LEXICALIZED STRUCTURE

Source/ Domain

Metaphor Type

TARGET DOMAIN

SOURCE DOMAIN

CONCEPTUAL MAPPING

TD IS SD

I do perceive here a divided duty.

RELATIONSHIP

DUTY

OBLIGATIONDUTY

DIVIDED

RELATIONSHIP IS AN OBLIGATION DUTY

DUTY IS AN OBJECT (DIVIDED)

I here do give thee that with all my heart Which, but thou hast already, with all my heart I would keep from thee

(‘with all my heart’ is idiomatic)

Animals ‘with all my heart’ is idiomatic1

OBJECT OF LOVE

HEART

PROPERTY

AN OBJECT

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A PRECIOUS PROPERTY

HEART IS AN OBJECT

For your sake, jewel,I am glad at soul I have no other child

(‘at soul’ is idiomatic)

For thy escape would teach me tyranny, To hang clogs on them

‘at soul’ is idiomatic

‘clogs’2

OBJECT OF LOVE

LOVE

TYRANNY

OBJECT OF TYRANNY

PRECIOUS OBJECTJEWEL

FETTERING

HANGING CLOGS

AN ANIMAL

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A PRECIOUS OBJECT (JEWEL)

LOVE/RELATIONSHIP IS A MEANS OF CONTROL

TYRANNY IS HANGING CLOGS

THE OBJECT OF TYRANNY IS AN ANIMAL

When remedies are past, the griefs are ended by seeing the worst, which late on hopes depended… What cannot be preserved when fortune takes, patience her injury a mockery makes (personification)

The robbed that smiles steals something from the thief He robs himself that spends

‘fortune’ is a mythological reference

Creative metaphor

‘patience her injury a mockery makes’ is a personification

GRIEF/SORROW

HOPE

PATIENCE

OBJECT OF LOVE

LOSING THE OBJECT OF

DISEASE

MEDICINE

PERSON (mocks)MOCKS

PROPERTY

BEING A VICTIM OF THEFT

GRIEF IS A DISEASE

HOPE IS MEDICINE

PATIENCE IS A PERSON WHO MOCKS

OBJECT OF LOVE IS PROPERTY

LOSING THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS BEING A VICTIM OF THEFT

1 “with all one’s heart/ one’s whole heart completely; deeply” (OED 5th edition 1995: 553)

2 “anything hung upon an animal to hinder motion; encumbrance” (Schmidt, Alexander 1902: 208)1

a bootless grief (idiomatic) LOVE

GRIEF

GREIF

ROBBING ONESELF

SPENT

GREIF IS ROBBING ONESELF

GREIFHAS A FINANCIAL VALUE (SPENT)

O let the Turk of Cyprus us beguile ; We lose it not so long as we can smile

But he bears both the sentence and the sorrow That, to pay grief, must of poor patience borrowThese sentences, to sugar or to gall, being strong on both sides, are equivocal

But words are words; I never yet did hear that the bruised heart was pierced through the ear

(creative extension; ‘bruised heart’ is metonymy for a sad heart)

Ear functions like a tongue. Hearing good or bad tastes sweet or sour

Cross-sensory metaphor: the ear functions like a tongue where hearing good or bad tastes sweet or sour;

Creative metaphor

‘to pay grief’ is a personification

‘of poor patience borrow’ is a personification

‘bruised heart’ is metonymy for a sad heart

OBJECT OF LOVE

SORROW

INJUSTICE

SENTENCES

GRIEF

PATIENCE

SENTENCES

EQUIVOCALITY

HEARING

EAR

WORDS

SORROW

SORROW

EMOTIONCAUSING SORROW

EAR

PROPERTY

HEAVY OBJECT

HEAVY OBJECT

GETS PAYMENT

LENDER

SUGAR OR GALL

MEDICINE/FOOD

SUGAR AND GALL

TASTING

MOUTH

WORDS

PAIN

BRUISE

PHYSICAL FORCEPIERCING

MOUTH

MEDICINE

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS PROPERTY

SORROW IS A HEAVY OBJECT (BORN)

AN A INJUSTICESENTENCE IS A HEAVY OBJECT (BORN)

GRIEF IS A PERSON WHO GETS PAYMENT (PERSON)

PATIENCE IS A LENDER (PERSON)

LANGUAGE IS FOOD (WITH A TASTE)

LANGUAGE IS MEDICINE

EQUIVOCALITY IS A DOUBLE TASTE

HEARING IS TASTING

THE EAR IS A MOUTH

A CONCEPT IS A CONCEPT

SORROW IS PAIN

SORROW IS PHYSICAL PAIN

EMOTION CAUSING SORROW IS A PHYSICAL FORCEHARM

EAR IS MOUTH

2

WORDS LANGUAGE IS MEDICINE

You must therefore be content to slubber (conceal) the gloss of your new fortunes with this more stubborn and boisterous expedition

‘to slubber’ is to ‘stain’3

HAPPY EVENTSNEW FORTUNES

HAPPINESSSPOIL HAPPINESS

NEW EVENTS

NEW GIFTSOBJECTS WITH A GLOSS

STAIN THE GLOSS

OBJECTS

HAPPY EVENTS ARE NEW GIFTSNEW FORTUNES ARE OBJECTS WITH A GLOSS

SPOIL HAPPINESS IS THE GLOSS ON A NEW GIFTSTAINING THE GLOSS OF A NEW OBJECT

NEW EVENTS ARE NEW OBJECTS

The tyrant custom… hath made the flinty and steel couch of war my thrice driven bed of down (feather of a newborn bird)

An extended creative mapping

‘couch of war’ is a metonymy for the warship, tank, etc.’

‘bed of down’ is metonymy for ‘comfort’

An extended creative metaphor

‘tyrant custom’ is a personification

‘couch of war’ is metonymy for the warship, tank, etc.’

‘bed of down’ is metonymy for ‘comfort’

HABIT

WAR

VEHICLE OF WAR

COMFORT

HABITUALITY

DICTATORTYRANT

JOURNEY

COUCH

BED OF DOWN

SOURCE OF COMFORT

HABITS ARE DICTATORSTYRANTS (PERSONS)

WAR IS A JOURNEY

COMFORT IS A BED OF DOWN

HABITUALITY IS SOURCE OF COMFORT

I would not there reside to put my father in impatient thoughts by being in his eye (personification)

‘impatient thoughts’ is a personification

THOUGHTS

THOUGHTS

EYE

CONTAINERS

PERSONSIMPATIENT

CONTAINER

THOUGHTS ARE CONTAINERS

THOUGHTS ARE IMPATIENT PERSONS

THE EYE IS A CONTAINER FOR

3 “To stain; to daub. (This seems to be from slobber, slabber, or slaver.)” (Wilkes, John, of Milland House, Sussex (1828): Encyclopaedia Londinensis or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Science, and Literature in 24 volumes, vol. 23, London: Printed for the proprietor by J. Adlard :294)

3

VISUAL OBJECTS

Most gracious Duke, to my unfolding lend your prosperous ear

‘prosperous ear’ is metonymy for ‘high social status’

‘prosperous ear’ is a personification

‘lend your ear’ is an idiom4

EAR

SOCIAL STATUS

EAR

PERSON PROSPEROUS

FINANCIAL MEASUREPROSPEROUS

PRECIOUS PROPERTY

EAR IS A PROSPEROUS ERSON

SOCIAL STATUS IS HAS A FINANCIAL MEASURE VALUE (PROSPEROUS)

EAR IS A PRECIOUS PROPERTY (lend)

My downright violence and storm of fortunes may trumpet to the world

My heart's subdued even to the very quality of my lord

I saw Othello's visage in his mind, and to his honors and his valiant parts did I my soul and fortunes consecrate

