II World Pasta CongressII World Pasta CongressMargarita Island, VenezuelaMargarita Island, Venezuela

October 24-27, 2000October 24-27, 2000

Durum Quality Parameters for Durum Quality Parameters for Pasta Production: Primary Pasta Production: Primary Factors for ConsiderationFactors for Consideration

B.L. D’AppoloniaB.L. D’AppoloniaProfessor EmeritusProfessor Emeritus

North Dakota State UniversityNorth Dakota State UniversityConsultant to: North Dakota Wheat CommissionConsultant to: North Dakota Wheat Commission

U.S. Wheat AssociatesU.S. Wheat Associates

Characteristics of Durum Wheats Characteristics of Durum Wheats Compared to Common Bread WheatsCompared to Common Bread Wheats

Separate species (Triticum turgidum)Separate species (Triticum turgidum) Tetraploid (28 chromosomes) vs. other wheats hexaploid Tetraploid (28 chromosomes) vs. other wheats hexaploid

(42 chromosomes)(42 chromosomes) Larger kernelsLarger kernels Vitreous kernelsVitreous kernels Hardest of all wheat classesHardest of all wheat classes Amber in colorAmber in color High hectoliter weight and 1000 kernel weightHigh hectoliter weight and 1000 kernel weight Endosperm has high concentration of xanthophyll pigmentsEndosperm has high concentration of xanthophyll pigments Semolina has bright amber colorSemolina has bright amber color

Usage of Durum WheatUsage of Durum Wheat

Pasta ProductsPasta Products CouscousCouscous Certain Types of BreadCertain Types of Bread

Aspects of Wheat QualityAspects of Wheat Quality

BreederBreeder GrowerGrower Grain HandlerGrain Handler MillerMiller Baker (Pasta Manufacturer)Baker (Pasta Manufacturer) CustomerCustomer

Quality Parameters Important Quality Parameters Important in Durum Wheatin Durum Wheat

Wheat Kernel FactorsWheat Kernel Factors Milling and Semolina FactorsMilling and Semolina Factors Pasta FactorsPasta Factors

Wheat Kernel Quality FactorsWheat Kernel Quality Factors(Durum Wheat)(Durum Wheat)

Hectoliter Weight or Test WeightHectoliter Weight or Test Weight Damaged KernelsDamaged Kernels Shrunken/Broken KernelsShrunken/Broken Kernels Vitreous KernelsVitreous Kernels 1000 Kernel Weight1000 Kernel Weight Kernel Size DistributionKernel Size Distribution Moisture ContentMoisture Content Ash ContentAsh Content Falling NumberFalling Number Protein ContentProtein Content SDS SedimentationSDS Sedimentation

U.S. Subclasses in Durum WheatU.S. Subclasses in Durum Wheat

Hard Amber Durum (HAD) - At least 75 Hard Amber Durum (HAD) - At least 75 percent or more hard, vitreous kernelspercent or more hard, vitreous kernels

Amber Durum - Between 60 and 74 Amber Durum - Between 60 and 74 percent hard, vitreous kernelspercent hard, vitreous kernels

Durum - Less than 60 percent hard Durum - Less than 60 percent hard vitreous kernelsvitreous kernels

Milling and Semolina Quality FactorsMilling and Semolina Quality Factors(Durum Wheat)(Durum Wheat)

Milling CharacteristicsMilling Characteristics Semolina and Flour YieldSemolina and Flour Yield Speck CountSpeck Count ColorColor Ash ContentAsh Content Protein ContentProtein Content Gluten Strength (several tests)Gluten Strength (several tests) Wet Gluten ContentWet Gluten Content

Pasta Quality FactorsPasta Quality Factors(Durum Wheat)(Durum Wheat)

Pasta AppearancePasta Appearance– ColorColor

– SpecksSpecks

– Checks/cracksChecks/cracks

– Smooth and uniformSmooth and uniform

Cooking QualityCooking Quality– Cooked weightCooked weight

– Cooking lossCooking loss

– Cooked FirmnessCooked Firmness

– StickinessStickiness

Items for Consideration in Discussing Durum Items for Consideration in Discussing Durum Quality Parameters for Pasta ProductionQuality Parameters for Pasta Production

Changes in Processing Technology (usage of Changes in Processing Technology (usage of high temperature and ultra high high temperature and ultra high temperature in dryingtemperature in drying

Environmental Effects on QualityEnvironmental Effects on Quality Getting the Wheat You WantGetting the Wheat You Want

Development of Durum Wheat CultivarsDevelopment of Durum Wheat Cultivars(A Team Effort)(A Team Effort)

