iii MEDICINAL HERBS WITH THEIR FORMULATIONSastralint.com/images/pdf/9788170355809.pdf · Cyathula...
Transcript of iii MEDICINAL HERBS WITH THEIR FORMULATIONSastralint.com/images/pdf/9788170355809.pdf · Cyathula...
MEDICINAL HERBSWITH THEIR
FORMULATIONS
– Volume 1 –
byDr. M.P. Singh, FMA
Head of the Department Forest SciencesBirsa Agricultural UniversityRanchi – 834 006 (Jharkhand)
&Himadri Panda, M.SC., F.I.C., F.I.C.S.
Industrial Consultant, Technical Consultant, GIDC,Fellow of Essential Oil Association of India, Fellow of Indian Pulp & Paper Technical Association,Fellow of Indian National Science Congress, Fellow of Oil & Colour Chemist's Association (U.K.),Member of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Former Chemist (R&D), I.T.R. Co. Ltd., Bareilly (U.P.),
Former Chief Chemist (Q.C. & R&D) Tarpina Private Ltd., Ramnagar, Uttaranchal
2005DAYA PUBLISHING HOUSE
Delhi - 110 035
iii
MEDICINAL HERBSWITH THEIR
FORMULATIONS
– Volume 2 –
byDr. M.P. Singh, FMA
Head of the Department Forest SciencesBirsa Agricultural UniversityRanchi – 834 006 (Jharkhand)
&Himadri Panda, M.SC., F.I.C., F.I.C.S.
Industrial Consultant, Technical Consultant, GIDC,Fellow of Essential Oil Association of India, Fellow of Indian Pulp & Paper Technical Association,Fellow of Indian National Science Congress, Fellow of Oil & Colour Chemist's Association (U.K.),Member of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Former Chemist (R&D) I.T.R. Co. Ltd., Bareilly (U.P.),
Former Chief Chemist (Q.C. & R&D) Tarpina Private Ltd., Ramnagar, Uttaranchal
2005DAYA PUBLISHING HOUSE
Delhi - 110 035
© 2005 PUBLISHERISBN 81-7035-580-X (Set)ISBN 81-7035-581-8 (Vol. 1)ISBN 81-7035-582-6 (Vol. 2)
All rights reserved. Including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof except for briefquotations in critical reviews.
Published by : Daya Publishing House1123/74, Deva Ram ParkTri Nagar, Delhi - 110 035Phone: 27383999Fax: (011) 23244987e-mail: [email protected]: www.dayabooks.com
Showroom : 4762-63/23, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj,New Delhi - 110 002Phone: 23245578, 23244987
Laser Typesetting : Classic Computer ServicesDelhi - 110 035
Printed at : Chawla Offset PrintersDelhi - 110 052
PRINTED IN INDIA
iv
PREFACE
Natural medicines, and especially plant based remedies, have for a long time been the main, andoften the only, drugs used by doctors, and they also constituted the basis in the production ofpharmaceutical medicines.
At the beginning of the 20th century, as the science of pharmaceutical chemistry blossomed–particularly with the complex synthesis of organic compounds—the production of chemotherapeuticsbecame predominant in the pharmaceutical industry. Medical science was thus able to deal with anumber of previously incurable and/or life threatening disease, especially infectious ones, usingsulphonamide drugs, new antibiotics, and other chemical preparations. A significant role ineradicating a large number of infections was also played by immunotherapy.
This book on Medicinal Herbs has been compiled and written mainly for medical, pharmaceuticaland research scientists who are today or may in future to be concerned with the identity, efficasy andsafety of Indian Medicinal Plants as well as of other countries. This book describes and illustratesmore than 500 species of the most important medicinal plants and provides information on theirhabitats and growing conditions. The author have tried to give as much as informations as possibleincluding the latest scientific findings. The toxicities of some medicinal plants and the need for theircareful handling are emphasized throughout the book. It is our hope that all readers will find somethingof value and also this book may enkindle serious interest in therapeutic use and clinical research onmedicinal plants. We want to stress that this book is not a uniform or systematic encyclopedia ofmedicinal plants. What has been attempted here by us is to provide a focus on medicinal plantslimiting the number of indications and formulations in a pragmatic manner to enlist a global interestin India’s rich flora with a therapeutic potential of unprecedented magnitude.