If I be left behind, a moth of peace, and he go to the war, the rites for which I love him are bereft me,

and I a heavy interim shall support by his dear absence

Creative metaphor

‘my downright violence…may trumpet’ is a personification

‘visage in his mind’ is a unique conceptual structure of the model ‘a concrete concept is an abstract concept’

‘a moth of peace’5

SELF-DETERMINATION

SELF-DETERMINATION

ACTIONS

LOVE

FACEVISAGE

OBJECT OF LOVE

LOVE

AN ACT OF VIOLENCE

STORM

COMMUNICATETRUMPET

CONQUESTHEART SUBJUGATION

MIRRORIN THE MIND

A PROPERTY

OWNERSHIP

SELF-DETERMINATION IS AN ACT OF VIOLENCE

SELF-DETERMINATION IS A STORM

ACTIONS ARE A MEANS OF COMMUNICATIONPUBLIC SPEAKERS THAT TRUMPET (PERSON)

LOVE IS CONQUEST OF THE HEART

FACE IS A MIRROR TO THE MINDVISAGE IS IN THE MIND

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A PROPERTY OF THE LOVER

LOVE IS OWNERSHIP

PEACE IS A NEGLECTED

4 “lend an ear (to sb/sth) to listen in a patient and sympathetic way.” (OED 5th edition 1995: 674)

5 In CliffsNotes on Shakespeare’s Othello, critical comment number (256), ‘a moth of peace’ is annotated as “A useless creature living a luxurious life.” (McCulloch, Helen and Gary Carey 2000: 29)

4

PEACE

A FORSAKEN USELESS PERSON

WAR

NOSTALGIA

INTERIM

A NEGLECTED GARMENT

A TRIVIAL INSECTMOTH OF PEACE

A SOURCE OF HONOUR

HEAVY OBJECT

GARMENT

LONELINESS IS SPECIES INFERIORITYA USELESS PERSON IS A MOTH OF PEACE

WAR IS A SOURCE OF HONOUR

NOSTALGIA THE WAITING TIME IS A HEAVY OBJECT

Heaven, I therefore beg it not (metonymy)

To please the palate of my appetite; nor to comply with heat the young affects …

but to be free and bounteous to her mind; and heaven defend your good souls (‘heaven’ and ‘souls’ are metonymies for ‘Deity’ and ‘people’)

For she is with me not when light-winged toys of feathered Cupid seal with wanton dullness my speculative and officed instruments, that my disports corrupt and taint my business,

(‘speculative instruments’ is metonymy for ‘mental faculties’)

(Roman mythology and symbols)

Roman mythology

Cross-sensory conceptualization

Creative extension

‘heaven’ is metonymy for ‘deity’

‘heaven’ and ‘souls’ are metonymies for ‘deity’ and ‘selves’

‘speculative instruments’ is metonymy for ‘mental faculties’

DEITY

LUST

OBJECT OF LOVE

LUST

LUST

LUST

SATISFACTIONMIND

DEITY

SOULS

CUPID/ MYTH

TRIVIALITY

HEAVEN

HUNGER

APPETIZING FOOD

APPETITE

HEAT

AGE TRAITYOUNG EFFECT

FOOD TO MINDOBJECT OF GENEROSITY

HEAVEN

PEOPLESELVES

LIGHT-WINGED TOY

LIGHTNES

DEITY IS UPHEAVEN

LUST IS HUNGER

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS APPETIZING FOOD

LUST IS APPETITE

LUST IS HEAT

LUST IS AN AGE TRAIT

SATISFACTION IS FOOD TO THE MINDMIND IS THE OBJECT OF GENEROSITY

DEITY IS HEAVEN

SOULS ARE PEOPLESELVES

MYTHOLOGY IS A FALSE REPRESENTATION OF TRUTHCUPID IS A LIGHT-WINGED TOY

TRIVIALITY IS A WEIGHT MEASURE

5

Let housewives make a skillet of my helm, And all indign and base adversities make head against (resist) my estimation!

(‘make head against’ is idiomatic)

TRIVIAL FIGURE

GOD OF LOVE

BLINDNESS

MENTAL FACULTUIES

MIND

MIND

TRIVIALITY

PHYSICAL PLEASURESPOILING

UNIFORM

CLOTHING

S

TOY

MENTAL DEFICIENCYSEALING THE SPECULATIVE INSTRUMENTS

SPECULATIVE INSTRUMENTS

ORGAN OF SEEING

INSTRUMENT

LIGHTNESS

TAINTS SERIOUSTAINTING

ACTIONS

A CODE FOR RESPECT

AUTHORITY

(LIGHTNESS)

A TRIVIAL FIGURE IS AN INANIMATE OBJECT (TOY)

BLINDNESS IS MENTAL DEFICIENCY SEALING THE SPECULATIVE INSTRUMENTS

MENTAL FACULTIES ARE SPECULATIVE INSTRUMENTS

THE MIND IS THE ORGAN OF SEEING (EYE)

THE MIND IS AN INSTRUMENT FOR THINKING

TRIVIALITY IS A WEIGHT MEASURE

PHYSICAL PLEASURESPOILING HAS IS A HYGIENE INFERIOR VALUE (TAINTING)

UNIFORM IS A CODE FOR RESPECT

CLOTHING IS AUTHORITY

6

Let her have your voices SUPPORT VOCAL EXPRESSIONVOICE

SUPPORT IS VOCAL EXPRESSION (VOICE)

If virtue no delighted beauty lack,your son-in-law is far more fair than black (personification)

Creative

‘If virtue no delighted beauty lack’ is a personification

VIRTUE

BEAUTY

OBJECT OF VIRTUE

BEAUTIFUL PERSON

MORAL VALUE

FAIR

VIRTUE IS A BEAUTIFUL PERSONHAS AN AESTHETIC VALUE (PERSON)

BEAUTY IS A MORAL VALUE

THE OBJECT OF VIRTUE HAS AN AESTHETIC VALUE

Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see; she has deceived her father, and may thee

Cross sensory OBJECT OF RACE

RACE

DECEPTION

EYE

SOCIAL INFERIORMOOR

CULTURAL IDENTITY

SEEN

SEES BEHAVIOUR

THE OBJECT OF RACE IS A SOCIAL INFERIOR

RACE IS CULTURAL IDENTITY

DECEPTION IS AN OBJECT THAT CAN BE SEENTHE OBJECT OF SEEING

THE EYE IS MIND

I have but an hour of love, of worldly matters and directionWe must obey the time.

‘we must obey the time’ is a personification

LOVE

TIME

MEASURED BY HOURS

AUTHORITY OBEYED

LOVE IS MEASURED IN TIME

TIME IS AUTHORITY (PERSON)

have we a prescription to die when death is our physician (personification)

‘death is our physician’ is a personification

DEATH

SUFFERING

PHYSICIAN

DISEASE

DEATH IS A PHYSICIAN (PERSON)

SUFFERING IS DISEASE

Ere I would say I would drown myself for the love of a guinea hen, I would change my humanity with a baboon

Animals WOMANOBJECT OF LOVE

MAN (male)

GENDER

A GUINEA HEN

HUMAN-BEING

SPECIES

WOMAN THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS SPECIES AN INFERIOR ANIMAL(A GUINEA HEN)

MAN IS A HUMAN SPECIES

7

A WEAK MANTHE SUBJECT OF LOVE

VALUE

AN INFERIOR ANIMAL (baboon)BABOON

GENDER HAS A SPECIES VALUE

A HUMAN INFERIORTHE SUBJECT OF LOVE IS AN ANIMAL INFERIOR ANIMAL

8

Virtue? A fig! Our bodies are gardens, to which our wills are gardeners

(an extended metaphor, inspired by the Bible. I think the word ‘fig’ has a Biblical Reference6 as a symbol of fruitlessness )

‘will’ as ‘gardener’ is a personification

so that if we will plant nettles or sow lettuce, set hyssop and weed up thyme,

supply it with one gender of herbs or distract it with many, either to have it sterile with idleness or manured with industry

why, the power and corrigible authority of this lies in our wills

If the balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise another of sensuality

The blood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to most preposterous conclusions.

