n Xm¡ sfbpw _Ôp¡ sfbpw shSnª k¦ S¯mÂ Icªt¸mÄ AXv Xsâ s\©nÂ hoW kµÀàmWv HmÀ¡p ¶Xv (tÇmIw 5). hoWhmb\ ]Tn ¸n

¡sh hmk h Z¯ Xsâ apJ t¯¡v t\m¡nbncp¶v hoW ¡ ¼nbnÂ sXmSmsX A´ co £¯nÂ ao«nb kw` hhpw cmPmhv HmÀ¯p (tÇmIw 6). CXn\mÂ thsd IY ]d bp¶p hnZq jI³. IY XpS csh cmPmhv Dd §nt¸m Ip¶p. DWÀ¯msX hnZq j I³ hnf¡ W¨v ]pd t¯¡pt]mb kµÀ` ¯nÂ ]Zvamh Xn¡v acp¶p ambn hmk h Z̄ bpw tXmgnbpw Ahn tS¡v {]th in¡p¶p. Ccp«nÂ ]Zvamh XnbmsW¶p IcpXn cmPmhnsâ sXm«cnInemWv hmk h Z¯ Ccn¡p¶Xv. Dd¡ ¯nÂ cmPmhv hmk h Z̄ sb kz]v\w ImWp ¶p. cmPmhv hmk h Z̄ sb kz]v\¯nÂ Dds¡ hnfn ¡p¶Xv tI«v hmk h Z¯ ]nS sª gpt¶Â¡p Ibpw Zqsc\n¶v cmPmhns\ I¬\n dsb ImWp Ibpw sN¿p ¶p. kz]v\¯nÂ cmPmhv hmk h Z̄ tbmSv tNmZn¡p¶ tNmZy §Ä¡v adp ] Sn] dbpIbpw sN¿p ¶p. InS bv¡¡p ]pd t¯¡v Xq§n\nÂ¡p¶cmPmhnsâ ssI ]Xps¡ icn bm¡n sh¨v AhÄ AhnsS \n¶v t]mIp¶p. hmk h Z̄ bpsSkv]Ài ta ätXmsS I-Xv kz]v\tam bmYmÀYytam F¶ dnbmsX cmPmhv DW cp¶p. Xm³hmk h Z¯sb I-Xv kXy amsW¶pw cpa Wzm³ \pW ] d ª Xmhmsa¶pw cmPmhn\v tXm¶p ¶p. CXp shdpw In\mhmsW ¦nÂ Rm\pW cmXn cn¡ s«, AÃ CXv {`m´msW ¦nÂCu {̀ m´v \oWmÄ amdmXncn¡s« F¶mWv cmPmhv sImXn¡p¶Xv. (tÇmIw 9). Cu aµn c¯nÂ ]mÀ¡p¶ Ah ńkp µcn F¶ b£nsb bm bncn¡Ww cmPmhv I-Xv F¶mWv hnZqj Isâ A`n{]mbw. kz]v\m h km\¯nÂ DWÀ¶t¸mÄ B Nmcn {Xykw c£nWn (hmk hZ¯)bpsS apJ amIp¶ Xma cbpw \o- apSnbpw ajnsb gpXm¯ I¬Ifpw I-p sh¶v cmPmhv km£y s¸ Sp̄ p ¶p. am{X aÃ, B kpµcn Fsâ ssI]n Sn̈ t¸mgp -mb tcmam©hpws\©n Sn¸pw Ct¸mgpw Ah km\n¨n «nsÃ¶pw cmPmhv ImWn̈psImSp ¡p¶p (tÇmIw 10, 11).

DSs\, DZb \cmPm hnsâ a{ń cpa Wzm³ henb ssk\ys¯ tiJ cn¨v BcpWntbmSv bp²w sN ¿m³ ]pd s¸ «phcp¶p-v F¶ ktµiw e`n ¡p¶p. bp²¯n\mbn cmPmhpw ]pds¸ Sp¶tXmsS Cu \mS I¯nse {][m\ cwKw Ah km\n¡p¶p.A¦w Bdv

Xh W ¡m cnbmb hnP bbpw lcn¡m c\pw X½nepÅ kw`mj W t¯msS cwKw Bcw`n¡p¶p. bp²w Pbn¨ph¶ cmPmhv Btcm tLmj hXn F¶ hoW hmbn¡p¶ i_vZw tI«v

hmk h Z̄ m kvarXnbmÂ ]pf In X\mIp¶p. \Àa ZmXo cs¯ hÅ ¡pSnenÂ \n¶mWv AbmÄ¡v B hoW e`n ̈ Xv. AsXSp¯v aSnbnÂ sh¨ tXmSpIqSn cmPmhv t_m[wsI«p hogp¶p. {ipXnkp J t¯mSp IqSn hmk h Z̄ bpsS aSnbnepw amdnepw hn{i an¨ \o InfnIÄ s]mSnbpXnÀ¯ X-p ambn sImSnb h\¯nÂ hkn¨ sX §ns\ F¶v cmPmhv hoW tbmSv tNmZn¡p¶p (tÇmIw 1). Ac s¡ «nÂ hln¨pw apdp¡n sI«n¸n Sn̈pw £oWn ¡pt¼mÄ amdnÂtNÀ¯v XtemSnbpw Fs¶s¨mÃn hnc th f I fnÂ hne ]n¨pw \ns¶ ao«p¶ t\c¯v ]p©ncn¨psIm -pÅ kwkmc§fpw FÃmw \o ad ¶p I fªtÃm F¶v \µn bnÃm¯ hoW tbmSv cmPmhv ]cmXn]dbp¶p (tÇmIw 2). ]cn¡p] änb hoWsb \¶m¡n sb Sp ¡m³ inev]nsbGÂ¸n¡p¶p hnZq j I³.

hmk h Z̄ bpw amXm]nXm¡ fmb almtk \\pw BwKmch Xnhpw ]dª b¨ kµÀiIÀ cmPmhns\ ImWm³ h¶ncn¡p¶p. Ahsc kÂ¡ cn¡m³ cmPmhv ]vZamh XnsbbpwIq«p¶p -v. aI fpsS ZpÀacW hmÀ¯ b dnª amXm]n Xm¡Ä F´mWv ]d bpI F¶v cmPmhn\pw ]Zvamh Xn¡pw Bi ¦ bp-v. cmPmhv X«ns¡m -ph ¶ XmWtÃm aI sf. "B\ bp ²¯nÂ Fs¶ tXmÂ¸n¨p, kz´w a¡ sft¸mse F¶n«pw Rm³ ]cnN cn¨p, Fsâ aIsfA] l cn̈ p, Ahsf Im¯p c£n ¡m³ F\n¡v Ignª XpanÃ At¸msgm¶pw aa Xhn«v s]cpamdm¯ Rm³ aI fpsS acW hmÀ¯ tI«pw aa XtbmsS hkn ¡p¶p. ImcWw, hÕ cmPywXncnsI e`n ¡p¶ Xn\v \nan¯ ambXv AXmWtÃm' F¶mWv cmPmhnsâ ktµiw. (tÇmIw 8)"]Xn\mdv A´ ]pckv{Xo I fnÂ aq¯ h fmb \K c ̄ n\v ]ctZ h Xbmb A½ dmWn¡v kpJw Xs¶ b Ãtbm F¶v cmPmhv At\zjn¨p (tÇmIw 9). Bcv Bsc bmWv acW¯nÂ \n¶v c£n¡m³ Ignhp äh³, IbÀs]m«n InW änte¡p ]Xn¡p¶ IpSs¯ Bcv XS bpw, DeIw HcpImSpt]mse bmWv ImemImew AXp sh«n sh Sņm¡p¶p, ho-pw apf¨pb cp¶p. (tÇmIw 10)F¶mWv lcn ¡m c³ cmPmhns\ Biz kn ¸n¡p¶Xv. C\nsb {X P·w P\n¨mepw hmk h Z¯sb ad ¡m³ Ignbn sÃ¶v cmPmhv km£y s¸ Sp̄ p¶p.


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hmk h Z̄ bpsS amXmhv DZb \cmPmhns\ icn¡pw acpa I \mbn¯ s¶ bmWv I-Xv F¶ hkvXpX shfns¸ Sp̄ p¶ ktµ i amWv [m{Xnhiw \ÂIn hn«ncp¶Xv. cmPmhns\ DÖbn\n bnte¡v hcp¯n¨Xpw aIsf hoW b `ykn ̧n¡ms\¶ \mSy ¯nÂ Hcp an¨v Xmakn ¸n¨Xpw {]W b Nm]eyw aqew cmPmhv hmkh Z̄ tbm sSm¸w hnhml awKfw BN cn¡msX IS¶p I fªXpw A½ kvacn¡p¶p. F¶mÂ AhÀ apd {] Imcw aI fpsSbpw acpa I sâbpw

inev] §Ä ]WnXv hnhmlw \S ¯nsb¶v shfns¸ Sp̄ p Ibpw sN¿p ¶p. AXnsâ Nn{X §ÄDZbs\ ImWn¨v taenÂ CXp t\m¡n Biz kn ¨p Po hn¡m³ Bh iy s¸ Sp ¶p. sXäpsN bvXn«pt]mepw X§ fnÂ A{]oXn ImWn ¡msX {]nbw \ndª A½ bpsS Cu hm¡p IÄ \qdpcmPyw IogS¡p¶ sX ¡mÄ kt´mj I camsW¶v cmPmhv A`n {]mbs¸ «p. (tÇmIw 12). Nn{X¯nse hmk h Z̄ sb I-v CXv Bh ´nI b t¸mse Ccn¡p¶tÃm F¶v ]ZvamhXn BÝ cys¸ Sp¶p. t]mse AÃ AhÄX s¶ bmsW ¶mWv cmPmhnsâ {]XnI c Ww. Cu Nn{X¯nepÅXpt]mepÅ Hcp s]¬Ip«n Xsâ IqsS Xma kn¡p¶p s-¶pw Hcp k\ymkn kq£n¡mt\Â]n¨ s]§ fmWv Ah sf¶pw ]ßm hXn cmPmhnt\mSv ]dbp¶p. Htc hSnhnÂ temI¯v H¶ne [nIw Bfp I fp-mhm\n Sbp-tÃm F¶v kam[m\n ¡pI bmWv cmPmhv (tÇmIw 14).