Plant BreederPlant Breeder Cereal ChemistCereal Chemist Plant PathologistPlant Pathologist

Some Possible Effects of Growing Some Possible Effects of Growing Conditions on Wheat QualityConditions on Wheat Quality

Wet Conditions at Harvest - Sprout DamageWet Conditions at Harvest - Sprout Damage Wet Conditions During Growing Season - Lower Wet Conditions During Growing Season - Lower

ProteinProtein Dry Conditions During Growing Season - Lower Dry Conditions During Growing Season - Lower

Hectoliter or Test WeightHectoliter or Test Weight Growing Conditions Conducive to Disease and InsectsGrowing Conditions Conducive to Disease and Insects

– Fusuariam Head Blight, VomitoxinFusuariam Head Blight, Vomitoxin

– Orange Wheat Blossom MidgeOrange Wheat Blossom Midge Frost Conditions at Harvest - Damaged WheatFrost Conditions at Harvest - Damaged Wheat

Items for Consideration in Discussing Items for Consideration in Discussing Durum Quality Parameters for Pasta Durum Quality Parameters for Pasta

ProductionProduction

Changes in Processing Technology (usage of Changes in Processing Technology (usage of high temperature and ultra high high temperature and ultra high temperature in dryingtemperature in drying

Environmental Effects on QualityEnvironmental Effects on Quality Getting the Wheat You WantGetting the Wheat You Want

Understanding the U.S. Export SystemUnderstanding the U.S. Export System

Wheat Quality Factors for Contract Consideration:Wheat Quality Factors for Contract Consideration: Wheat quality factors most often specified in purchase contracts:Wheat quality factors most often specified in purchase contracts:

– US Grade (17 factors)US Grade (17 factors)– Non-Grade FactorsNon-Grade Factors

Wheat classWheat class Moisture contentMoisture content Dockage contentDockage content

Analysis of non-grade quality factors is permitted by private (unofficial) Analysis of non-grade quality factors is permitted by private (unofficial) inspection companies unless inspection companies unless specified that “official”specified that “official” (FGIS) analysis is to be (FGIS) analysis is to be used. Only the US Grade, moisture, dockage and weight used. Only the US Grade, moisture, dockage and weight must bemust be certified certified by FGIS.by FGIS.

Protein content Falling Number Other

U.S. Grades and Grade U.S. Grades and Grade RequirementRequirement

U.S. Grade Numbers

Grading Factors 1 2 3 4 5

Minimum pound (kg) limits of:

Test Weight: pounds/bushel (kg/hl)Durum Wheat lb 60.0 58.0 56.0 54.0 51.0

kg (78.2) (75.6) (73.0) (70.4) (66.5)

Maximum percent limits of:

DefectsDamaged kernels

Heat damage (part of total) 0.2 0.2 0.5 1.0 3.0Total damaged kernels 2.0 4.0 7.0 10.0 15.0

Foreign material 0.4 0.7 1.3 3.0 5.0Shrunken and broken kernels 3.0 5.0 8.0 12.0 20.0

Total Defects13.0 5.0 8.0 12.0 20.0

Wheat of Other Classes2

Contrasting classes 1.0 2.0 3.0 10.0 10.0

Total Wheat of Other Classes33.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

Stones 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Maximum count limits of:

Total Other Materials44 4 4 4 4

Insect-Damaged Kernels in 100 g. 31 31 31 31 31

Wheat Quality Factors for Wheat Quality Factors for Contract SpecificationContract Specification

Non-Grade Factors: FALLING NUMBERNon-Grade Factors: FALLING NUMBER Falling Number specification optionsFalling Number specification options

1 Cargo lot analysis:Cargo lot analysis: Single analysis for the entire cargo. Example: Single analysis for the entire cargo. Example: Falling number Falling number minimumminimum 300 seconds. 300 seconds.

2 Sublot average analysis:Sublot average analysis: “Liquefaction“Liquefaction average” of sublots. average” of sublots. Example: Falling Number minimum 325 seconds on a Example: Falling Number minimum 325 seconds on a sublot sublot averageaverage basis. basis.

3 Sublot minimum analysis:Sublot minimum analysis: Absolute limit on each sublot. Example: Absolute limit on each sublot. Example: Falling Number minimum 290 seconds on a Falling Number minimum 290 seconds on a sublot basis.sublot basis.

4 Combination of aboveCombination of above specification options. Example: specification options. Example:

Falling Number minimum 300Falling Number minimum 300 seconds on a seconds on a sublot average basissublot average basis, , with with no sublot belowno sublot below 280 seconds. 280 seconds.