The metaphor is inspired by the Bible. The word ‘fig’ has a Biblical Reference7 as a symbol of fruitlessness

Plants and farming (nettles, lettuce, hyssop, thyme, etc.)

Animals (sting, unbitted)

Creative metaphor

‘fig’ is a symbol for fruitlessness

‘will’ as ‘gardener’ is a personification

FIG

VIRTUE

BODY

WILL

ACTIONS

ACTIONS

ACTIONS

ACTIONS

ACTIONS

RESULT OF ACTION

INACTION

ACTION

SYMBOL OF FRUITLESSNESS

FRUITLESS TREEFIG

GARDEN

GARDENER

PLANTSNETTLES

LETTUCE

HYSSOP

(nettles, lettuce, hyssop, thyme, herbs)THYME

HERBS

CROP

STERILITY

MANURE MANURING

FIG IS A SYMBOL OF FRUITLESSNESS

VIRTUE IS A FRUITLESS TREE (FIG)

BODY IS GARDEN

WILL IS GARDENER (PERSON)

ACTIONS ARE PLANTS (NETTLES)

ACTIONS ARE PLANTS (LETTUCE)

ACTIONS ARE PLANTS (HYSSOP)

ACTIONS ARE PLANTS (THYME)

ACTIONS ARE PLANTS (HERBS)

THE RESULT OF ACTION IS CROP

INACTION IS STERILITY

ACTION IS FERTILITYMANURING A LAND

6 “Jesus utilized the motif of the fig tree … warning of the danger of spiritual fruitlessness… Jesus uses a barren but leafy fig tree to illustrate how Israel, typified in its leadership, had a showy religion that was of no value and was worthy of judgment because it bore no fruit in their lives.” (Ryken et al 1998: 983)

7 “Jesus utilized the motif of the fig tree … warning of the danger of spiritual fruitlessness… Jesus uses a barren but leafy fig tree to illustrate how Israel, typified in its leadership, had a showy religion that was of no value and was worthy of judgment because it bore no fruit in their lives.” (Ryken et al 1998: 983) The symbolic value of the word ‘fig’ has been lexicalized by means of the idiomatic expression “not care/give a fig (for sb/sth)” (OED 5th edition 1995: 432) as “not to care at all about sth; to consider sb/sth as having no value or importance: I don’t give a fig what others think of me.” (ibid)

9

But we have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts

‘carnal stings’8 is a creative metaphor

WILL

LIFE

REASON

SENSUALITY

MODERATION

BLOOD

BLOOD

EMOTION

EMOTION

LUST

SEXUAL DESIRE

LUST

AUTHORITYCONTAINER FOR POWER

BALANCE

SCALE

SCALE

BALANCE

PHYSICAL INFERIOR

MORAL INFERIOR (base)

VIOLENT FORCERAGING

HEAT

HEAT

STING

UNBITTED

THE WILL IS AUTHORITYA CONTAINER FOR POWER

LIFE IS A BALANCE

REASON IS A SCALE

SENSUALITY IS A SCALE

MODERATION IS A BALANCE BETWEEN REASON AND SENSUALITY

BLOOD IS PHYSICAL INFERIOR

BLOOD IS MORAL INFERIOR

EMOTION IS A VIOLENT FORCE

EMOTION IS HEAT

LUST IS HEAT

DESIRE IS A STING

LUST IS AN UNBITTED HORSE

It is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will

‘permission of the will’ is a personification

LUST

WILL

BLOOD TRAIT

AUTHORITY GIVES PERMISSION

LUST IS A BLOOD TRAIT

WILL IS AUTHORITY (PERSON)

Drown cats and blind puppies! (idiomatic)

Clothing Creative metaphor

A HUMAN LIFE

ANIMAL-SUPERIOR

A HUMAN-LIFE IS ANIMAL SUPERIOR

8 “sting sexual urge. (…) unbitted lusts (unbitted= like a horse without a controlling bit (…)” (Williams, Gordon 1997: 290)

10

I have professed me thy friend… knit to thy deserving with cables of perdurable tough...ness

defeat thy favor with an usurped beard

(‘usurped beard’ is metonymy for ‘wisdom’)

The food that to him now is as luscious as locusts shall be to him shortly as acerb as the coloquintida (a chain of similes)

She must change for youth; when she is sated with his body, she will find the error of her choice

If sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an erring barbarian and a super subtle Venetian be not too hard for my wits and all the tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her

(‘the tribe of hell’ is a metonymy for ‘the devils’)

‘defeat thy favour with a usurped beard’ is a personification

‘usurped beard’ is metonymy for ‘wisdom’

‘luscious as locusts’ is a simile

‘acerb as the coloquintida’ is a simile

‘the tribe of hell’ is a metonymy for ‘the devils’

FRIENDSHIP

FRIENDSHIP

SINCERITY

MOOD

BIRD

WISDOM

BEARD

APPEARANCE

OBJECT OF LOVE

OBJECT OF LOVE

LOVE

LOVE

BODY

MARRIAGE

MARRIAGE

VOW

KNITTING

FIBER

PERDURABLE CABLE

ENEMY

SIGN OF WISDOM

PHYSICAL MANIFESTATION

A MEANS OF DEFENCE DEFEATS

APPETIZING FOODAS LUSCIOUS AS LOCUSTS

JUICY/SOUR TASTEACERB

AS ACERB AS THE COLOQUINTIDA

NUTRIENT

BODILY DESIRE

FOOD

AN INSTITUTIONAL KNOT

FRAIL

FRIENDSHIP IS A FIBRE (KNIT)

FRIENDSHIP IS FIBRE

SINCERITY IS A STRONG CABLE

MOOD IS AN ENEMY (DEFEATED)

BIRD IS A SIGN OF WISDOM

WISDOM IS A PHYSICAL MANIFESTATION

APPEARANCE IS A MEANS OF DEFENCEWEAPON THAT DEFEATS

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS APPETIZING FOOD

THE OBJECT OF LOVE HAS A TASTEIS A NON-APPETIZING FOOD

LOVE IS A NUTRIENT (TO BE SATED WITH)

LOVE IS A BODILY DESIRE

BLOOD BODY IS FOOD

MARRIAGE IS AN INSTITUTIONAL KNOT

VOW IS AN OBJECT

11

OBJECT OF RACE

RACE

DEVIL

WIT

OBJECT OF LOVE

COMMITMENT OF WORDSBARBARIAN

CULTURAL INFERIOR (Barbarian Vs. Venetian)

CULTURAL HEGEMONY

HELL INHABITANT

METAPHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE

PLEASURABLE

(FRAIL)

MARRIAGE IS A COMMITMENT OF WORDS

THE OBJECT OF RACE IS CULTURAL INFERIOR (BARBARIAN VS. VENETIAN)

RACE IS CULTURAL HEGEMONY

DEVIL IS HELL INHABITANT

WIT IS A METAPHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A SOURCE OF PLEASURE

If thou canst cuckold9 him, thou dost thyself a pleasure, me a sport.

There are many events in the womb of time which will be delivered

(‘womb of time’ is personification)

‘cuckold’10 Creative metaphor

‘womb of time’ is personification

VICTIM OF ADULTRY

TIME

EVENTS

A HORNED ANIMAL

PREGNANT

EXPECTED BABIES

THE VICTIM OF ADULTERY IS A HORNED ANIMAL

TIME IS A PREGNANT WOMAN

EVENTS ARE BABIES

thus do I ever make my fool my purse; For I mine own gained knowledge should profane, (abuse)If I would time expend with such a snipe But for my sport and profit

Creative metaphor

AN IDIOT

AN IDIOT

DECEIVING

PURSE

A OBJECT OF HUNT (SNIPE)

HUNTING

AN IDIOT IS A SOURCE OF MONEY

AN IDIOT IS THE OBJECT OF HUNT (A SNIPE)

DECEIVING IS HUNTING

9 ‘cuckold’ is “hornified” (Williams 1994: 689)

10 ‘cuckold’ is “hornified” (Williams 1994: 689)12

To get his place, and to plume up my will11 in double knavery

How to abuse Othello's ear?