At¸mÄ ktlmZ cnsb XncnsI hm§n¡m³ {_mÒ W th j ¯nÂ buK Ô cmbW³{]th in¡p¶p. {_mÒ Wsâ i_vZw tI«v cmPmhn\v ap³]cn Nbw tXm¶p ¶p -v. cmPmhnsâIÂ] \{] Imcw hmk h Z¯ lmP cmIp¶p. cmPmhv hmk h Z̄ sb I-v BËmZ Nn̄ \mIp¶p. ap¼v I-v h©n X \mb Xpt]mse Cu hmk h Z̄ bpw hmkvX htam kz]v\tam F¶mWt± l ¯n\p kwi bw. (tÇmIw 17) kz]v\hmk h Z¯w F¶ \mS I \maw HmÀ¡pI. \S¶kw` h § sfÃmw buKÔ cmW³ cmPmhns\ Adnbn ¡p¶p. tPyjvT¯nbmb hmk h Z̄tbmSv Hcp kJn sb t¸mse s]cp amdnt¸mb XnÂ ]ZvamhXn am¸ptNmZn¡p¶p. Iuimw _ncmPys¯ c£n¡m \mWv C¯ csamcp BÄamdm«¯n\v Hcp §n¸pd ¸ «sX¶pw ]ZvamhXncmPmhnsâ `mcybmIp sa¶ ]pjv] I ` {Z·mcpsS {]h N\w Adnª XpsIm-mWv Ah sc¯s¶ kwc £Ww GÂ¸n¨ sX¶pw Cu hnhcw cpa Wzm\pw Adnbmambncp¶p sh¶pw buKÔ cmbW³ ]d bp¶p. almkq {X¡m c³ F¶mWv cmPmhv cpa Wzms\¡pdn¨v ]d bp¶Xv.FÃmhcpw Hcpan¨v kt´m j t¯msS thZnhn Sp t¼mÄ `c XhmIy t¯msS \mSIw Ah km\n¡p¶p.


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samUyqÄ 2temI \m SI th Zn bpsS B[p \nI L«w

tdmam km{amPyt¯msSm¸w {InkvXpaXw bptdm¸v apgph³ hym]n¨Xv \mSIIebpsSXfÀ¨bv¡p ImcWambn¯oÀ¶p. s{sIkvXhk` aXhnizmknIsf A`n\b¯nÂ \n¶phne¡pIbp-mbn. B ImeL«¯nse bqtdm]y³ \mSImhXcWw kmaqlnImtLmj§fnepw {]`p¡·mÀ AXnYnIÄ¡mbn Hcp¡nbncp¶ kXvImckZÊpIfnepapÅ kwKoXmem]\t¯mSp IqSnb \r¯\rXy§fnepw HXp§n\n¶p. AXn\mÂ A`n\b¯n\pth-nbpÅ \mSIcN\ \maam{Xambn. anI¨ \mSI§Ä kmlnXy IrXnIÄ F¶\nebnemWv A¡me¯v {i²n¡s¸«Xv. a[yIme¯v \mSImhXcWw XpS§nbXv s{sIkvXhtZhmeb§fpsS DÅnembncp¶p. ]n¶oSv AXp ]Ånapät¯¡p amdn. N´Øe§fnÂ_q¯v kvtäPpIÄ {IaoIcn¨v \mSI§Ä AhXcn¸n¡p¶ ]Xnhpap-mbncp¶p. KnÂUv lmfpIfpw \mSIthZnIfmbn amdn.

tdmamkm{amPy¯nsâ ]X\¯n\pw \thm°m\Ime¯n\panSbnepÅ GXm-v ]¯v \qäm-pIÄ bqtdm]y³ \mSIthZnbpsS PoÀWImeL«ambncp¶p. a[yIme¯v bptdm¸nse\mSIthZnbnep-mb FSp¯p]db¯¡ kw`hhnImkw s{sIkvXh aXhnizmkt¯mSv _Ôs¸« 'and¡nÄ t¹' bpsS BhnÀ`mhhpw {]NmchpamWv. Cu hn`mK¯nÂs¸Sp¶\mSIIrXnIfpw \mSImhXcW§fpw aXhnizmk{]NmcW¯n\v klmbIambncp¶p.ss__nfnse AZv`pXIYIÄ {]tabam¡p¶ and¡nÄ t¹bpsS AhXcWw FÃmbnS¯pwHcpt]mse Iem]cambncp¶nÃ. AhbpsS `mjbnepw cN\mcoXnbnepw AhXcWcoXnbnepwkw`hn¨ ]cnWmaw tZiobkz`mhapÅ \mSI§fpsS BhnÀ`mh¯n\v hgnsXfn¨p.and¡nÄ t¹ItfmsSm¸wXs¶ anÌdn t¹Ifpw Ac§nse¯n. I\yIm]p{X\mbn {InkvXpP\n¨Xv, {XnXz hnizmkw XpS§nb Kl\§fmb Znhyclky§sf B[mcam¡nbpÅhbmWv anÌdn t¹IÄ. kZvKpW§fpw ZpÀKpW§fpw IYm]m{X§fmbn hcp¶ samdmenänt¹Ifpw C¡me¯v AhXcn¸n¨p h¶p. CâÀeqUpIfmWv asämcn\w. Hcp \mSIw thZnbnÂ\S¡pt¼mÄ c-¦§Ä¡nSbnepÅ kab¯v AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xn\pÅXmWv CâÀeqUv.CXv \mSIw XpS§p¶Xn\papt¼m ]nt¼m thWsa¦nepw AhXcn¸n¡mhp¶Xmbncp¶p. aäpIem]cn]mSnIÄ¡nSbnepw hncp¶pIÄ¡nSbnepw CâÀeqUn\v thZn Hcp§nbncp¶p.s{sIkvXhk`bpsS A\p{Klt¯msS hfÀ¶ a[yIme \mSIIebvs¡Xncmb Nne{]Xntj[§fpw A¡me¯p-mbn. A[ym]Icpw A`n`mjIcpaS§nb _p²nPohnhÀKamWv AXn\v t\XrXzw \evInbXv.\thm°m\ \mSIw

{In.h. 1500 IfnÂ {Ko¡v tdma³ kmlnXy§fpsS NphSp]nSn¨v Cäen BØm\am¡nbqtdm¸nemsI cq]wsIm-XmWv \thm°m\ XcwKw F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. CXpaqew\mSIcwK¯pw amä§Ä D-mhpIbpw AÀkvtäm«nen³sd t]mbänIvkv, slmtdknsâ BÀ«v Hm^v s]mb{Sn F¶o IrXnIsf ASnØm\am¡n hfscb[nIw \mSI§Ä cq]wsImÅpIbpw sNbvXp. C¯cw {]Øm\§Ä \ntbm ¢mknIvknkw F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p.\thm°m\ImeL«¯nÂ an¡ bqtdm]y³ cmPy§fnsebpw \mSIw cq]]cambpwDÅS¡¯nsâ Imcy¯nepw ]e ]cnhÀ¯\§Ä¡pw hnt[bambn. Cäenbnembncp¶p\nÀWmbIamä§Ä BZyap-mbXv. a\pjy³ F§s\bmbncn¡Wsa¶Ã F§s\bncn¡p¶p F¶v ImWn¨psImSp¡pIbmWv \mSI[Àaw F¶v {]Jym]n¨ Cämenb³ lyqa\nÌv \mSIIr¯p¡Ä kaImeo\ CäenbpsS Hcp ]cntOZwXs¶ Ac§nse¯n¨p. AXv bqtdm¸nemIam\w AÀY]qÀWamb Hcp \mSIthZnbpsS ]ndhn¡v \nan¯ambn. ip`m´ þZpc´ \mSI§Ä¡v ]pdta Cäenbnse \mSIaÕc§fnÂ, h\tZhXamcpw CSb·mcpwX½nepÅ {]Wbw hnjbam¡n AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ Hcp \mSIcq]ambncp¶p ]mÌdÂ

{In.h. 1502 epw 1508 epambn cNn¡s¸« eptUmhns¡m AcntbmkvtämbpsSIrXnIfmb sF kţ mknän, IÊmdnb F¶o \mSI§fneqsSbmWv CäenbnÂ \mSI{]Øm\§fpsS Bcw`w F¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p. Ct±l¯ns\ IqSmsX `cWm[nImcnbpwkmlnXyImc\pambncp¶ \nt¡mfmam¡n shÃn bpsS ip`m´ \mSIambncp¶emam³t{UmKebpw Cämenb³ \mSI{]Øm\̄ nÂ {][m\ ]¦v hln¨ncp¶p. Knbm³KntbmKntbm {SnÌnt\m cNn¨ tkmt^m \nkv_ Cäenbnse BZyt¯Xpw {]ikvXhpambZpc´ \mSIambncp¶p. cmPkZÊpIfnÂ AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ Hcp \mSIcq]ambncp¶pC³dÀsatÊm. {Ko¡v Zpc´ \mSI§fpsS ]p\chXcW {ia¯n³sd ^eambn {In.h. 1590IfnÂ cq]w CäenbnÂ cq]wsIm- asämcp \mSIcq]ambncp¶p Hm¸d. Imem´c¯nÂC³dÀsatÊm Hm¸dbpsS `mKamIpIbpw 1650 ItfmSv IqSn Hm¸dIÄ Cäenbnse GsdP\{]oXnbmÀÖn¨ \mSIcq]ambn amdpIbpw sNbvXp.