In this book, by using the avenues of documented ayurvedic experience and informed dialogueon modern data as well as traditional literature, we want to emphasise that this work has historicaland contemporary validity that will advance as the therapeutic use of the single plant and theirformulation grows worldwide. Human history has shown that multiple options do exist forsafeguarding health. To avoid any mistakes in identification any differences between the plants andother similar species have been highlighted.It is our pleasure to acknowledge the help which wereceived from very many publications for completing the book. Much of the information was gleanedfrom the libraries of Botanical Survey of India. However, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, IndianAgricultural Research Institute, Delhi, Central Library, Patna University, Patna and Birsa AgriculturalUniversity, Ranchi (Jharkhand State).
We are indebted to Dr. B.S. Singh, Mr. Ifthekar Alam, Miss Rashmi Renuka Toppo, Miss LeenaEkka, Mr. Subhas Chandra Mahto for their sincere and wilting help in correcting the typed manuscripts.
We thank Mr. Anil Mittal of Daya Publishing House for taking keen interest in making thepublication as good as possible.
M.P. SinghHimadri Panda
vi
CONTENTS
Preface v
— Volume 1 —
1. Introduction 1
2. Nursery Technology 6
3. Biofertilizers and Biological Pest Control 9
4. Organic Farming: An Approach for Sustainable Herbi-culture 19
5. Medicinal Herbs with their Formulations 27
Abrus precatorius, Linn. or A. Minor or A. Paucifloros 29
Abutilon indicum, G. Don. or A. asiaticum 32
Acacia arabica, Willd. or A. Ferruginea 33
Acacia catechu, Willd, A. Suma; or A. Wallichiana or A. Polyacantha 36
Achillea millefolium, Linn. 41
Achyranthes aspera, Linn. 43
Aconitum heterophyllum, Wall. or A. Cordatum 44
Acorus calamus, Linn. or A. Odoratus 47
Adenia hondala 49
Adenosuma indiana 51
Adhatoda vasica 52
Adhatoda zeylanica medicus 54
Adiantum philippense, A. lunulatum Burm. f. 55
Adonis vernalis 57
Aegle marmelos, Corr. 58
Aerva lanata (Linn.) Achyranthes lanata Linn. 61
Aesculus hippocastanum, Linn. 62
Agrimonia eupatoria 64
Agropyron repens 65
Ailantus excelsa, Roxb. 66
Alangium salvifolium 70
Alcea rosea syn. Althaea rosea 73
Alchemilla xanthochlora 74
Allium cepa 74
Allium sativum, Linn. 77
Alnus glutinosa 82
Aloe indica; A. barbadensis 83
Alpinia calcrata Rose 84
Alpinia galanga, Willd., or A. calcarata 85
Alstonia scholaris, R. Br. 88
Althaea officinalis, Linn. 90
Amarantus tristis, Linn., or A. Tricolor 92
Amorphophallus Campanulatus, Blume. 93
Anchusa officinalis 94
Andrographis paniculata, Nees. 95
Anethum graveolens 97
Angelica archangelica 100
Anisomeles malabarica 102
Annona squamosa, Linn. 104
Antennaria dioica 105
Anthemis nobilis, Linn. 106
Anthyllis Vulnerat 108
Apluda mutica, Linn. 109
Arctium lappa 110
Arctium tomentosum 111
Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Spreng. 112
Argemone mexicana, Linn. 112
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Argyreia nervosa 116
Aristolochia bracteata, Retz. 116
Aristolochia clematitis 117
Aristolochia indica 120
Armoracia rusticana 121
Arnica montana 122
Artanema longifolium 123
Artemisia abrotanun 123
Artemisia absinthium 126
Artemisia dracunculus 128
Artemisia vulgaris 130
Arum maculatum 133
Asarum europaeum 134
Asparagus adscendens, Roxb. 136
Asparagus racemosus, Willd. 137
Astrantia major 140
Atropa belladonna, Linn. 141