He hath a person and a smooth dispose to be suspected; framed to make women false The Moor is of a free and open nature... And will as tenderly be led by the nose as asses are. ...

(simile)

Hell and night must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light

‘hell and night’ is a

‘to plume up my will’12

Animals

Clothing

Creative metaphor

‘abuse Othello’s ear’ is a personification

‘as asses’ is a simile

‘led by the nose’ is an idiom13

‘hell and night’ is a personification; ‘the world’s light’ is total purification (see Saunders 2004)

A creative

WILL

SELF-GRATIFICATION

EAR

WORDS

MOOD (personal trait)

MOOD

DECEPTION

OBJECT OF RACE

WEAK

A BIRD WITH LOFTY, BEAUTIFUL FEATHER (estridge, peacock)

AN ACT OF DECORATIONPLUMING UP THE WILL

VICTIM OF ABUSE

A MEANS OF ABUSE

CLOTH

SOFT OBJECTSMOOTH

HUMAN FRAILTY

FALSE APPEARANCE

A CULTURAL INFERIORMOOR

LED LIKE

WILL IS A BIRD WITH THICK, BEAUTIFUL FEATHER

SELF-GRATIFICATION IS AN ACT OF DECORATION

EAR IS A VICTIM OF ABUSE (PERSON)

WORDS ARE A MEANS OF ABUSE

MOOD IS A SOFT OBJECT

MOOD IS HUMAN FRAILTY

DECEPTION IS A FALSE APPEARANCE

THE OBJECT OF RACE IS A CULTURAL INFERIOR

11 Different interpretations were given to the phrase ‘plume up the will’ including: “to heighten the sense of power or superiority” (Bloom ed. 2008: 150); “the plume of birds” is the “feather of birds” (Schmidt 1902: 408); “Lofty-Plumed, decorated with a high plume” (ibid: 663); “To plume up, to prank up; and hence, to gratify” (Cunliffe, R. J 1910: 228)

12 Different interpretations were given to the phrase ‘plume up the will’ including: “to heighten the sense of power or superiority” (Bloom ed. 2008: 150); “the plume of birds” is the “feather of birds” (Schmidt 1902: 408); “Lofty-Plumed, decorated with a high plume” (ibid: 663); “To plume up, to prank up; and hence, to gratify” (Cunliffe, R. J 1910: 228)

13 “lead sb by the nose to make sb do everything one wishes; to control sb completely.” (OED 5th edition 1995: 669)

13

personification; ‘the world’s light’ is total purification (see Saunders 2004)

A very creative extension of simple metaphors that include:

NIGHT DELIVERS DAY

CREATIVITY IS PRODUCTIVITY

DELIVERY IS A CRUEL AND PAINFUL PROCESS

LIGHT IS PURITY

extension of simple metaphors:

NIGHT DELIVERS DAY

CREATIVITY IS PRODUCTIVITY

DELIVERY IS A CRUEL AND PAINFUL PROCESS

PURITY IS LIGHT

PERSON

HUMAN FRAILTY

HELL AND NIGHT

MENTAL CREATIVITY14

DELIVERING CREATIVITY

NIGHT

PURIFICATION

AN ASS

ANIMAL TRAIT

PREGNANT WITH LIGHT

A PROCESS OF PRODUCTION (giving birth)GIVING BIRTH

A BRUTAL PROCESS (monstrous)MONSTROUS

DELIVERS LIGHT

LIGHT

A WEAEK PERSON IS LED LIKE AN ASS

HUMAN FRAILTY IS AN ANIMAL TRAIT

HELL AND NIGHT ARE PREGNANT WITH LIGHT

MENTAL CREATIVITY IS A PROCESS OF PRODUCTION (GIVING BIRTH)

DELIVERING CREATIVITY IS A BRUTAL PROCESS (DELIVERY IS BRUTAL)

NIGHT DELIVERS DAYLIGHT

CREATIVITY IS PRODUCTIVITY

DELIVERY IS A CRUEL AND PAINFUL PROCESS

LIGHT IS PURITYPURIFICATION IS LIGHT

Methinks the wind hath spoke aloud at land (personification)

A fuller blast ne'er shook our battlements: if it hath ruffian'd (acted violent; a personification) so

Creative extension of personifications

‘the wind hath spoke

WIND

LAND

SPEAKS LOUD

OBJECT OF SPEAKING

ACTS

THE WIND IS A PERSON WHO SPEAKS

LAND IS THE OBJECT OF SPEAKING (PERSON)

THE WIND IS A

14 “Notoriously, Iago describes his central creative act—his plot to provoke Othello’s jealousy—as a ‘monstrous birth’” (Saunders 2004: 152)

14

upon the sea, what ribs of oak, when mountains melt on them, can hold the mortise? (oak is metonymy for ship)

Creative extension of personifications

aloud’ is a personification

‘ruffianed’ (acted violent) is a personification

‘oak’ is metonymy for ‘ship’

‘ribs of oak’ is a personification

WIND

WAVES

MOUNTAINS

TREE (oak)

VIOLENTLY

FALLING MOUNTAINS

MELT DOWN

PERSON (with ribs)HAS RIBS

PERSON WHO ACTS VIOLENTLY

VIOLENT WAVES ARE MOUNTAINS FALLING APART

MOUNTAINS ARE ICE BLOCKS THAT MELT DOWN INTO WAVESSOLID OBJECTS THAT MELT DOWN

A TREE IS A PERSON WITH RIBS

The chidden billow seems to pelt the clouds;

the windshaked surge, with high and monstrous mane,

‘high and monstrous mane’15

Animals

Creative metaphor16

‘chidden billow’ is a personification

‘pelt the clouds’ is a personification

‘burning bear’ is a

BILLOW

WAVESWAVES

CLOUDS

A NATURAL ELEMENT

CHIDDEN

HIT (hands) PELT

PERSONOBJECT OF HITTING

A PERSON

WAVES ARE CHIDDEN (PERSON)

ANGRY WAVES HIT THE CLOUDS (PERSON)

CLOUDS RECEIVE THE BLOWS OF THE WAVESARE THE OBJECT OF HITTING (PERSON)

NATURAL ELEMENTS

15 “Maine, to Knight belongs the credit of giving the modern spelling and interpretation of this word; his note is: What is ‘high and monstrous main’? We use the word main elliptically; for the main sea, the great sea, as Shakespeare uses it, in ‘’twixt the heaven and the main.’ The main is the ocean. Substitute that word, and what we can make of the passage before us? ‘The wind-shak’d surge with high and monstrous ocean.’ But adopt the word mane, and it appears to us we have as fine an image as any in Shakespeare. It is more striking even than the passage in Hen. IV.: ‘-the winds, who take the ruffian billows by the top, curling their monstrous heads.’ In the high and monstrous mane we have a picture which was probably suggested by the noble passage in Job: ‘Hast thou given the horse strength? Hast though clothed his neck with thunder?’ one of the Biblical commentators upon this passage remarks, that Homer and Vergil mention the mane of the horse; but that the sacred author, by the bold figure of thunder, expresses the shaking of the mane, and the flakes of hair which suggest the idea of lightning. The horse of Job is the war-horse, ‘who swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage;’ and when Shakespeare pictured to himself his mane wildly streaming, ‘when the quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and the shield,’ he saw an image of the fury of the ‘wind-shak’d surge,’ and of its very form; and he painted it with ‘high and monstrous mane.’” (Furness, H. ed. 1886 :93).