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]mÝmXy \mSIthZnbnÂ c-masXmcp kphÀWbpKw BhnÀ`hn¨Xv CwKvfojv \mSIIr¯mb sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS cwK{]thit¯mSpIqSnbmWv. At±l¯nsâ cN\IÄBkzmZy§fmbncp¶p F¶p am{XaÃ XnI¨pw A`n\btbmKy§fpw Bbncp¶p. ]eXpwXpSÀ¨bmbn hfsc\mÄ Htc \mSIthZnbnÂ AhXcn¸n¡s¸«p. D¶XIpePmXÀ¡pwkm[mcW¡mÀ¡pw th-n shtÆsd thZnIfnÂ \mS I §Ä Ah AhXcn¸n¡pI

]Xnhmbncp¶p. sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS \mSIIrXnIsf {SmPUnIÄ, tImaUnIÄ,Ncn{X\mSI§Ä F¶n§s\ aq¶phn`mK§fmbn Xncn¡mw. {Ko¡p Zpc \́mSI§Ä¡p{]IrXyXoX iànIfpsS CSs]SÂ ImcWambncns¡, a\pjy kz`mh¯nÂ A´Àeo\ambsshIey§fmWv sjbvIvkv]ocnb³ {SmPUnIÄ¡p aqetlXp. sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS{SmPUnIÄ Øe]cambpw {Inbmwi kw_Ôambpw Imekw_ÔambpapÅ sFIyw]peÀ¯p¶hbÃ F¶XmWv Ahbv¡v {Ko¡v {SmPUnIfnÂ \n¶pÅ hyXymkw. Zv sSw]Ìv DÄs¸sS Nne \mSI§Ä CXn\v A]hmZambp-v. sjbvIvkv]nbdpsS InMv enbÀ,amIvs_Xv, lmwseäv, HYtÃm XpS§nb ]e {SmPUnIfpw temIkmlnXy¯nsebpw\mSIthZnbnsebpw amÌÀ]okpIfmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶p.

sjbvIvkv]nbdnsâ kaImenIcmbncp¶p {InÌ^À amÀtembpw s_³ tPm¬kWpw.tUm. ^uÌv F¶ sFXnlyIYm]m{X¯nsâ IYsb Bkv]Zam¡n amÀsem cNn¨ \mSIw(tUmÎÀ t^mÌkv) {]tXyI ]cmaÀiaÀln¡p¶p. cN\minev]¯nsâ khntijXsIm-v Cu \mSIw temI{]ikvXnbmÀPn¨p. Imev]\nIkmlnXy¯nsâbpw IebpsSbpw

Bcw`L«¯nÂ CtX IYm]m{Xs¯ tI{µam¡ns¡m-v hnJymX sPÀa³ kmlnXyImc\mb sKbvsY cNn¨ Imhy\mSIhpw (^uÌv) temI{]ikvXn BÀPn¨n«pÅXmWv.]mÝmXy \mSI¯nsâ B[p\nIImew

bqtdm]y³ \mSIthZnbnse B[p\nI ImeL«¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv tamfntbF¶ {]ikvX {^©v \mSIIr¯mWv. {]lk\cq]¯nepÅ KZy\mSI¯nsâ hninãamXrIIfmWv At±l̄ nsâ cN\IÄ. At±l¯nsâ ImeL«¯n\pap¼p-mb\mSI§fnÂ `qcn]£hpw ]Zycq]¯nepÅhbmbncp¶p. KZy\mSI¯n\v cwKthZnbnÂhnPbn¡m³ Ignbpsa¶v tamfntbdpsS \mSI§Ä sXfnbn¨p. DÅS¡¯nepw cq]̄ nepwAt±l¯nsâ \mSI§Ä¡pÅ khntijXIÄ aqew temĪ nse ]e`mjIfnepwC¯cw ^mgvkpIÄ ({]lk\§Ä) cNn¡s¸Sm³ CSbmbn. tamfnbdpsS Ime¯n\ptijwbqtdm]y³ \mSIthZnbnÂ D-mb Hcp henb kw`hw t\mÀth¡mc\mb slânIv C_vk³ cNn¨ dnbenÌnIv KZy\mSI§fpsS BhnÀ`mhamWv. temI\mSIthZnbnsednbenÌnIv \mSI{]Øm\¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶ C_vksâ `qcn]£w

\mSI§fpw dnbenÌnIv ssienbnÂ kaImenI kmaqlnI PohnX¯nse {]iv\§ÄNn{XoIcn¡p¶hbmWv. tKmÌvkv, tUmÄkv slukv, sshÂUv U¡v, F\nan H^v Zv ]o¸nÄF¶nh At±l̄ nsâ hnJymX dnbenÌnIv \mSI§fmWv. ChbnÂ ]eXpwaebmf¯nte¡pw aät\Iw temI`mjIfnte¡pw hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«n«p-v.CsXms¡bmsW¦nepw C_vk³, dnbenÌnIv \mSI§fpsS cNbnXmhv am{Xambncp¶nÃ.{]XoImßI§fpw ImhymßI§fpamb GXm\pw anI¨ \mSI§fpw At±lw cNn¨n«p-v.AhbnÂ Gähpw {]kn²w amÌÀ _nÂUÀ (cmPinev]n) F¶ IrXnbmWv. C_vksâ\mSI§Ä¡v s]mXpthbpÅ Hcp khntijX {Ko¡p {SmPUnIfnse {Inbmwi]cambsFIyw, Imekw_Ônbmb sFIyw, Øe]camb sFIyw F¶nh ChbnÂ]men¡s¸Sp¶p F¶XmWv. CwKvfojv \mSIIr¯mb _ÀWmUvjm kaImenIkmaqlnIbmYmÀYy§sf A[nIcn¨v Ht«sd \mSI§Ä cNn¡pIbp-mbn. Ah\mSIthZnbnÂ hnPbIcambn AhXcn¸n¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. jmbpsSAXn{]ikvX§fmb \mSI§fmWv Zn B¸nÄ ImÀ«v, am³ B³Uv kq¸Àam³ F¶nh.

F¶mÂ {Inbmwi{][m\amb C_vksâ \mSI§fnÂ \n¶v hyXykvXambn jmbpsS\mSI§Ä kw`mjW {][m\§fmWv. AhsbÃmw \Àack{][m\§fpw ]et¸mgpwlmkyßI§fpas{X. HmkvImÀ sshÂUpw \mS I §Ä cNn ¨n«p-v. Ccp]Xmw \qäm-nsâ]qÀhmÀ[¯nÂ Pohn¨ncp¶ hnJymXcmb djy³ sNdpIYmImc·mcnÂ Hcmfmb Bâ¬sNĴ v {]Kev`\mb Hcp \mSIIr¯pIqSn Bbncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ \mSI§fnÂIqSpXÂ {]kn²ambXv aq¶p ktlmZcnamÀ F¶ IrXnbmWv.

C_vk\p tijw A[nIImew Ignbp¶Xn\pap¼pXs¶ temI\mSIkmlnXywdnbenk¯nÂ \n¶v AI¶pXpS§n. At±l¯nsâ ]n¶mte cwK¯ph¶ BKÌv kv{Sn³_ÀKv, saäÀen¦v F¶nhÀ \mSIcN\bnÂ bpànbpsS `mj shSnªv Akm[mcWamb Hcp A\p`qXnXew krãn¡p¶ \mSI§Ä AhXcn¸n¨p. ]nev¡me¯v bqtdm¸nÂ cq]w sIm- \ho\ \mSI{]hWXIfmWv Akw_Ô\mSIw, F¸nIv XnsbäÀ


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XpS§nbh. B[p\nI PohnX¯nÂ B\p`hthZyamb s]mcp¯t¡SpIfmWv Akw_Ô\mSI§Ä¡m[mcw. am\hcminbpsS 'almt\«§Ä' hcp¯nh¨ Zpc´§fpwtemIbp²§fpw krãn¨ AkvXnXzkakyIfmWv C¯cw \mSI§fnÂ Gdnbpw IpdªpwNÀ¨ sN¿s¸Sp¶Xv. bqPo³ Abs\kvtImbpsS Im-marKw, ItkcIÄ F¶nh CuKW¯nÂ {it²bamWv. Akw_Ô\mSI§fpsS Iq«¯nÂ {]ikvXnbmÀPn¨ tKmtZmsb

Im¯ v (shbvänwKv t^mÀ tKmtZm) F¶ \mSIw kmaphÂ s_¡äntâ XmWv. t\m_Âk½m\w t\Snb Cu IrXn temI¯nse an¡ `mjIfnte¡pw hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«n«p-v.(IS½\n« cmaIrjvW\mWv aebmf¯nÂ XÀPpa sNbvXn«pÅXv.) Ccp]Xmw \qäm-nse\mSIcwK¯v ]pXnb Ne\§Ä krãn¨ asämcp Fgp¯pImc³ AkvXnXzhmZnbmb sjs\BWv. AkvXnXzhmZ]camb am\pjnI{]iv\§Ä Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ B \mSI§Ä a\pjyPohnX¯nse Nne sshIrX§sfbpw Akm[mcW {]iv\§sfbpw Nn{XoIcn¡p¶p.the¡mcnIÄ (Z sabvUvkv) BWv \Ã DZmlcWw. \mSIw \mSIobamIcpsX¶pwAXneqsS BhnjvIcn¡s¸Sp¶ PohnXkXy§fpw X¯z§fpw BkzmZIsc [cn¸n¡pIF¶Xmbncn¡Ww \mSI¯nsâ e£ysa¶pw A`n{]mbs¸« s_ÀtSmÄUv s{_lvXv F¸nIv \mSIw Fs¶mcp \mSIcq]w BhnjvIcn¡pIbpw AXn\p tbmPn¨ \mSI§Ä FgpXnAhXcn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. t{]£I\v Ac§nse kw`h§tfmSp hnImc]cambkmßoIcWw D-mIcpsX¶pw _u²nIamb A\yhXvIcWw \ne\nÀ¯n hnaÀi\mßIambn hnebncp¯m³ IgnbWsa¶pw {_lvXv kz´w cN\IfneqsS sXfnbn¨p. kmaqlnI

amä¯n\v t{]£Is\ t_m[hm\m¡m\pÅ {]IS\thZnbmWv At±l¯n\v Ac§v.{Xns]\n Hm¸d, tImt¡jy³ Nm¡v kÀ¡nÄ, skävkzm\nse \Ã kv{Xo, ]p´nebpwin¦nSnbpw, aZÀ ItdPpw AhcpsS aIfpw XpS§nb A\h[n \mSI§fneqsS {_lvXv Xsâkn²m´w BhnjvIcn¨p.

ae bm f ̄nse kwL SnX \mSI§ÄtemI \mS I {] Øm\t¯msSm¸w ae bmf \mS I th Znbpw hnIkn ¨p. \mS I §Ä

ImWm\pw Ah X cņ n¡m\pw kwL SnXamb {ia § fp-m bn. ae bmf \mS I h th ZnbpsSA¯cw BZyImes¯ {][m\ \mSI§fnÂ NneXv, kn.hn.cma³]nÅbpsS'N{µapJohnemkw' (1885), sIm¨p®n¯¼pcmsâ IeymWoIeymWw (1888), sI.kn.tIih]nÅbpsS e£vaoIeymWw (1893), I-¯nÂ hdp!¤okv am¸nfbpsS 'F{_m!b¡p«n'(1894),Ieln\oZa\Iw (hneyw tjIvkv]nbdnsâ 'täanMv Hm^v Zv {jyq' F¶ IrXnbpsShnhÀ¯\w), sIm¨o¸³ XcIsâ 'adnbm½' (1903) XpS§nbhbmbncp¶p.[1] sNdnb

HcnSthf¡ptijw kn.hn. cma³]nÅ 1909Â 'Ipdp¸nÃm¡fcn' F¶ Bt£]lmky\mSIhpambn cwK¯ph¶p. kn.hn.bpsS ]nÂ¡me \mSI§Ä 'sX-\mwtIm«p lcnÝ{µ³'(1918), '_SveÀ ]¸³' (1921) F¶nhbmbncp¶p.knhnbpsS {][m\ \mSIIrXnIÄ {]lk\wF¶ hn`mK¯nÂ s]Sp¶hbmbncp¶p.