Avena sativa, Linn. or A. orientalis 144
Bacopa monnieri 145
Baliospermum axillare or B. montanum or Jatropha montana 147
Baliospermum solanifolium 149
Ballota nigra 150
Balsamodendron mukul, Hook. 150
Bambusa arundinacea, Retz. 153
Barleria prionitis, Linn. 155
Basella alba, Linn. 156
Bauhinia purpurea, Linn. 157
Bauhinia racemosa, Lam. 158
Bauhinia tomentosa, Linn. 159
Bellis perenis 160
Berberis vulgaris, Linn. 161
Betula pendula 168
Biophytum candolleanum 169
Biophytum sensitivum 170
Blumea balsamifera 170
Boerhaavia chinensis, Aschers & Schweinf 172
Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn. 172
Bombax malabaricum 176
ix
Borago officinalis 178
Boswellia serrata, Roxb. 179
Brassica nigra, Linn. & Koch 181
Bryonia alba 183
Bryonopsis laciniosa 184
Bryophyllum calycinum 185
Butea frondosa, Roxb. & Koen or B. monosperma 185
Buxus sempervirens 189
Caesalpinia bonduc, Roxb. 189
Cajanus indicus 192
Calacanthus grandiflorus 194
Calendula officinalis, Linn. 195
Calluna vulgaris 196
Calotropis gigantea, R. Br. 197
Calystegia sepium 201
Cannabis sativa 202
Capsella bursa pastoris, Moench. 213
Cardiospermum halicacabum, Linn. 214
Carica papaya, Linn. 216
Cassia angustifolia, Vahl. 219
Cassia auriculata, Linn. 221
Cassia fistula, Linn. 224
Cassia tora 226
Cayratia carnosa gagnep 229
Cayratia pedata 229
Cayratia trifolia 230
Celosia argentea, Linn. 231
Centaurea cyanus, Linn. 231
Centaurium erythraea 233
Centella asiatica, (Linn.) Urban 234
Centrosema pubescens 236
Cephalandra indica 237
Cetraria islandica 239
Chamomilla recutita 240
Chamomilla suaveolens 241
Chelidonium majus 242
Chenopodium ambrosioides, Linn. 242
Chonemorpha fragrans 245
x
Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium 246
Chrysanthemum parthenium 248
Chrysanthemum vulgare 249Cichorium intybus, Linn. 250
Cichorum endivia, Linn. 252
Cicuta virosa 253
Cinnamomum tamala 254
Cissampelos pariera 255
Cissus quadrangularis, Linn. 256
Cissus repens 258
Cissus vitiginea 259
Citrullus colocynthis, Schrad. 259
Citrus medica, Linn. 261
Claviceps purpurea 263
Clematis recta 266
Cleome viscosa, Linn. 267
Clerodendron phlomidis, Linn. 268
Clerodendrum serratum, (Linn.) Moon 269
Clitoria ternatea, Linn. 271
Cnicus benedictus 271
Coccinia grandis or Coccinia indica, Wt. & Arn. 272
Cocculus cordifolius 273
Colchium autumnale 278
Coleus ambonicus 280
Coleus aromaticus, Benth. 281
Commelina bengalensis, Linn. 283
Conium maculatum, Linn. 284
Convallaria majalis 285
Convolvulus microphyllus, Linn. 286
Conyza canadensis 287
Corchorus capsularis 288
Corchorus fascicularis, Lam. 289
Cordia latifolia, Roxb. 291
Coriandrum sativum, Linn. 292
Coronilla varia 294
Corydalis cava or C. bulbos 295
Corylus avellana, Linn. 296
Costus speciosus, Sm. 297
xi
Crataegus monogyna 299
Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham. 299
Crataegus laevigata (Syn. C. oxyaceae) 301
Crataeva adansonii 303
Cressa cretica, Linn. 304
Crocus sativus, Linn. 305
Croton tiglium, Linn. 307
Cryptolepis buchanani or Nerium reticulatum Roxb. 310
Cucumis callosus 311
Cucumis melo, Linn. 312
Cucumis trigonus 313
Cucurbita pepo, Dc. 315
Cuminum cyminum, Linn. 316
Curculigo orchioides 319
Curcuma longa, Linn. 320
Cuscuta reflexa, Roxb. 324
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Taub. 325
Cyathula prostrata 326
Cyclea peltata 327
Cydonia oblonga 328
Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf. 330
Cymbopogon maritinii 330
Cynara cardunculus 332
Cynodon dactylon 334