16 An aesthetic metaphoric extension of simple personifications of the type ‘NATURE IS A PERSON’, and other metaphoric structures, with a much less conceptual function, and a more prominent aesthetic value.

15

seems to cast water on the burning bear, and quench the guards of the everfixed pole

‘burning bear’ is a metonymy for the ‘bear star’

I never did like molestation view On the enchafed flood. (angry flood)

An aesthetic metaphoric extension of simple personifications of the type ‘NATURE IS A PERSON’, and other metaphoric structures, with a much less conceptual function, and a more prominent aesthetic value

metonymy for the ‘bear star’

‘molestation view’ is a personification

‘enchafed flood’ is a personification

‘burning’ is metonymy for ‘shining’

FLOWCLOUDS

FLOW WAVES

THE BEAR STARBURNING BEAR

SHINING

STARS

FLOOD

STORM

WIND-SHAKED SURGE

AN ANGRY ANIMAL (thick hair on its neck and back)HAVE HIGH AND MONSTROUS MANE

ANIMAL (monstrous)

A BEAR-SHAPED STAR

BURNING

GUARDS OF THE POLE

ANGRY MONSTERENCHAFED

MOLESTATION

ARE PERSONS

THE CLOUDS ARE WIND-SHAKED SURGE

THE FLOW IS AN ANIMAL

THE WAVES ARE AN ANGRY HORSE WITH HIGH AND MONSTROUS MANE

THE FLOW IS A BRUTAL ANIMAL

THE BEAR STARBURNING BEAR IS A BEAR-SHAPED STAR

SHINING IS BURNING

THE STARS ARE GUARDS OF HEAVENTHE EVERFIXHED POLE

FLOOD IS AN ANGRY MONSTER (ENCHAFED)

STORM IS A MOLESTATION ON ELEMENTS OF THE UNIVERSE

The desperate tempest hath so bang'd the Turks, a noble ship of Venice Hath seen a grievous wreck

for they were parted With foul and violent tempest

Aesthetic extension of personifications

Cross-sensory

‘a noble ship of Venice hath seen a grievous wreck’

Creative extension of personifications with an aesthetic function

‘desperate tempest’ is

TEMPEST

SHIP

SHIP

PERSON (desperate)DESPERATE

PERSON (noble)NOBLE

PERSON (sees)SEES

TEMPEST IS A DESPERATE PERSON

SHIP IS PERSON (PERS.)A NOBEL PERSON

SHIP IS A PERSON (PERS.)WHO SEES

16

a personification

‘noble ship’ is a personification

TEMPEST

TEMPEST

FOUL

VIOLENT

TEMPEST IS A MONSTERHAS AN AESTHETIC VALUE

TEMPEST IS MONSTERHAS A PHYSICAL TRAIT (VIOLENT)

Even till we make the main and the aerial blue an indistinct regard

metonymies

Creative metaphor

‘main’ is metonymy for ‘ocean’ (see footnote 40); ‘aerial blue’ is metonymy for ‘sky’

MAIN

AERIAL BLUE

STARING

HIGH SEA OCEAN

SKY

MAKING THE SKY AND THE OCEAN INDISTINCT

MAIN IS SEATHE OCEAN

AERIAL BLUE IS THE SKY

STARING IS MAKING THE SKY AND THE OCEAN INDISTINCT

let the heavens give him defense against the elements,

Therefore, my hopes, not surfeited to death, Stand in bold cure (anxiety)

Creative extension

‘heavens’ is metonymy for ‘deity’

‘against the elements’ is a personification

‘hopes not surfeited to death’ is a personification

DEITY

NATURE ELEMENTS

HOPES

DESPERATION

HOPE

DISPAIR

HEAVENS

ENEMY

FOOD

SURFEITED

AN ANIMAL

CONFIDENT OF BEING CURED

DEATH OF HOPE

DEITY IS HEAVENS

THE ELEMENTS OF NATURE IS AN ENEMY (PERSON)

HOPES ARE FOODSURFEITED OF FOOD (LIKE PERSONS)

DESPERATION IS AN ANIMAL

HOPES ARE CONFIDENT OF BEING CURED (LIKE A PERSON)

DISPAIR IS THE DEATH OF HOPE

Tempests themselves, high seas, and howling winds, the gutter'd rocks, and congregated sands,traitors ensteep'd to clog the guiltless keel, (ship)

Creative extension

‘tempests themselves…traitors’ is an

TEMPEST TRAITOR THE ELEMENTS OF NATURE ARE HUMAN BEINGS THE TEMPEST IS A TRAITOR (PERSON)

HIGH SEAS ARE

17

An extension of personifications

As having sense of beauty, do omit their mortal natures, letting go safely by the divine Desdemona.

he hath achieved a maid that paragons description and wild fame;

one that excels the quirks of blazon pens, and in the essential vesture of creationdoes tire the ingener

extended personification

‘guiltless keel’ is a personification

‘as having sense of beauty’ is a personification

‘blazon pens’ is a personification

HIGH SEAS

HOWLING WIND

WIND

ROCKS

SANDS

KEEL

ELEMENTSGUILTLESS KEEL

OBJECT OF LOVE

WIDE FAME

FAME

PEN

OBJECT OF LOVE

CREATIVITY

TRAITOR

TRAITOR

HOWLING

TRAITORS

TRAITORS

GUILTLESS

HAVE BEAUTY

DIVINE

UNRESTRAINED ANIMALWILD

ANIMAL

PERSON (noble)NOBEL

TIRES THE CREATOR

PHYSICAL EFFORT

TRAITORS (PERSON)

WIND IS A PERSONHOWLING WINDS ARE TRAITORS (PERSON)

WINDS ARE HOWLING (LIKE A DOG OR A WOLF)

ROCKS ARE TRAITORS (PERSON)

SANDS ARE TRAITORS PERSON)

SHIP IS GUILTLESS (A PERSON)

SHIP IS A PERSON

NATURE IS A PERSONKEEL IS BEAUTIFUL (PERSON)

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS DEITY

WIDE FAME IS AN UNRESTRAINED ANIMAL

FAME IS AN ANIMAL (WILD)

PEN IS A PERSON (NOBEL)

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS DEITY LABORIOUS INVENTION

CREATIVITY IS A PHYSICAL EFFORT THAT TIRES THE CREATOR

Great Jove, Othello guard, ‘Jove’ is a ‘quick DEITY POLYTHEI DEITY IS

18

And swell his sail with thine own powerful breath,Mythological reference17

That he may bless this bay with his tall ship,

make love's quick pants in Desdemona's arms, give renew'd fire to our extincted spirits, ‘extincted spirit’ is a mythological referenceThe riches of the ship is come on shore! Ye men of Cyprus, let her have your knees

Hail to thee, lady! And the grace of heaven

mythological reference18

‘life is fire’ (Moreno 1998-99: 298)

pants’ is metonymy for ‘longing’

‘let her have your knees’ is an idiom19

DEITY

OBJECT OF LOVE

LOVE

LONGING

SPIRIT

LIFE

OBJECT OF LOVE

SHOWING RESPECT

DEITY

SM

SUPERHUMAN

DEITY (blesses)

PERSON (moves)

QUICK PANTS

TORCHEXTINCTED

FIRE

TREASURE (riches of the ship)

BODILY GESTURE (kneeling)KNEELING

HEAVEN (graceful)

POLYTHEISM

DEITY IS A SUPERNATURAL HUMAN BEINGMAN (breathes)

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS DEITY (BLESS)

LOVE IS A PERSON

LONGING IS QUICK PANTS

SPIRIT IS TORCH (EXTINCTED)

LIFE IS FIRE/LIGHT

LIFE IS FIRE (Moreno 1998-99: 298)