Xangv \mSI§fmbncp¶p HcpIme¯v aebmf \mSIcwKs̄ kzm[o\n¨ncp¶Xv.hffn¯ncpaWw, ]hngs¡mSn, Kpte_¡mhen XpS§nb \mSI§fpw In«¸,XymKcmP`mKhXÀ, kckzXn`mbncXv\`mbn ktlmZc§fpw HcpIme¯v Ac§p XIÀ¯p.a[pctZhn _mehnt\mZ kwKoX k`, cmPam WnIyw k` XpS §nb Xangv\mSIkwL§ÄAhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ Ncn{X]pcmW \mSI§fpw tIcf̄ nÂ KWyamb kzm[o\w sNep¯n.cmambWw, alm`mcXw, `mKhXw XpS§nbhsb CXnhr¯am¡nbpÅ kwKoX\mSI§Ä¡v Gsd BkzmZIcp-mbncp¶p. kn.hn.bpsS BJymbnIIfpw CµpteJbpw \mSIcq]¯nÂF¯nbt¸mÄ ]pXnsbmcp \mSIk¦ev]w aebmf¯nÂ hnIkn¨p. Xangv\mSI¡¼\nIfpsS amXrIbnÂ skäpIfpambn«mWv aebmf¯nÂ BZy \mSI¡¼\nIÄ D-mbXv.

Xncph«mÀ \mcmbW¸nÅbpsS at\mtaml\w I¼\n, kn.]n. ANypXtat\msâhnt\mZNn´maWn, Nm¯p¡p«n a¶mSnbmcpsS cknIcRvPn\n, ]n.Fkv. hmcycpsS]cainhhnemkw F¶nh AhbnÂ NneXmWv. Sn.kn. ANypXtat\msâ kwKoXss\j[w(1892), sI.kn. tIih]nÅbpsS kZmcma (1903) FcphbnÂ N{I]mWnhmcycpsSlcnÝ{µNcnXw (1913) F¶o \mSI§Ä kwKoX \mSIIesb ]pãns¸Sp¯n. 1903 ÂFgpXs¸« kZmcma apXÂ¡mWv bYmÀY¯nÂ aebmf \mSIthZnbpsS Ncn{XwBcw`n¡p¶Xv. Ccp]Xmw \qäm-nsâ BZyL«¯nep-mb kn.hn. cma³]nÅbpsS{]lk\§fpw aebmf\mSI¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v ]pXnb apJw k½m\n¨p. sX´\mwtIm«v lcnÝ{µ³ (1914), IbvafÈsâ ISÈnss¡ (1915), UmÎÀ¡v In«nb an¨w (1916), sNdptX³sImfw_kv (1917), ]-s¯ ]m¨³ (1918), ]m]n sNÃp¶nSw ]mXmfw (1919), Ipdp¸nsâ Xncn¸v (1920), _SvfÀ ]¸³ (1921) F¶nhbmbncp¶p Ah.


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bYm XY thZnalm`m cX þ cmambW ]pcmW IY I fnÂ \n¶v amdn kmaq lnI {]iv\ §sf \mS I

¯nte¡v sIm-p h ¶tXmsS \mS I cwKw dnbenÌv ssien bnte¡v amä s¸ «p. 1886 apXÂ 1930hscbpÅ Ime¯v Ccp¶qtdmfw \mSI§Ä cNn¡s¸«p. kwKoX\mSIw Iem]cambnA[x]Xn¨ ImeL«¯nemWv kzman {_Ò{hX³, Ipamc\mimsâ IcpW (1930) \mSIcq]¯nÂ AhXcn¸n¨Xv. XXv^eambn kwKoX\mSIthZnbnÂ ]pXnb Ne\§fp-mbn.{]Kev`cmb IemImc·mcpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ ]pXnb \mSImhXcW§fp-mbn.aebmf\mSIcwK¯v Nn«bpÅ s{]m^j\enk¯n\p XpS¡wIpdn¨Xv ISbv¡mhqÀIpªpIrjvW ]Wn¡cmWv. A©pIfnIgnRmÂ BdmwIfn kanXns¡¶ coXn \S¸nem¡nbXpw bnt±lamWv. Hm¨nd thep¡p«n, sk_mÌy³ Ipªp Ipªp `mKhXÀ, tXhe¡cIpª³]nÅ, Xncph¼mSn ]m¨p]nÅ, ]mÂ¡pf§c IrjvW³Ip«n \mbÀ, BÀ.]n.tIih]nÅ XpS§nb \S·mÀ t]scSp¯Xpw Cu ImebfhnemWv.kmaqlnI \thm°m\hpw \mSI{]Øm\hpw

kmaqlnI A\mNmc§fpw AkaXz§fpw \ndª Hcp ImeL«¯nemWv kwKoX\mSI§fnÂ \n¶v hyXykvXambn, am\hnIt_m[w Du«nbpd¸n¡p¶ \mSIk¦ev]wtIcf¯nÂ ]ndhnsImÅp¶Xv. temIsa¼mSpw kw`hn¨ kmaqlnI]cnWma§fpw cm{ãobkw`hhnImk§fpw AXn\v {]tNmZ\ambn. 1929Â hn.Sn. `«Xncn¸mSv cNn¨ ASp¡fbnÂ \n¶v Ac§t¯¡ v F¶ kmaqlnI \mSIw Ht«sd tImfnf¡§Ä krãn¨p. {_mÒWkaql¯nse A\mNmc§sf ]pd¯pIm«nb B \mSIw aebmf \mSIthZn¡v ]pXnsbmcpkmaqlyZÀi\w ]IÀ¶p \ÂIn. Fw.BÀ._n.bpsS ad¡pSbv¡pÅnse alm\cIw (1931),t{]wPnbpsS EXpaXn (1938) F¶o \mSI§fpw ]cnhÀ¯\kz`mhw sIm-p anI¨p\n¶p.

1930 IfnÂ C_vksâ \mSI§fpsS kzm[o\w BwKtebtemIs¯¶t]mseaebmf¯nepw \mSIcwK¯v kp{][m\ amä§Ä¡p hgnsXfn¨p. {]ikvX\ncq]I\m!bF._meIrjvW]nÅ C_vksâ 't{]X§Ä' 1936 Â aebmf¯nte¡p hnhÀ¯\wsN¿pIbpw C_vksâ \mSI§sf¡pdn¨v aebmf¯nÂ teJ\§Ä FgpXpIbpw sNbvXp.1940 Â kn. \mcmbW]nÅ 'tdmkvsaÀtlmw' aebmf̄ nte¡p hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp.hn.Sn.bpsS asämcp {][m\ \mSIamb 'EXpaXn' (1939) AXnsâ Bibk¼qÀWXbv¡pt]cptI«XmWv.

C.hn. IrjvW]nÅ, kn.hn.cma³]nÅbpsS Ncn{X Zpc´§fpsSbpw Bt£]lmky¯nsâbpw ]mX ]n´pSÀ¶v ]e \mSI§fpw cNn¨p. C.hn. bpsS lmkyck{][m\amb \mSI§fpsS ssien ]n´pSÀ¶v \mSIsagpXnbhcnÂ {][m\nIfmbncp¶pSn.F³. tKm]n\mY³\mbcpw F³.]n. sNÃ ³̧ \mbcpw. At±l¯nsâ Ncn{XZpc´\mSI§fpsS ]mX ]n´pSÀ¶hcmbncp¶p ssI\n¡c ]ß\m`]nÅ ('thep¯¼n Zfhm','ImÂ hcnbnse Iev]]mZ]w' (1934)), Im \̧ IrjvWtat\m³ ('tNcam³ s]cpamÄ',']gÈncmPm'), ssI\n¡c IrjvW]nÅ ('lcnÝ{µ³' (1938)), Ip«\m«v cmaIrjvW]nÅ('X]vX_mjv]w' (1934)) XpS§nbhÀ.

tIcf¯nse BZys¯ cm{ãob kmaqlnI \mSIw sI.ZmtamZcsâ ']m«_m¡n' (1938)BWv. 1940 IfnÂ F³. _meIrjvW]nÅ, ]pfnam\ ]ctaizc³]nÅ, CStÈcn tKmhnµ³\mbÀ, kn.sP.tXmakv XpS§nbhÀ aebmf \mSIcwK¯v kmaqlnI {]ta b § fpÅcmjv{Sob \mSI§sf AhXcn¸n¨p. IrjvW]nÅbpsS {][m\ \mSI§fnÂ '`Kv\`h\w'(1942), 'I\yI' (1944), _em_ew (1946), XpS§nbh DÄş Spw. ]pfnam\ ]ctaizc³]nÅbpsS 'kaXzhmZn' (1944) 'FIvkv{]j\nÌv' k{¼Zmb¯nsegpXnb Aaqey IrXnbmWv.CStÈcnbpsS 'Iq«pIrjn'(1950) {KmaoWbmYmÀ°y§fpsS IY]dªp. kn.sP.tXmaknsâ{][m\ \mSIamb 'Ah³ ho-pw hcp¶p' aebmf \mSI§Ä¡p Hcp ]pXnb am\w \ÂIn.At±l¯nsâ \mSI§Ä ]ptcmKa\ kz`mhapÅhbpw `mhnbnse aebmf \mSIthZnsbap³Iq«n I-hbpambncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ ]co£WXzc AXnsâ ]mcay¯nse¯p¶Xv '1128 Cse s{sIw 27' (1954) F¶ \mSI¯neqsSbmWv. A`nt\Xm¡Ä¡pw kwhn[mbIÀ¡pw shÃphnfnbpbÀ¯nb Cu \mSIw C¶pw aebmf \mSIcwK¯v thdn«p\nÂ¡p¶p.