Cyperus esculentus 335
Cyperus rotundus, Linn. 336
Cytisus scoparius 338
Dalbergia latifolia 339
Daphne mezereun 340
Datura metel 341
Datura stramonium 342
Daucus carota 344
Delonix elata, Gamble 347
Delphinium consolida 347
Desmodium laxiflorum 349
Desmodium trifiolium, Dc. 349
Desmodium velutinum 351
xii
Dictamnus albus 352
Digitalis grandiflora 353
Digitalis lanata 356
Digitalis purpurea 359
Dolichandrone falcata, Seem. 361
Drosera peltata, Sm. 362
Dryopteris felix, Mas. 363
Ecbolium viride 364
Eclipta alba, Hassk. 365
Elephantopus scaber, Linn. 367
Elettaria cardamomum, Maton. 368
Eleusine coracana 370
Embelia acutipetalum 371
Embelia ribes, Burm. 372
Emblica officinalis 374
Enicostema littorale 378
Epilobium angustifolium 378
Equisetum arvense 379
Erythrina indica, Lam. 381
Erythrina stricta 384
Eugenia aromatica, Kuntze 385
Euphorbia hitra 387
Euphorbia nivulia, Ham. 387
Euphorbia thymifolia, Burm. 391
Euphrasia officinalis 392
Evolvulus alsinoides, Wall. & Linn. 393
Fagopyrum esculentum, Gaertn. 395
Feronia elephantum 397
Ficus bengalensis, Linn. 398
Ficus hispida, Linn. & F. daemona 400
Ficus racemosa, Linn. 402
Ficus microcarpa, Linn. 403
Ficus religiosa, Linn. 404
Ficus tsiela, Roxb. 405
Filipendula ulmaria 406
Flacourtia indica 407
Foeniculum vulgare, Gaertn. 408
Fragaria vesca 410
xiii
Fraxinus excelsior 411
Fumaria officinalis, Linn. 412
Galega purpurea, Linn. 417
Galeopsis segetum 418
Galium verum 419
Galium odoratum 420
Garcinia morella, Desr. 421
Gardenia turgida 424
Genista tinctoria 424
Gentiana lutea 425
Geranium robertianum 428
Geum urbantum 429
Glechoma hederacea 430
Glinus oppositifolius 431
Gloriosa superba, Linn. 432
Glycine max 434
Glycomis pentaphylla, Correa. 437
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linn. 440
Gmelina arborea, Linn. 445
Gossypium arboreum 446
Gossypium herbaceum, Linn. 447
Gratiola officinalis 449
Grewia tiliaefolia, Vahl. 449
Habenaria diphylla 450
Hedera helix, Linn. 451
Hedychium spicatum, Ham. 452
Helianthus annus, Linn. 454
Heliotropium indicum, Linn. 456
Helleborus niger, Linn. 459
Hemionitis arifolia 460
Hepatica nobilis 461
Herniaria glabra 462
Hibiscus esculentus, Linn. 463
Hibiscus hispidissimus 464
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Linn. 464
Hippophae rhamnoides, Linn. 468
Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. 469
Holarrhena pubescens 475
xiv
Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch. 476
Holostemma ada-kodien 477
Homonoia riparia 478
— Volume 2 —
Humulus lupulus 479
Hybanthus enneaspermus 480
Hygrophila schulli 481
Hygrophila spinosa 482
Hyoscyamus niger, Linn. 484
Hypericum perforatum, Linn. 486
Hyssopus officinalis, Linn. 488
Ichnocarpus frutescens 490
Indigofera tinctoria, Linn. 491
Inula helenium 493
Ipomoea digitata, Linn. 498
Ipomoea marginata 500
Ipomoea mauritiana 500
Ipomoea nil 501
Ipomoea obscura 502
Iris germanica, Linn. 503
Ischoemum pilosum, Hack. 505
Ixora coccinia 506
Jasminum angustifolium, Vahl. 507
Jasminum grandiflorum, Linn. 508
Jatropha gossypifolia, Linn. 510
Juglans regia 510
Juneperus communis, Linn. 511
Justicia betonica 515
Kaempferia galanga, Linn. 516
Kaempferia rotunda, Linn. & K. longa 518
Laburnum anagyroide 519
Lactuca virosa 519
Lagenandra toxicaria 520
Lagenaria siceraria 521
Lagenaria vulgaris, Seringe 522
Lamium album 524
Lavendula angustiifolia 525
xv
Leonurus cardiaca 527
Leptadenia reticulata 528
Leucas aspera 529
Leucas stricta 529