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS TREASURE

SHOWING RESPECT IS A BODILY GESTURE (KNEELING)

DEITY IS HEAVEN

The great contention of the sea and skies parted our fellowship

Although the concept ‘STORM’ has not yet been lexicalized in the dictionary as ‘COMPETITION’ yielding a mapping of the type ‘A STORM IS A COMPETITI

‘great contention of the sea and skies’ is a personification

SEA

SKY

STORM

PERSON (fight)SUBJECT OF CONTENTION

PERSONFIGHTER

BATTLE CONTENTION

SEA IS A THE SUBJECT OF CONTENTION (PERSON)

SKY IS A THE SUBJECT OF CONTENTION (PERSON)

A STORM IS A BATTLE COMPETITION

17 In Roman Mythology, Jove is the king of Gods

18 In Roman Mythology, Jove is the king of Gods.

19 “be/go (down) on one’s knees to kneel or be kneeling, especially when praying or to show that one accepts defteat” (OED 5th edition 1995: 653)

19

ON’ metaphor, I did not consider it a creative mapping because it is a conventional metaphor that we live by being extended from the mapping ‘A STORM IS AN ANGRY PERSON’ (Kӧvesces 1986)

BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS OF NATURE

Let it not gall your patience (make bitter)

‘gall your patience’ is a personification

PATIENCE

IMPATIENCE

FOOD (has a taste)GALLED

BITTER

PATIENCE IS AN FOODANNOYED PERSON

IMPATIENCE IS BITTER

Would she give you so much of her lipsas of her tongue she oft bestows on me, you'd have enough.

‘give you … of her lips’ is metonymy for ‘give words’

‘of her tongue’ is metonymy for ‘words’

‘bestows on me’ is a creative metaphor with a rhetorical function (irony)

‘you’d have enough’ is an idiom20

TONGUE WORDS

WORDS

ANNOYING

LACK OF TOLERANCE

TOOL OF ATTACKINGGIVING OF THE LIPS

GIVING OF THE TONGUE

BESTOW AN UNDESIRABLE THING

HAVING ENOUGH

TONGUE IS A TOOL FOR ATTACKINGWORDS IS THE GIVING OF THE LIPS

WORDS IS THE GIVING OF THE TONGUE

ANNOYING IS BESTOWING AN UNDESIREABLE THING

THE LACK OF TOLERANCE IS HAVING ENOUGH

20

You are pictures out of doors,bells in your parlors,

wildcats in your kitchens, saints in your injuries,

devils being offended, Players in your housewifery, and housewives in your beds

Animals Creative extension

WOMEN

FALSITY

WOMEN

LOUD VOICE

WOMEN

WOMEN

WOMEN

PRETENCE

WOMEN

GENDER

WOMEN

PICTURES

A FRAME

BELLS

BEHAVIOURAL INFERIORITY

WILDCATS

GOOD ACTORS (Saints)SAINTS

DEVILS

SOCIAL INFERIOR

PLAYERS

WOMEN HAVE FALSE PICTURESARE PICTURES

FALSITY IS A FRAME

WOMEN HAVE LOUD VOICESARE BELLS

LOUD VOICE IS BEHAVIOURAL INFERIORITY

WOMEN ARE WILD ANIMALS

WOMEN ARE GOOD ACTORS SAINTS

PRETENCE IS ACTING

WOMEN ARE INTERIOR METAPHYSICAL CREATURES

GENDER IS SOCIAL INFERIOR

WOMEN ARE PLAYERS

20 “have had enough (of sth/sb) to be unable or unwilling to tolerate sth/sb anymore” (OED 5 th edition 1995: 384)

21

ay, it is true, or else I am a Turk: you rise to play, and go to bed to work

Cultural and historical background21

Creative RACE

OBJECT OF RACE

INFIDELITY

CULTURAL IDENTITY

CULTURAL INFERIOR

BEING A TURK

RACE IS CULTURAL IDENTITY

THE OBJECT OF RACE IS A CULTURAL INFERIOR

INFEDILITY IS BEING A TURK

I am not merry, but I do beguile the thing I am by seeming otherwise.

‘beguile the thing I am’ is a presonification

PRETENCE

HAPPINESS

FEELING

STEALING HAPPINESSBEGUILING ONE’S FEELING

A VALUABLE OBJECT

OBJECT OF CHEATING

PRETENCE IS STEALING HAPPINESSCHEATING ONE’S FEELING

HAPPINESS IS A VALUABLE OBJECT

FEELING IS THE OBJECT OF CHEATING

21 In Shakespeare’s works, the use of cultural adjectives such as Jew, Moor, Turk, etc. is intentionally employed as a metaphor for a “racist insult” (Kawachi, Yoshiko 1998: 398). The use of the word ‘Turk’ carries within its implications the cultural attitude of Renaissance people towards a Turk as being “an infidel” (ibid), as interpreted by the editor of the Arden Shakespeare, Harold Jenkins, in his remarks on the use of the word ‘Turk’ in Hamlet (ibid).

22

My invention22 comes from my pate as birdlime23 does from frieze

it plucks out brains and all

But my Muse labors, And thus she is delivered If she be fair and wise, fairness and wit, the one's for use, the other useth it.

A creative metaphoric extension made up of a highly complicated texture of mixed metaphors. The structure consists of traditional metaphors merged in a logical delicately knit construction. It is worth noting, however, that there is an untraditional metaphoric mapping introduced by means of a simile (underlined), to alleviate the shock in the mind of the reader and reduce the level of ‘resonance’, in my personal point of view.

Delivery24

Hunting25

Mythology26

A creative metaphoric extension made up of mixed, traditional metaphors merged in a logical delicately knit construction.

‘as birdlime does…’ is a simile

‘the other useth it’ is a personification

CREATIVITY

(mental creation)

MIND

HEAD

CREATIVITY

BRAIN

CREATIVE THINKING

CREATIVITY

CREATIVE IDEAS

CREATIVITY

CREATIVITE

A COMPLICATED PROCESS OF PRODUCTIONBIRDLIME

FRIEZE

PLUCKS OUT THE BRAINS

CONTAINER

CONTENT OF MIND

STICKY MATERIAL OF HUNT (birdlime)

USES FORCE

(plucks out)

NEWBORN

CREATIVITY IS A COMPLICATED PROCESS OF PRODUCTIONCREATIVITY IS A STICKY MATERIAL OF TRAPPING (BIRDLIME)

HEAD IS TEXTILE (FREIZE)

CREATIVITY HAS A PHYSICAL FORCE

MIND IS CONTAINER

BRAIN IS CONTENT OF MIND

CREATIVE THINKING IS A STICKY MATERIAL OF HUNT

CREATIVITY USES FORCE

CREATIVE IDEAS 22 “Here the traditional topos that figures masculine creativity through the fertile womb of a female muse has been coupled with still more vivid and visceral images. Birdlime—“a sticky substance usually made from the bark of a holly”—was spread on bushes and trees in order to catch birds, like flies on flypaper; frieze was a particular kind of coarse wool. Iago’s catechresis thus associates the generation of epideictic rhetoric (“invention”) with stained cloth and sticky viscous fluids; but then, in an unexpected extension of this tacky metaphor, the limed lint fragments morph into brains.” (Saunders 2004: 152)

23 “The use of bird-lime, thought hardly falling within the category of a trap (a term which usually connotes some hidden mechanism), represents a simple form of self-capture” (Hastings et al eds. 2003: 876)

24 “Here the traditional topos that figures masculine creativity through the fertile womb of a female muse has been coupled with still more vivid and visceral images. Birdlime—“a sticky substance usually made from the bark of a holly”—was spread on bushes and trees in order to catch birds, like flies on flypaper; frieze was a particular kind of coarse wool. Iago’s catechresis thus associates the generation of epideictic rhetoric (“invention”) with stained cloth and sticky viscous fluids; but then, in an unexpected extension of this tacky metaphor, the limed lint fragments morph into brains.” (Saunders 2004: 152)

25 “The use of bird-lime, thought hardly falling within the category of a trap (a term which usually connotes some hidden mechanism), represents a simple form of self-capture” (Hastings et al eds. 2003: 876)

26 ‘Muse’ is the goddess of inspiration (Guirand 1987: 125)23

She never yet was foolish that was fair;for even her folly help'd her to an heir.