1950þ60Ifnse \mSI§Ä \mSI Km\§Ä¡p {]m[m\yapÅhbpw cm{ãob kmaqlnINmbvhpIÄ DÅhbpambncp¶p. tXm¸nÂ `mkn, F³.F³. ]nÅ, sI.Sn. apl½Zv, Pn.i¦c¸nÅ, Imhmew \mcmbW¸Wn¡À XpS§nbhÀ Ne¨n{X§fpsS Ips¯mgp¡nepw\mSIcwKs¯ Ne\mßIhpw BkzmZIhpam¡n \ne\nÀ¯n.


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hni Z ]T \¯n\v 1. Iq«p Irjn

CStÈcn tKmhnµ³ \mbÀCStÈcn tKmhnµ³ \mbÀ (P\\w 1906 Unkw_À 23. acWw. 1974 HtÎm_À 16)

ae bm f¯nse B[p \n I I hnXbpsSbpw \mS I ¯nsâbpw Ncn {X ¯nÂ {][m\][m\ ]¦ph ln¨ HcmfmWv CS tÈcn tKmhnµ³ \mbÀ. s]m¶m\n¡Sp¯pÅ Ipän¸pd¯v]n.IrjvW¡pdp¸nsâbpw CStÈcn¡f¯nÂ Ipªn¡p«nb½bpsSbpw aI\mbn P\n¨p.kmam\y hnZym`ymk¯n\p tijw Be¸pg, s]m¶m\n, tImgnt¡mSv F¶nhnS§fnÂh¡oÂ KpakvX\mbn tPmen sNbvXp. 1938 Â CS¡-n Pm\Inb½sb hnhmlw sNbvXp.s]m¶m\nbnse IrjvW¸Wn¡À hmb\ime tI{µoIcn¨mbncp¶p kmlnXy{]hÀ¯ \w.CXnsâ Øm]I\mbncp¶p At±lw. kzX{´`mcXw F¶ clky]{X¯nsâ{]NmcI\pambncp¶p. ae_mdnse tI{µ IemkanXnbpsS {]knUâv, kmlnXy {]hÀ¯IklIcWkwLw UbdÎÀ, tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan, kwKoX \mSI A¡mZan,kakvXtIcf kmlnXy]cnj¯v F¶o Øm]\§fnÂ AwKambpw {]hÀ¯n¨n«p-v."iànbpsS Ihn' F¶t±lw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. Imhnse¸m«v F¶ Imhy kamlmc¯n\v 1969Â tI{µ kmlnXy A¡mZan AhmÀUpw Hcp ]nSn s\Ãn¡ F¶ Imhy kamlmc¯n\v 1971se tIcf kmlnXy A¡mZan AhmÀUpw e`n¡pIbp-mbn.

{][m\ ImhyIrXnIÄ þ AfImhen(1940), ]p¯³ Iehpw Acnhmfpw (1951),

Imhnse¸m«v (1966) ]qX¸m«v, CStÈcnbpsS XncsªSp¯ IhnXIÄ (1966)\mSI§ÄþIq«pIrjn(1950), Ifnbpw Nncnbpw(1954) F®n¨p« A¸w(1957)CStÈcnbpsS\mSI§Ä (2001) Iq«pIrjn \mSI¯n\pw "]p¯³ Iehpw Acnhmfpw' IhnXmkamlmc¯n\pw aZncmin Khs×ânsâ ]pckv Imc§Ä. "A´n¯ncn'¡v 1979Â acWm\´c_lpaXnbmbn Bim³ss{]kpw e`n¨p.Iq«p Irjn IYm kw{Klw

A¦w 1, cwKw 1IYbnse {][m\ IYm ]m{Xamb {io[ \ c³\mb cpsS hoSnsâ ]qap J amWv BZycwK

¯nse kw` h § fpsS CSw. thep F¶ Cugh Irjn ¡mc³ {io[ cs\ ImWm³ h¶ncn ¡p¶p. {io[ c³ \mb cpsS A½bmb e£vanb½ thep hn\v Ccn¡m³ ]mb \ÂIp ¶p. ap¼v [mcmfw \nehpw hcpam\hpapÅ Xd hmSmbncp¶p AsX¶v Ah cpsS kw`mj W ¯nÂ sXfnbp¶p -v. ImcW h ·mÀ k¼mZn¨v apXemWv XdhmSv \ne \ndp̄ nb Xv. B kar ²napgph³Imc W h ·mtcmsSm¸w t]mhp Ibpw sNbvXp. AXp tI «psIm-v {io[ c³ IS ¶p h cp¶p. A½

A\p P³ kpIpamcs\ DtZymK ¯n\v ]d ª b ¡m³ {io[ ct\mSv Bh iy s¸ Sp ¶p -v.F¶mÂ A\pPs\ Hcp Irjn¡mc\m ¡ W sa ¶mWv {io[ csâ a\Ênencn¸v. IhnX sb gp¯nepw hmb \bnepw am{Xw XmÂ] cy apÅ sNdp¸ ¡m c\mWv kpIpamc³. Ahs\ ]Wns¡ms¡ In«ptam F¶ thep hnsâ kwibw tI«v kpIp amc³ {]th in¡p¶p. Ah\pwDtZymK s¯ ¡mfpw ]WnsN ¿ph \mWv B{Klw. IpSnbm ·mÀ¡v ]m«`qan e`n ¨n«pw henbP·nIÄ Ct¸mgpw Ipep ¡ anÃmXncn¡pI bmWv. CS̄ c¡mÀ At¸mgpw hnj a¯nÂ Xs¶.IpSnbm³amÀ¡v `qanIn«m³ kacw sNbvXXpw Ah cmbncp¶p. am¸nf ¡pSnbm ·m tcmSv \mwtNcp¶Xv icn bÃ Fs¶ms¡ bpÅ kpIpam csâ A`n{]mbw tI«v Ah³ BÀ FÊv FÊmtbm F¶v tPyjvT\pw Ip«p Imc\pw kwi bn¡p¶p -v. AXv icnsh ¨psIm-v ktlmZcn ]mÀhXnbpw cwKs¯ ¯p¶p. am¸nf¡pSnbm ·mÀ A[zm \n¨mWv C{XImehpw \mbÀP·namsc ]peÀ¯n bXv F¶mWv {io[ csâ A`n {]mbw. Ah cpsS IpSn bm\mb A_q_ ¡Àam¸nf \Ã h \msW¶pw AbmfpsS A[zm \w sIm-mWv Cu Xd hmSv C{Xbpw Imew ]«nWnbnÃmsX Ignªp t]m b sX¶pw e£vanb½ HmÀ¡p ¶p -v. thep hnsâ \new Xmgv¶mWv InS¡p¶Xv. AXn\mÂ shÅw Hgn ªpt]mIp ¶nÃ. sh¡p¶ s\sÃÃmw Noªp t]mIp ¶p.sXm«Sp̄mWv A_q _ ¡À am¸nf bpsS \new. AXn eqsSbmWv thephnsâ ]mSs¯ shÅwHgp¡n ¡ f tb - Xv. AXn\v am¸nfbpsS ]mS ¯nsâ AcnIneqsS Hcp tXmSv Iodm³ thep{ian¡p¶p. \ne ¯nsâ bYmÀY A[nImcn {io[ c³ \mb cmb Xn\mÂ At± l ¯nsâ k½Xwth W sa ¶mWv A_q _ ¡ dnsâ \ne ]mSv. B k½ X¯n \mbmWv thep h¶n cn¡p¶Xv.A_q_ ¡À X\n¡v \ne ¯nsâ Ah Imiw In«m \mbn {io[ csâ A½mh \pambn tIknemWv. CXp tI«t¸mÄ "am¸nfbpw lnµphpw F¶XÃ {]iv\w, Irjn ¡mc\pw Irjn¡m c\pwFt¸mgpw tNcpw. FXnÀI£n Ft¸mgpw P·n bmWv ' F¶v {io[ c³ kpIp amcs\ KpWtZmjn¡p¶p. A_q _ ¡ dnt\msSm¸w tNÀ¶v ]Wnsb Sp¡m³ X¿mdmtWm F¶v kpIp amct\mSv {io[ c³ tNmZn¡p¶p. am¸nf acym Z¡v s]cp amdnbmÂ X\n¡p k½ XamsW ¶m bncp¶p kpIp amcsâ adp] Sn. thepw {io[ c\pw IqSn A_q _ ¡ dns\ I-p kwkmcn ¡m³]pd s¸ Sp¶tXmsS cwKw Ah km\n¡p¶p.


25/57



cwKw 2A_q_ ¡ dnsâ hoSmWv cwKw. 60 hbÊpÅ \mS³ am¸nfbmWv A_q _ ¡À. {io[

cs\ I- bpSs\ Xssâ A½mh \mb ImcW hÀ ap«pIp ¯n ¨psh¶ ]cm XnbmWv A_q _¡À ]d bp¶ Xv. am{XaÃ, aI \mb _m¸p \mSphn«ncn¡p¶p. tIm]mIp e \mbmWv A_q _¡À \nÂ¡p¶Xv F¶v AhÀ¡v a\Ênem bn. \mb ·mcpsS ]m« ¡m cmb X§sf \nc´cw

D]{Zhn¡pI bmWv Imc WhÀ sN¿p¶Xv. Ct¸mÄ Xma kn ¡p¶ hoSv Hgn ªp sImSp¡m³IqSn t]m¡À F¶ bmÄ tIkv \ÂInbn cn¡pI bm Wv. \nesamgnªpsImSp ¡m \pÅ tIÊv thsd, t]m¡ cpambpÅ IpSnbncn¸v tIÊnÂ ]pc sbmgnªpsIm Sp¡m\pÅ hn[n DS³ hcpw.aIsâ \mSp hnSÂ, `mcybpsS tcmKw, hnhml {]mb sa ¯nb aIÄ, hÀj ¡me ambn«pw hn¯nd¡m³ ]äm¯ AhØ FÃmw IpSn Bbn A_q _ ¡À BsI Akz Ø \m Wv. AXnYnIsfI-v aIÄ Bbnj ]pd t¯¡v hcp ¶p. A_q _ ¡ dnsâ tZjyw I-v ]cn` h s¸« {io[ ct\mSv ""R½fv tZky s¸ «n«nÃ, tZky s¸ Sqey. tZtkymw Xt´m sjms¡ \n§ ¡vÅ Xm.PtaymÄ¡v.'' F¶m bncp¶p A_p _ ¡ dnsâ {]XnI cWw. AbmfpsS DÅnÂ \ndªk¦Shpw {]Xntj [hpw apgph³ B hm¡p I fn ep-v.