Levisticum officinale 530
Linaria vulgaris 531
Linum usitatissimum, Linn. 531
Ludwigia hyssopifolia 534
Ludwigia octovalvis 535
Luffa acutangula, Roxb. 535
Lycopersicum esculentum 537
Lycopus europaeus, Linn. 538
Lysimachia nummularia 540
Madhuca indica Gmel. 540
Mallotus phillippinensis 542
Malva neglecta 545
Malva sylvestris, Linn. or M. vulgaris 546
Mangifera indica, Linn. 548
Marrubium vulgare, Linn. 553
Martnia diandra, Glox. 555
Melastoma malabathricum, Linn. 555
Melia azadirachta, Linn. 556
Melilotus officinalis, Willd. 563
Melissa officinalis 565
Mentha aquatica 565
Mentha arvensis, Linn. 567
Mentha viridis, Linn. 568
Mentha piperita 569
Menyanthes trifoliata 571
Merremia emarginata 572
Merremia tridentata 573
Mimosa pudica, Linn. 574
Momordica charantia, Linn. 575
Morinda citrifolia, Linn. 579
Morinda pubescens 581
Moringa oleifera 581
Mucuna pruriens, Bak. M. prurita 585
Mukia maderaspatana 587
xvi
Murraya koenigii or Bergera koenigii 588
Musa sapientum, Kuntze or M. paradisiaca 591
Naravelia zeylanica 596
Nasturtium officinale, R. Br. 596
Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertn 597
Nepeta cataria 600
Nerium odorum, Soland or N. Oleander 602
Nigella sativa, Linn. N. indica 604
Nilgirianthus ciliatus 606
Ocimum basilicum 607
Ocimum gratissimum, Linn. 610
Ocimum sanctum Linn. 611
Ocimum tenuiflorum 613
Ononis spinosa 614
Operculina turpethum 615
Origanum majorana Syn. 617
Origanum vulgare, Linn. 618
Oroxylum indicum, Vent. or Colosanthes indica 619
Orthosiphon pallidus, Royle 620
Oxalis corniculata, Linn. 620
Paeonia officinalis 622
Pandanus odoratisimus, Willd. 622
Panicum pilosum 623
Papaver bracteatum 624
Papaver Rhoeas, Linn. 626
Papaver somniferum, Linn. 628
Pavetta indica 635
Pavonia odorata, Willd. 636
Pedalium murex, Linn. 637
Petasites hybridus 638
Petroselinum crispum 639
Peucedanum ostruthium 640
Phaseolus trilobus 641
Phaseolus vulgaris, Linn. 642
Phyllanthus air-shawii 643
Phyllanthus amarus 644
Phyllanthus emblica 644
Phyllanthus niruri, Linn. 646
xvii
Physalis alkekenji, Linn. 646
Pimpinella anisum, Linn. 650
Pimpinella saxifraga 652
Piper betle, Linn. 652
Piper longum, Linn. 655
Piper nigrum Linn. 660
Plantago lanceolata 662
Plumbago indica 664
Plumbago zeylanica, Linn. 665
Polyalthia longifolia, Benth. 668
Polycarpea corymbosa, Lamk. 669
Polygala amara 669
Polygonatum odoratum 670
Polygonum aviculare, Linn. 671
Polygonum bistorta 672
Polygonum hydropiper, Linn. 673
Polygonum lapathifolium 675
Polypodium vulgare, Linn. 677
Pongamia glabra, Vent. 678
Populus nigra 680
Populus trenula 681
Portulaca oleracea, Linn. 682
Potentilla anserina 683
Primula veris 684
Prosopis spicigera, Linn. 685
Prunella vulgaris, Linn. 686
Prunus dulcis 687
Prunus padus, syn. Padus avium 688
Prunus spinosa 690
Psidium guyava, Linn. 691
Psilanthus travancorensis 694
Psoralea corylifolia, Linn. 695
Pterocarpus marsupium, Roxb. P. indicus 698
Pterocarpus santalinus, Linn. 701
Pueraria tuberosa 702
Pulmonaria officinalis 703
Punica granatum, Linn. 703
Quercus infectoria, Oliv. 707
xviii
Quercus robur 709
Ranunculus ficaria 709
Raphanus sativus, Linn. 710
Rhamnus catharticus 712
Rhamnus frangula 713
Rheum acuminatum 714
Ribes nigrum 716
Ricinus communis, Linn. 716
Robinia pseudoacacia 720
Rosa canina 721
Rosa centifolia 722
Rosamarinus officinalis, Linn. 724
Rubia cordifolia, Linn. 725
Rubus fracticosus 729
Rubus idaeus 730
Rungia repens, Nees. 730
Ruta graveolens, Linn. 732