‘her folly helped her to an heir’ is a personification

BEAUTY

BEAUTYFOLLY

ELIMINATES FOOLISHNESS

AN INTELLECTUAL VALUEHELPS

BEAUTY ELIMINATES FOOLISHNESS

BEAUTY HAS AN INTELLECTUAL VALUEFOLLY IS THE SUBJECT OF HELP (PERSON)

a deserving woman ... that in the authority of her merit did justly put on the vouch of very malice itself

‘malice’ is a metonymy for ‘malicious person’

that in the authority of her merit did justly put on the vouch of very malice itself

Clothing ‘in the authority of her merit’ is a personification

‘malice’ is a metonymy for ‘malicious person’

MALICE

JUDGING A WOMAN

VIRTUE

VIRTUE

MALICE

VIRTUE

REPUTATION

WITNESS

A TRIAL

AUTHORITY

JUSTLY ASSUMES

WITNESSES IN FAVOUR OF VIRTUE

WEARS EVIDENCETESTIMONY

GARMENT

MALICE IS A WITNESS

JUDGING A WOMAN IS A TRIAL

VIRTUE IS HAS AUTHORITY (PERSON)

VIRTUE IS A JUST AND STRONG AUTHORITY

MALICE WITNESSES IN FAVOUR OF VIRTUE (PERSON)

VIRTUE WEARS EVIDENCETESTIMONY

REPUTATION IS A GARMENT

She that was ever fair and never proud, had tongue at will and yet was never loud, Never lacked gold and yet went never gay, fled from her wish and yet said, “Now I may”;

She that, being angered, her revenge being nigh, bade her wrong stay and her displeasure fly;

‘change the cod’s head for the salmon’s tail’ is a creative metaphor that has the

TONGUE

LOUD-VOICE

DESIREWISH

DOUBLE-EDGED WEAPON

SOCIAL STIGMA

FUNCTION OF THE TONGUE

A CHASING BEAST (fled)SUBJECT OF

TONGUE IS A DOUBLE-EDGED WEAPON

LOUD-VOICE IS A SOCIAL STIGMA

SPEECH IS A FUNCTION OF THE TONGUE

DESIRE IS A CHASING BEASTTHE SUBJECT OF CHASE

DISSATISFACTION IS

27‘Muse’ is the goddess of inspiration (Guirand 1987: 125)24

she that in wisdom never was so frail to change the cod's head for the salmon's tail28 she that could think and ne'er disclose her mind…

rhetorical function of euphemism29

‘mind’ is metonymy for ‘thought’

DISPLEASURE

DISAPPEARING

WOMEN FRAILTY

GENDER

HUSBAND

ADULTERER

THOUGHT

MIND

CHASE

BIRD (fly)FLIES

FLYING

AN ACT OF ADULTERYCHANGING THE COD’S HEAD FOR THE SALMON’S TAIL

MORAL INFERIORITY

COD’S HEAD

SALMON’S TAIL

MIND

CAN BE DISCLOSEDSEEABLE OBJECT

A DISPLEASURE

DISPLEASURE IS A BIRD THAT FLIES

DISAPPEARING IS FLYING

WOMEN FRAILTY IS AN CHANGING THE COD’S HEAD FOR THE SALMON’S TAIL (COMMITINGACT OF ADULTERY)

GENDER IS MORAL INFERIORITY

HUSBAND IS COD’S HEAD

ADULTERER IS SALMON’S TAIL

THOUGHT IS MIND

MIND IS AN OBJECTA SEEABLE OBJECT THAT CAN BE DISCLOSED

With as little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly

‘great fly’ is an important victim of entrapment

‘SOCIAL STATUS IS A SIZE-MEASURE’ is an orientational metaphor

Creative extension

DECEPTION

SUBJECT OF DECEPTION

VICTIM OF DECEPTION

TRICK

SOCIAL STATUS

ENTRAPMENTENSNARING

SPIDER GREAT FLY

INFERIOR INSECT (fly)

WEB

DECEPTION IS ENTRAPMENTENSNARING

THE SUBJECT OF DECEPTION IS A SPIDERGREAT FLY

THE VICTIM OF DECEPTION IS AN INFERIOR INSECT

TRICK IS A WEB

28 This is a euphemism; “The cod’s head is husband and fool; the salmon’s tail, a delicacy, is the adulterer.” (Williams 1994 :493); the meaning is to change one valuable thing for another useless thing

29 This is a euphemism; “The cod’s head is husband and fool; the salmon’s tail, a delicacy, is the adulterer.” (Williams 1994 :493); the meaning is to change one valuable thing for another useless thing

25

MEASURED IN SIZESIZE-MEASURE

SOCIAL STATUS IS MEASURED IN SIZESIZE-MEASURE

If such tricks as these strip you out of your lieutenantry,

it had been better you had not kissed your three fingers so oft ...

'tis so, indeed. Yet, again your fingers to your lips?

Would they were clysterpipes for your sake!

The Moor! I know his trumpet

Clothing

‘PURGATION IS EVACUATION’30

OFFICIAL TITLE LIEUTENANTRY

(LIEUTENANCY)

CLYSTERPIPES

PURGATION

OBJECT OF RACE

OBJECT OF RACE

CLOTHING (strip out)STRIPPED

A MEANS OF PURGATION

EVACUATION

LACKS INDIVIDUALITY(The MOOR)

CULTURAL INFERIOR

OFFICIAL TITLE IS CLOTHING

CLYSTERPIPES IS A MEANS OF PURGATION

PURGATION IS EVACUATION31

THE OBJECT OF RACE LACKS INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY

THE OBJECT OF RACE IS A CULTURAL INFERIOR

O my fair warrior! LOVE/EMOTION

OBJECT OF LOVE

WAR

WARRIOR

LOVE IS WAR

LOVER THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A WARRIOR

30 See (Saunders 2004: 164)

31 See (Saunders 2004: 164)

26

O my soul's joy! If after every tempest come such calms,

May the winds blow till they have wakened death!

Let the laboring bark climb hills of seas Olympus high, and duck again as lowas hell's from heaven!

Hills of sea

I fear my soul hath her content so absolute that not another comfort like to this succeeds in unknown fate

Creative extension32

SOUL

OBJECT OF LOVE

REUNION OF LOVERS

DEATH

SHIP

SHIP

SHIP

HIGH WAVES

DEATH

UNION WITH THE OBJECT OF LOVE

PERSON

SOURCE OF JOY JOY OF SOUL

CALM

A SLEEPING ANIMALASLEEP

A WOMAN (personification)LABOURS

A PERSON (personification)CLIMBS

PERSONDUCKS

HILLS

MYSTERIOUS FATE

COMFORT

SOUL IS PERSON

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS A SOURCE OF JOYTHE JOY OF THE SOUL

THE REUNION OF LOVERS IS THE CALM AFTER THE STORM

DEATH IS A SLEEPING BEASTAN ANIMATE CREATURE (ASLEEP)

SHIP IS A LABOURING WOMANCREATURE

SHIP IS A PERSON WHO CLIMBSCLIMBING CREATURE

SHIP IS A PERSON WHO SWIMS AND DUCKSAN ANIMATE CREATURE THAT SWIMS AND DUCKS

THE SEA IS LANDSCAPE

DEATH IS MYSTERIOUS FATE

UNION WITH THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS COMFORT

But that our loves and comforts should increase, even as our days do grow!