P·nbm bXv Xsâ Ipäw sIm-Ã F¶mbncp¶p {io[ csâ ]£w. Imew amdn, X§fpwC¶v IjvS ¯nem Wv. Ime¯n\\p k cn¨v tbmPn¨v hÃXpw {]hÀ¯n ¡m\mWv {io[ c³hcp¶ Xv. {io[csâbpw A_q_ ¡ dnsâbpw \new c-p Zn¡nem bn«m Wv. CS¡mWv thephnsâ \new. FÃmw IqSn tNÀ¯v Hcp an¨v Irjnbnd ¡mw. A_q _ ¡ dnsâbpw thep hnsâbpwIp«nI tfmsSm¸w {io[ c\pw kpIp amc\pw IqSn tNÀ¶mÂ ]Wn¡pw BfmIpw hnfhpwIqSpw. AXmWv Iq«pIrjnbpsS sa¨w. \ne ¯nsâ Afhn\ \p k cn¨v hnfhv ]¦psh ¡mw.At¸mÄ Ahn tS¡v \¼ymÀ IS ¶p h cp¶p. AbmÄ CXv A½m hs\ XÀ¡m\pÅ Hcp N¸ Sm¨n(IphnZy)bmsW¶v ]cn l kn ¡pI bmWv sN¿p¶ Xv. A½mh \pth-n A_q _ ¡ dpambntIkp \S ¯p¶ BfmWv \¼ymÀ. Ahsc X½nÂ XÃn¡ emWv AbmfpsS Dt± iyw. {io[csâ Bibw \¶msb¶v A_q_ ¡ dn\pw tXm¶p ¶p. ]t£, P·n bpsS Irjnbn S̄ nÂhnf hnd¡nbmÂ ]IpXn P·n¡p t]mtI -nh cp sa¶v \¼ymÀ ap¶ dnbn¸p \ÂIp ¶p ap-v.Abmsf skbv¯ms\¶v (]nimNv) Bbnj Ifnbm ¡p¶p. \msf hn[n ] d bp¶ t]m¡ cpambpÅ IpSnbn cn¸ptIÊv H¯p XoÀ¸m¡m \mWv \¼ymÀ h¶ncn¡p¶ Xv. AXn\v XsâssIbnÂ Imin sÃ¶v A_q _ ¡À ]dsªmgnbp ¶p. HSphnÂ KXy´ canÃmsX Bbnj bpsSame sb Sp¯v \¼ymÀ¡v sImSp ¡p¶p. CsXÃmw I-v thep hn\v ipWvTnhcp¶p -v. It-mcpsS Icfv sh«n¯n\v Xsâ s\© t¯ ¡ Spt¡- F¶v AbmÄ \¼mtcmSv ap¶ dnbn¸v

\ÂIp¶tXmsS AhÀ _em _ ¯n\v apXn cp¶p. {io[ c³ \Sp ¡p\n¶v AXp XS bp t¼mÄc-mw cwKw Ah km\n¡p¶p.cwKw 3.

Iq«pIrjn Bcw `n¨p. Bbnjbpw kpIp amc\pw tNÀ¶mWv \ne sam cp¡p¶Xv.AhÀX ½nÂ sNdnb ]cn` h § tfmsS Bcw `n¨ ASp¸w {]W b ambn hnI kn¡p¶p. AtXmsSm¸w {io[ c³ hc¼pS ¡pIbpw thephpw A_q _ ¡dpw I¶p ]q «pIbpw sN¿p¶p -v.kpIp amcsâ s]§Ä ]mÀh Xnbpw A½bpw tPmensN ¿p¶p -v. FÃm hcpw tNÀ¶v BËm Zt¯msS ]m«p ]mSnbmWv Irjn¸ WnIÄ sN¿p ¶Xv. aXþ PmXn kulr Z § fpsS Iq«p IrjnIqSnbmWv \S¡p¶Xv. AhnsS ]qÀh ssh cmKy §fpw AI e §fpw CÃmXmIp¶p. ]ckv]ckvt\l ¯nsâbpw kulr X¯nsâbpw ]pXnb XfncpIÄ \m¼n Sp ¶p.A¦w 2

cwKw 1\mSI ¯nse lmky cw KamWnXv. ]dt§m S³ \mbÀ F¶ hr²\pw hmcn b cp amWv

IYm]m{X§Ä. Ft¸mgpw ]c kv]cw Ie ln ¡p¶ Cu IYm ]m{X§ fneqsS bmWv \m«nse aäpAh Ø Ifpw kw` h hnImk §fpw \mS I Ir¯v hc¨nSp ¶ Xv. Iq«pIrjn \¶mbn hnfbp¶p-v F¶ hmÀ¯ AhÀ ssIamdp ¶p. IenIme¯v ZpjvS³amÀ¡mWv KpW ap-mhpIF¶m WA AXn\v \mb cpsS {]XnI cWw. AXnshf B] ¯msW¶v hmcycpw k½ Xn¡p¶p. Ah cpsS kwkmc¯n\nS bnte¡v \¼ymcv IS ¶p h cp ¶p. \mb cpsS abn e ½qcnsbImWmXmb Xn\v tIkp sImSp¡m\mWv \¼ym cpsS D] tZiw. B kZ Ênte¡v \mS I ¯nseasämcp hnÃ \mb t]m¡cpw IS ¶p h cp¶p. Iq«pIrjn s]mfn¡ W sa¶v \mept] cpw IqSn XXz¯nÂ k½ Xn¡p¶p. AtXmsS A_q _ ¡ dpambpÅ H¯pXoÀ¸v th- F¶ t]m¡À Xocpam\n¡p¶p. {io[ c³\m bÀs¡ Xnsc tIkp sIm Sp¡m³ hmcycpw X¿m dm Ip¶p.


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cwKw 2c-p If ] dn¡m cnI fmb N¡nbpsSbpw \oenbpsSbpw kw`mj Ww.\m«nÂ km[mcW

]Wn Ø e s¯ ¡m tfsd kpJhpw Iqenbpw Iq«p Ir jnbnep-v ]t£, Iq«pIr jn¸ Wn¡v t]mI cpsX¶v t]m¡À Ahsc hne ¡n bncn¡pI bm Wv.am¸nfbpw lnµphpw hyhØ bnÃmsXCd¡p¶ I- ¯nÂ ]Wn ¡pt]m I cpsX¶v IcpXp¶ If ] dn¡mcnI fpap-v. Nne ]Wn

¡msc hmcycpw apS¡nbn«p-v. HSphnÂ aq¶p t] cpsSbpw IpSpw_ ¯nse FÃm AwK §fpw]Wn ¡nd §pI F¶v Xocp am\n¡pIbpw FÃmhcpw Hcpan¨v I- ¯nend§n If ]dn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. At¸mÄ ]mSp¶ ]m«nÂ KmÔn kvXp Xnbpw tZiob t_m[hpw DW cp¶p -v.cwKw 3

A_q_ ¡ dnsâ hoSv Hgn¸n¡m\pÅ D¯ chpambn P]vXn¡mÀ h¶n cn¡p¶p. \mS I¯nse hnImc` cnX amb Hcp cwKamWnXv. A_q _ ¡ dn\v taÂ¡p taÂ ]co £ W § fmWv ]S¨ h³ \ÂIp ¶Xv. Bbnj hfÀ¯nh epXm¡nb sNSn I tfmSpw ]q¡ tfmSpw bm{X tNmZn¡p¶p. Ime anÃm Imē p s]¿p¶ Hcp agbpw D-v. kpJ anÃmsX InS¡p¶ D½sb F´psN¿pw F¶ hnj a¯n emWv Bbnjbpw A_q _ ¡ dpw. ]pXnb hoSt\zjn¡m³ t]mb\¼ymÀ shdp ssI tbm sS bmWv Xncn¨ph cp¶Xv. AtXmsS B IpSpw_w BsI hnj a¯n emIp¶p. IpSnsbm gņn¡m³ Bao\pw t]m¡cpw cwK s¯ ¯p¶p. Hcp H¯pXoÀ¸n\v \¼ymÀ{ian¡p¶p. {io[ c³ \mb cpsS \new t]m¡À¡v hn«psImSp¡pI F¶ XmWv H¯pXoÀ¸v.AXn½Â AbmÄ¡v C¯ncn I®p -v. am{XaÃ Cţ mÄ \S ¡p¶ Iq«p Irjn XIÀ¡m\pw

AXpXs¶ hgn. F¶mÂ AXv A_q _ ¡À k½ Xn¡p¶nÃ. {io[ c³ Xs¶ hniz kn ¨mWv AhnsS Irjnbnd ¡n b Xv. hnfhp Xocpwapt¼ AXv asämcmÄ¡v ssIamdp ¶Xv hnizm k h ©\bmWv. AXp k½ Xn̈nsÃ ¦ntem Xma kn¡p¶ hoSv Hgntb -nbpw hcpw. BsI [Àak ¦ S¯nembn AbmÄ. t]m¡À A_q _ ¡À Hcp Im^ dns\ klmbn ¡p¶XnÂ \ockw ]dbp¶p. AXp tI «v, Bcm Im^À Bcm CÉmw F¶v HSp ¡s¯ \mfnte Xncnbq F¶ ]cnlmk amWv A_q_ ¡À ]d bp¶ Xv. Bbnj _m¸ms\ t]mIm³ \nÀ_ Ôn¡p¶p. Ft§m«mtamtf t]mhpI F¶ ]nXmhnsâ tNmZy ¯n\v D¯cw \ÂIp¶Xv AhntS¡v Ibdnh cp¶{io[ c\m Wv. "\½Ä¡v Htc I- ¯nend§n IrjnsN ¿msa ¦nev Hcp taÂ¡qc¡pÅnÂ Xmakn¡pIbpw sN¿mw' F¶m bncp¶p Abm fpsS {]Jym ] \w. D½sb sIm-pt]m Im³ a© epambn thephn t\m sSm̧ amWv {io[c³ h¶Xv. A_q_ ¡ dns\bpw ho«p Imscbpw kz´who«nse AwK § sf t¸mse bmWv {io[ c³ sIm-pt]m Ip¶Xv. P]vXn sN ¿m³ h¶ Bao³{io[ cs\ A`n µn¡p¶p. AXn\v {io[ c³ ]d bp¶ adp ]Sn {it² b amWv "kz´w ktlmZcs\ s]cph gnbnend¡n hnSp¶ P·nXzamWv \oNw. \n§ fpsSbpw Fsâbpw hb änsâ Ip¯