Saccharum officinarum, Linn. 736
Salix alba 739
Salmalia malabarica, Sch. & Endl. 741
Salvia officinalis 741
Salvia sclarea 742
Sambucus ebulus 744
Sambucus nigra 745
Sambucus racemosa 746
Sanguisorba officinalis 747
Sanicula europaea 748
Santalum album, Linn. 748
Saponaria officinalis 752
Saraca asoca 753
Saraca indica, Linn. 754
Satureja hortensis 755
Saxifraga rotundifolia 756
Scrophularia nodosa 757
Sedum acre 758
Semecarpus anacardium, Linn. 758
Sempervivum tectorum 762
Sesamum indicum, Dc. 763
xix
Sida acuta, Burm. 765
Sida cordifolia, Linn. 766
Sida rhombifolia 769
Silybum marianum 770
Sinapsis alba 771
Smilax china, Linn. or Chinensis 772
Solanum americanum 774
Solanum capsicoides 775
Solanum dulcamara, Linn. 775
Solanum indicum, Linn. 777
Solanum melongena 779
Solanum verbascifolium, Linn. 780
Solanum violaceum 782
Solanum virginianum 783
Solanum xanthocarpum 784
Solidago Virga Aurea, Linn. 789
Sophora japonica 791
Sorbus aucuparia 793
Sorghum vulgare 794
Sphaeranthus africanus 795
Sphaeranthus hirtus 795
Spondias pinnata 796
Stachys officinalis 797
Stereospermum colais 798
Stereospermum suaveolens, DC. 798
Strychnos nux-vomica, Linn. 800
Stylocoryne lucens 804
Symphytum officinale 805
Syzygium caryophyllatum 805
Syzygium cumini 806
Tabernaemontana alternifolia 807
Tabernaemontana divaricata 808
Tamarindus indica, Linn. 809
Taraxacum officinale 810
Taxus baccata, Linn. 811
Tectona grandis, Linn. 814
Tephrosia purpurea, Linn. 815
Tephrosia villosa, Pers. 817
xx
Teramnus labialis 818
Terminalia arjuna, W. & A., Pentaptera glabra 819
Terminalia bellirica 822
Terminalia chebula, Retz., T. reticulata 824
Teucrium chamaedrys 828
Thespesia populnea 830
Thymus serpyllum, Linn. or T. vulgaris 831
Thymus vulgaris 832
Tilia cordata 833
Tilia platyphyllos 833
Tinospora cordifolia, Miers. or Menispermum 834
Tinospora sinensis 836
Tragia involucrata 837
Trianthema portulacastrum 837
Tribulus terrestris, Linn. 838
Trichodesma indicum 841
Trichosanthes cucumerina 843
Trichosanthes palmata, Roxb. 843
Trichosanthes tricuspidata 844
Tridax procumbens, Linn. 845
Trifolium pratense 846
Trifolium repens 847
Trigonella foenum graeceum, Linn. 848
Triumfetta rhomboidea, Jacq. 851
Tropaeolum majus 853
Tylophora asthmatica, W. & A. 854
Tyssilago farfara, Linn. 855
Ulmus minor, Syn. U. carpinifolia 856
Uraria lagapodioides 857
Urena lobata, Linn. & U. sinuata, Linn. 858
Urginea indica, Kunth. or U. scilla or U. maritima 858
Urtica dioica, Linn. 861
Vaccinium myrtillus 862
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 863
Valeriana officinalis, Linn. 864
Valeriana wallichii, Dc. 865
Vallaris solanacea 866
Vanda roxburghii R. Br. 868
xxi
Veratrum album 869
Verbascum densiflorum 870
Verbascum palomoides 871
Verbena officinalis 872
Vernonia cinerea 873
Veronica officinalis 875
Vigna Pilosa 876
Vigna radiata 878
Vigna trilobala, Verde 879
Vigna vexillata 879
Vinca minor 880
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria 881
Viola odorata 882
Viola tricolour 883
Vitex negundo 883
Vitex trifolia 885
Wedelia calendulacea, Less. 888
Withania somnifera, Dunal 889
Woodfordia floribunda, Salisb. 894
Wrightia tinctoria, Br., or W. rothii 895
Xanthium strumarium, Linn. or X. indicum 896
Zea mays, Linn. 897
Zingiber officinale 899
Zizyphus oenoplia, Mills 904
6. List of Endangered Medicinal Plants 909
7. Recommendations for Sustainable Management of Medicinal Plants 917
Glossary of Medical Terms 923
Bibliography 927
Index 949
xxii