I ¡mc\mWv P·n'A¦w 3cwKw 1

]d t§mS³ \mbcpw hmcnbcpw ho-pw I-p ap«p¶p. {io[ c³\mbÀ I¶ns\tamjvSn¨p F¶ IÅ t¡kv sImSp ¯ Xnsâ t]cnÂ ]d t§mS³ \mbsc t]meokv Xnc bpIbmWv. AXnsâ kq{X [mc\mb \¼ymsc Xncªp \S ¡pI bmW bmÄ. AhntS¡v t]m¡ÀIS ¶p h cp¶p. IqsS \mSp hn« _m¸p hpap-v. ]pXnb thj ¯nepw `mh ¯nepamWbmÄ._m¸p A{X Imehpw t_mws_ bnembncp¶p. Ahn sSsh¨v Nne Xo{h hmZ hyànI fpambnAbmÄ ]cn Nb s¸ «n«p-v. AXnsâ Nne Bi b §Ä Abmfn ent¸mgp-v. {io[ c³\m bÀXsâ _m¸sb ]än¨v hoSpw ]d¼pw X«nsb Sp̄ ncn ¡p¶p F¶mWv Abmsf Btcm sXän²cņ n¨ncn¡p¶ Xv. Ct¸mÄ t]m¡ cpsS IqsS bmWv _m¸p hpÅ Xv. _m¸ms\ ]än ¨ hsc Xm³shdpsX hnSnÃ F¶ _m¸p {]Xn Ú sN ¿p ¶p. t]meokv tÌj \nÂ \n¶v hcp¶ \¼ymscAhÀ I-p ap«p¶p. IÅ t¡kv sImSp ¯ Xn\v aq¸À¡v t]meo kp ImcnÂ\n¶v \Ã s]S In«n

bn«p-v. ]t£, AXv hcpw h gn¡v hoWp ]änb XmsW¶mWv \¼ymÀ ]d bp ¶Xv.cwKw 2kpIp amc\pw thephpw kwkmcn ¨p\nÂ¡p¶n St¯¡v _m¸p IS ¶p h cp¶p.

thephpw {io[ c\pw tNÀ¶v _m¸ms\ NXn¨Xv tNmZyw sN ¿m\mWv AbmÄ hcp ¶ Xv. Ime³\¼ymcpsSbpw \cnhmb³ t]m¡ cpsSbpw he bnÂ s]«Xp sIm -mWv AbmÄ C§ s\sbms¡ kwkm cn¡p¶Xv F¶mWv thep hnsâ ]£w. _m¸p hmIs« lnµp þ apkvenwsshcmKy ¯nsâ Bi b ] camb `mj bnemWv kwkmcn¡p¶ Xv. Iq«pIr jnb S¡w _m¸sb]ä ¡m\pÅ hnZy bmsW ¶mWv _m¸p ]d bp¶Xv. Xm³ Hcp bYmÀY apkvenamsW¶pwX\n¡v Hcp lnµphnsâ ho«nÂ _m¸ bp-mhm³ ]mSnsÃ¶pw _m¸p ]d bp¶p. apkvenan\v `b ansÃ¶pw, Hcn¡te acn¡q F¶pw, X§ fpsS \nes¯ s\Ãv Xm³ kzbw sImbvsX Sp¡pwF¶pw shÃp hnfn¨psIm-v _m¸p t]mIp ¶p.


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cwKw 3{io[ c³\m b cpsS hoSv. Bbnj ZpxJnX bmWv. A½ k¦ S¯nsâ ImcWw At\zjn

¡p¶p. _m¸m s\bpw D½ms\ bpsaÃmw \Ãh®w t\m¡ W sat¶ Bbnj¡p ]dbm \p Åq.Bbnj B ho«nÂ X§Ä¡p In«p¶ ]cn K W \ bnepw kuI cy¯nepw kt́ m j h XnbpwkwXr ]vXbpamWv. am{XaÃ X§Ä¡pth-n {io[ c³\m b cpsS ho«nse BNmc§Ät]mepw

amänsh¡p¶Xv Ahsf Akz Ø bm¡p¶p ap-v. F¶mÂ _m¸p \m«nse ¯n bn«pw Ahsftbm _m¸ sbtbm ImWm³ hcmsX t]m¡ cnsâ ho«nÂ IqSnb XmWv Ah fpsS k¦ S§fpsS bYmÀY ImcWw. Ah³ {io[ c³\mbÀs¡ Xnsc kwkm cn¨Xpw aäpw AhÄ kpIp amc\nÂ \n¶v Adn bp Ibpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p. F§ s\sb ¦nepw _m¸p hns\ H¶p ImW Wsa¶pw Ah t\mSv Imcy § fpsS \nP ØnXn Adnbn¡ W sa¶pw AhÄ¡p -v. ktlmZ csâa\w amäphm³ Ah t\msSm¸w Xmakn¡m\mWv Ah fpsS ]pd ¸mSv. AXptI «psIm-p {]thin¡p¶ A_q _ ¡dpw aI fpsS ]£ ¯m bncp¶p. t]mIp t¼mÄ _m¸p hnt\mSv CXpIqSn ]db W sa¶pw A_q _ ¡À Adnbn ¡p¶p. ""Hm³ Ckvemante¡v h¶Xv Fsâ tam\mbn «mWv.Adnbm\p ÅXv Adnªn«mWv HcnÉmw {]hÀ¯n ¡pI. ]ns¶ Hm³ shf sIm¿pw¶pw tI«p.Hm³ shX ¡m³ t]mW shf sIm¿m³Xs¶ Hm\v sIev¸nÃ. aäp tÅmcv shX ̈Xv shXt¨mÀXs¶ sIm¿p Åq¶pw ]d t tª¡v''cwKw 4

_m¸p hnsâ GImw Kkw`mjWw am{XamWv Cu cwK̄v. _p±ns\ (hn{K l §sf)

Bcm[n¡p¶ h tcmSpÅ ]I bmWv Ahsâ kw`mj W ¯nÂ apgp h³. apkvenw I tfmSv t\cn«v Gäp ap«m³ Ign bm¯ XpsIm-mWv NXn{]tbm K§Ä \S ¯p¶Xv F¶v Ah³ Nnń ¡p¶p.t]m¡À¡ bmWv Ahsâ ImgvN ¸mSnÂ icn bmb apkvenw. Xsâ t\XrXz¯nÂ Ckvem anseFÃm bphm¡fpw H¶n¡psa¶v Ah³ kz]v\w ImWp ¶p. Ing¡p Nph ¶n cn¡p¶p. Ckvemansâ sImSnb Sbmfw Db cpI bmWv. AhnizmknI fpsS càw Nnń Øm]n¡m³ t]mIp¶Ckvemansâ temI amWv AbmfpsS {]Xo £. I¯n ssIbnse Sp¯v AXnt\mSv Nncn¡p¶p.IensIm-v hnd¨p hnd¨p t]mIp ¶p.cwKw 5

{io[ c³\m b cpsS hoSnsâ Ing ¡p`mK ¯psh¨v cm{Xn _m¸phpw Bbn jbpw I-p ap«pI bmWv. Xt¶mSv kwkmcn¡ cpsX¶pw Xm³ \nsâ _m¸p sh sÃ ¶p amWv Ahsâ BZy{]XnI cWw. \nsâ aq¯p \c¨ B X´ tbmSv kwkmcn¡m\mWv Xm³ h¶ sX¶v Ah³ ]dbp¶p. ]t£, Bbnj XS bp¶p. F¶mÂ \ns¶ BZyw F¶p Bt{Im in¨v Ah³ BbnjbpsS Igp¯nÂ ]nSn ¡p¶p. ap¼v Xm³ Ifn¡pt¶cw I¯n X«n Igp ¯n ep-mb hSp

Ahsâ ssIbnÂ XS bp¶p. Bbnj B kw`hw HmÀan¸n¡pt¼mÄ Ah³ CXn IÀ¯ hyXmaqV \mIp¶p. AhÄ D½mbpsSbpw _m¸ bpsSbpw Zb \o b ØnXn hnh cn ¡p¶p. AtXmsS_m¸p ZpÀ_ e \mIp¶p. Bcpw klmbn ¡m\n Ãm¯ Ime¯v klmbn¨ {io[ c³\mbscsXän² cn¨psh¶pw CXn s\Ãmw ]n¶nÂ Ifn¨ t]m¡sc \Ã h \mbn IcpXnsb¶pw _m¸phn\v a\ÊnemIp¶p. Iq«p Irjn bpsS s]mcpÄ AhÄ _m¸p hns\ ]Tn¸n¡p¶p. AtXmsS_m¸p hns\ ]nSnIq Snbncp¶ sNIp ¯m³ hn«p t]mIp ¶p. c-pt]cpw D½ sb ImWm³ t]mIp¶tXmsS cwKw Ah km \n¡p¶p.A¦w 4 cwKw 1

B[mcsa gp¯v Hmôkv. \¼ymÀ Fgp XpI bmWv. AhntS¡v t]m¡À IS ¶p h¶v _m¸p ]än ¨p sh¶ hmÀ¯ Adn bn¡p¶p. _m¸p hn\v hoSv FgpXns¡m Sp ¡m³ th-nbpÅaps¶mcp ¡ §Ä¡mbn AhÀ \S ¯nb ]W anS ]mSnsâ t]cnÂ XÀ¡ amIp¶p. c-p t]cpwhg ¡pIqSn ]ncnbp¶p.

cwKw 2hmcnbcpw ]dt§mS³ \mbcpw. c-p t]cpw t]meokv tÌj \nse ZpcnXw ]d ªmWv XpS§p¶ Xv. _m¸phpw IqSn {io[ c³\m b cpsS ho«nemWv Xmakw F¶ XmWv asämcphmÀ¯. am{XaÃ ]d t§mS³\m b cpw Ct¸mÄh cp¶Xv {io[ c³\m b cpsS ho«nÂ\n¶mWv.am¸n fmcmsW¶ ]d ªns«´m, Fs´mcp shSn¸pw hr¯nbpamWv A_q _ ¡ dn\pw IpSpw_¯n\pw F¶mWv Ct¸mÄ AbmfpsS A`n{]mbw. Iq«pIrjn s¡ Xnscbpw am¸nfamÀs¡ Xnscbpw C\n Xms\m¶pw ]d bnsÃ¶pw AbmÄ BW bnSp¶p. "\nÝy Ãmªv ]d ªp. AXn\tÃ Rm³ DÅ Imsims¡ sNehm¡n cmta izc¯p t]mbn Ipfn¨p sXmgpXv t]m¶Xv'F¶mbn ]d t§m S³. am{XaÃ A_q _ ¡ dnsâ \ne ¯n \cnI epÅ Xsâ ]mS¯v NocIrjnbnd¡n Iq«p Irjn tbm sSm¸w tNcm\pw AbmÄ Xocpam\n¡p¶p. "Rm\pw BtemNn¡s«'F¶mWv hmcyÀ.


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cwKw 3Ah km\ cwK amWnXv. Iq«pIrjnbpsS Ifw. s\Â¡ ä¡q¼mc§Ä HcnS ̄ v. Bbnj

s\Ãv Imä ¯nSp I bmWv. ]mÀhXnbmWv hoins¡mSp ¡p¶Xv. kpIp amc\pambpÅ {]Wb¯nsâ kqN \ IÄ AhÀ ]¦p sh ¡p¶p. \¼ymcpw t]m¡cpw X½nÂ tIkmbn. _m¸p hpambpÅ Icmdnsâ t]cnÂ t]m¡À¡v A_q _ ¡ dnsâ hoSv Xncn̈psImSp t¡ -nh ¶p. ]t£,

A_q_ ¡À B ho«nte¡v t]mIp¶n Ã, ]Icw {io[ c³ \mb cpsS ]d ¼nÂ Xs¶ ]pXnbhoSv sh¡p I bmWv AbmÄ. A{Xbpw kar²n Iq«p Irjn bnÂ\n¶v D-mbn F¶mWv AXnse kqN \. ]pXnb hoSp -m¡n bmÂ Im¡ms\bpw Iq«n ]mÀh Xnsb ImWn ¨psImSp¡m³ hcpw F¶ asämcp kqN \bpw Bbnj \ÂIp¶p. kpIp amc\v s\Ãv Imä ¯nSm³Bbnj hoins¡m Sp¡p¶p. thephpw {io[cpw hcp ¶p. ]XnhnÂ Ihnª s\Ãp -mbnF¶XnÂ Bizm k ap-v FÃmhÀ¡pw. thephnsâ s\Ãv IW ¡n\v hoXwsh ¡p¶p. _m¡nh¶ s\ÃnÂ Adp ]Xv iX am\w {io[ c\pw \mÂ]Xv A_p hn\pw F¶ IW ¡mWv A_q_¡À sh¡p¶Xv. kam kaw ]¦p sh ¡Ww F¶ Xmbncp¶ntÃ hyhØ F¶v {io[ c³ HmÀan¸n¡p¶p. ]t£, P·namÀ¡v Ah cÀln¡p¶ IqSp XÂ sImSp ¡Ww F¶v ]d bp¶Xv _m¸phmWv. am{XaÃ, ]Xn hn\p hn] co Xambn P·n Iq«pIrjn bnÂ ]Wnsb Sp ¯n «pap-v. "P·nsbbpw IpSn bms\bpw \½fv \mSpI S¯o te. ChnsS Ct¸mÄ a\p jy ·mctÃ DÅq. hn¯pwI¶pw \n§ sSbm. ]cnN bhpw \n§Ä¡v. kamk awXs¶ F\n¡v IqSp X Â em`am. \nÝb¯nÂ Ihnªv Rms\Sp ¡nÃ' F¶mbn cp¶p AXn\v {io[ csâ adp] Sn. AXv kpIp amc\pwk½ Xn¡p¶p. Iq«p Irjn bnÂ km¼ ¯nI em`w am{X aÃ kmap ZmbnI em`hpap-mbn F¶v \mSI Ir¯v Cu Ah km\cw K¯v {]Jym ]n¡p¶p. AXp sIm-mWv "R§ fn «ncp¶ FS h cs¼Ãmw R§ÄXs¶ sIm¯n bn«p' F¶v {io[ c³ ]d bp¶ Xv. aX] camb hnÚm \ ¯nepw\S ¸nepw \½Ä¡v Iq«p Irjn thWw. ]t£, \new ]mI s¸ «n «nÃ F¶pw {io[ c³ hyk \n¡p¶p. £a tbm sSbpw Hcpatbm sSbpw Im¯ncn¡ Ww. C¶v Iq«p Irjn bnep-mb kar ²nt]mse ASp¯ ]pInenÂ kar ² amb Hcp ]pXnb Xe apdsb \mw hnf bn¡pw F¶v {io[ c³{]XnÚ sN ¿p¶p.

AXptI«v s\Sp hoÀ¸nSp¶Xv kpIp amc\pw Bbnj bpamWv. ImcWw ASp¯ Xe apdbpsS {]Xn \n[nI fmWtÃm AhÀ. am{X aÃ kap Zmb ¯nÂ Ht«sd {]iv\§Ä¡p Imc W amIp¶ {]W b ¯nse tPmSnI fp amWv. Ahsc t\m¡n A_q _ ¡À ]d bp¶ "]S t¨m t\, C\nCXns\´m Hcp hgn' F¶ henb tNmZy ¯nÂ \mSIw Ah km\n¡p¶p. B tNmZywbYmÀȲ nÂ ]S ¨ h t\mS Ã, \mSIw ImWp¶ Hmtcm a\pjy tcmSpamWv.


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2. I\yIF³ IrjvW ]nÅ

F³ IrjvW¸nÅkmlnXy]ÞnX³, KthjI³, \mSIIr¯v, A²ym]I³ F¶o \neIfnÂ

{]ikvX\mb hyànbmWv F³ IrjvW ]nÅ. C_vk³ F¶ ]mÝmXy \mS I Ir ¯nsâssien bnÂ \mS I cN\ IÄ \S ¯n b Xn\mÂ "tIcf C_vk³' F¶v Nne ]ÞnXÀ F¶\ma ¯mÂ {]i kvX\mbn. 1916 sk]vXw_À 22\v hÀ¡e¡Sp¯pÅ sN½cpXnbnÂ P\n¨p.hnZym`ymkw Xncph\´]pcw BÀSvkv tImtfPnÂ. 1938 þÂ Fw F _ncpZw t\Sn. tIcfkmlnXy A¡mZanbpsS Gähpw \Ã \mSI¯n\pÅ AhmÀUv 1958 Â 'AgnapJt ¡̄v'F¶ cN \¡v e`n¨p. 1972Â "sXcsªSp¯ {]_Ô§Ä'¡v HmS¡pgÂ AhmÀUv e`n¨p.1987se kmlnXy A¡man AhmÀUv "{]Xn]m{Xw `mjWt`Zw'F¶ {KÙ¯n\mWv e`n¨Xv.Cu IrXn kn.hn. cma³]nÅbpsS t\mhepIfnse IYm]m{X§fpsS kw`mjWssiensb¸änbpÅ B[nImcnIamb ]T\amWv. 1988 Pqsse 10 \v A´cn¨p.

{][m\IrXn IÄ : ]T\§Äþ ssIcfnbpsS IY, {]Xn]m{Xw `mjWt`Zw,ASnthcpIÄ, ImfnZmk³ apXÂ H F³ hn hsc, \ncq]WcwKw. \mSI§Ä þ `Kv\`h\w,I\yI, AgnapJt¯¡v, C¯nÄI®nbpw Iq\m¦pcp¡pw, F³ IrjvW¸nÅbpsSeLp\mSI§Ä, _em_ew, ZÀi\w, A\pcRvP\w, apS¡papXÂ.

\mSIkw{KlwA¦w 1Xncph\́ ]pcs¯ ]cnjvIrXhpw Ia\obhpamb "am[ho kZ\'¯nemWv \mSIw

kw`hn¡p¶Xv. Krl \m Y\pw \mbn I bpamb IrjvW ¸ Wn¡cpw am[ hnb ½bpw kwkmcn ¨psIm -n cn¡p¶p. ap¼v ]e bmX \Ifpw A\p` hn¨ XmsW¦nepw Dd̈ i co capÅ BfmWv ]Wn ¡À. am[ hnb½ 60 mw hb Ênepw buh \bpàbpw Ipeo \ bpamWv. kz´w kz¯p ¡fpsS hnÂ] \ bpsSbpw hne bpsSbpw Imcyw kwkmcn¨v AhÀ aI fmb tZh InbpsS ]pXnb`mhamä s¯ ¡pdn¨v NÀ¨ sN ¿p¶p. aIÄ¡v Ct¸mÄ H¶nt\mSpw XmÂ] cy anÃ. 35 hb ÊmbaIÄ kÀ¡mÀ DtZymK Ø bmWv. Ah fpsS iw_ f ¯n emWv IpSpw_w Ignbp¶ Xv. tPmen¡nS bnÂ Ahsf hnhm lw I gn¨ b ¡m³ t]mepw amXm ]nXm¡Ä {i²n¨n«n Ã. kz´w A\pP¯nbmb `mc XntbmSv At§b äs¯ kvt\l ap-mbn cp¶ tZhIn ]t£, Ct¸mÄ Ah tfmSp

t]mepw AIÂ¨ ]men¡p¶XnÂ amXm ]nXm¡Ä Bi ¦mIpe cmWv. the ¡mcn bmb Pm\Insb hnfn¨v Imcy sa ´msW¶v AhÀ At\zjn ¡p¶p. Pm\In¡pw tZh InbpsS `mh amäw]nSnIn«nbn«nÃ. tZhIn cm{Xn Dd¡nÂ \ns¶ gpt¶äv Dds¡ s]m«n¡ cbmdp-v F¶ hnh cwam{Xw AhÄ

III Sem BA Malayalam Core Course Drama and Thirakkadha On07Dec2015

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Transcript of III Sem BA Malayalam Core Course Drama and Thirakkadha On07Dec2015