Planting LOVE INCREASES

LOVE HAS A QUANTITATIVE VALUE

32 ‘wakened death’ and ‘labouring bark climb..’ are possible personifications. However, since the acts of ‘sleeping, waking, labouring, and climbing’ are not particular to the human category, I have chosen not to classify them as personifications. At the same time, it is important to pay attention to the particularity of the metaphor in that it maps a concrete concept onto another concrete concept. In an advanced stage, I will try to consider whether there is a relationship between translating metaphor and the characteristics of its components and metaphoric mapping whether it is a concrete onto abstract, concrete onto concrete, or an abstract onto abstract mapping.

27

Amen to that, sweet powers! DAYS

OBJECT OF LOVE

GROW

APPETIZING FOODSWEET

TIME IS A PLANT

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS APPETIZING FOOD

In addition, this, and this, the greatest discords be that ever our hearts shall make!

Music Creative extension

DISCORD

KISSING

KISSING

HEART

HEART

FRICTIONKISSING

FRICTION

IS DISCORD

MAKES DISCORDS

MAKES DISCORD

DISAGREEMENT THE LACK OF HARMONY IS FRICTIONKISSING

KISSING IS FRICTION

KISSING IS DISCORD (friction)

HEART IS OBJECT

HEART IS A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT

O, you are well-tuned now!

But I'll set down the pegs that make this music

Music SUBJECT OF LOVELOVE

WORDS OF LOVE

HEART

HEART

WELL-TUNINGWELL-TUNED

MUSIC

HAS STRINGS

MUSICAL INSTRUMENT

SUBJECT OF LOVE IS A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT LOVE IS WELL-TUNING

WORDS OF LOVE ARE MUSIC

HEART HAS STRINGS

HEART IS A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT

Honey, you shall be well desired in Cyprus; O my sweet, I prattle out of fashion,

‘out of fashion’ is an idiom33 that is used metaphorically

OBJECT OF LOVE

OBJECT OF LOVE

BEING OUT OF FASHION

HONEY

SWEET

BEING USELESS

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS AN APPETIZING FOOD

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS AN APPETIZING FOOD

BEING OUT OF FASHION IS BEING USELESS

base men being in love have then a nobility in their natures

Cross-sensory Creative metaphor

OBJECT OF RACE

SOCIAL INFERIOR

THE OBJECT OF RACE IS A SOCIAL INFERIORA MORAL

33 (OED 5th edition 1995: 422)28

Mark me with what violence she first loved the Moor, …

Let not thy discreet heart think it.

Her eye must be fed;

and what delight shall she have to look on the devil?

When the blood is made dull with the actof sport,

there should be, again to inflame it and to give satiety a fresh appetite,

loveliness in favor, sympathy in years, manners, and beauties; all which the Moor is defective in

her delicate tenderness will find itself abused,

begin to heave the gorge, disrelish and abhor the

LOVE (violence)

OBJECT OF RACE

HEART

EYE

OBJECT OF LOVE

OBJECT OF RACE

SENSUALITY

BOREDOM

SENSUALITY

LUST

DESIRE

OBJECT OF LUST

OBJECT OF RACE

OBJECT OF RACE

OBJECT OF RACE

OBJECT OF RACE

(base)BASE

PHYSICAL FORCEVIOLENT

LACKS INDIVIDUALITYMOOR

THINKS

EATSFED

FOOD

A METAPHYSICAL INFERIOR/ A DEVIL

HEAT

COLDNESS

HEAT

SATIETY

APPETITE

NON-APPETIZER

A CULTURAL INFERIORMOOR

AN AESTHETIC INFERIORDEFECTIVE

A SOCIAL

INFERIOR

LOVE IS A PHYSICAL FORCE (VIOLENT)

THE OBJECT OF RACE IS A CULTURAL INFERIOR

HEART IS MIND

EYE IS STOMACH (FED)

THE OBJECT OF LOVE IS FOOD

THE OBJECT OF RACE IS DEMONIZED/ A METAPHYSICAL INFERIOR

SENSUALITY IS HEAT

BOREDOM IS COLDNESS

SENSUALITY IS HEAT

LUST IS SATIETY

DESIRE IS APPETITE

THE OBJECT OF LUST IS A NON-APPETIZER

THE OBJECT OF RACE A CULTURAL INFERIOR

THE OBJECT OF RACE IS AN AESTHETIC INFERIOR LACKS AESTHETIC VALUES

29

Moor;

It is a most pregnant and unforced position?

A knave very voluble;no further conscionable than in putting on the mere form of civil and humane seeming, for...his… most hidden loose affection

a finder out of occasions; that has an eye can stamp and counterfeit advantages,

Besides, the knave … hath all those requisites in him that folly and green minds look after; a pestilent complete knave

‘minds look after’ is a personification

‘green mind’ is idiomatic

Clothing

Colour

‘minds look after’ is a personification

‘green minds’ is idiomatic34

‘folly’ is metonymy for ‘foolish people’

SUBJECT OF LOVE

OBJECT OF RACE

OBJECT OF LUST

SITUATION LUCIDITY

CLARITY

PRETENCE

PRETENCE

AFFECTION

EYE (counterfeit)

MIND

IMMATURE MIND

FOLLY

INFERIOR

AESTHETIC INFERIOR

EATS THE OBJECT OF LOVE

CULTURAL INFERIORMOOR

A NON-APPETIZING FOODABHORED

PREGNANT PREGNANCY

AN OBJECT

A FRAME (form)

CLOTHINGPUT ON

HIDDEN

PHOTOCOPIER

PERSON (looks after)LOOKS AFTER

GREEN

THE SUBJECT OF LOVE IS A DEVOURER

THE OBJECT OF RACE IS A SOCIAL CULTURAL INFERIOR

THE OBJECT OF LUST IS A NON-APPETIZING FOOD

AN OBVIOUS SITUATION IS A PREGNANT WOMANLUCIDITY IS PREGNANCY

CLARITY IS A VISIBLE OBJECT

PRETENCE IS A FRAME

PRETENCE IS CLOTHING (PUT ON)

IS A HIDDEN OBJECT

EYE IS A PHOTO COPIER (machine)

MIND IS A PERSON (LOOKS AFTER)

IMMATURE MINDS ARE GREEN

FOLLY IS FOOLISH

34 Green is “unripe… inexperienced… minds, … in judgement” (Schmidt, A. 1902 :495); The word ‘green’ is lexicalized in (OED 5th edition 1995) as “lacking experience” (ibid: 521)

30

PERSONAL TRAIT

MIND

FOLLISH PEOPLE

COLOURFUL

PEOPLE

PERSONAL TRAITS ARE COLOURFUL

Blest figs’ end!

Blest pudding! Didst thou not see her paddle with the palm of his hand?

Blest sausage!

‘figs’ end and pudding’ are euphemisms35

SEX IS FOOD36

‘blest figs’ end’ is a euphemistic idiom and ‘blest pudding’ is a euphemistic idiom37

‘Blest sausage’ is an idiomatic euphemism38

FEMALE SEXUAL ORGAN

SEXUAL INERCOURSE

MALE SEXUAL ORGAN

SEX

FOOD FIGS’ END

PUDDING

SAUSAGE

FOOD

SEXUAL ORGAN IS FOODFIGS’ END39

SEXUAL INTERCOURSE IS PUDDING

MALE SEXUAL ORGAN IS SAUSAGE

SEX IS FOOD

They met so near with their lips that their breaths embraced together

‘breath embraced, is a personification

Villainous thoughts,

‘breaths embraced’ is a personification

‘villainous

BREATHS

THOUGHTS

ACTION (mutuality)

EMBRACE

VILLAINOUS

LEADER

(marshal the

BREATH IS A PERSON (EMBRACES)

THOUGHTS ARE PERSONS

ACTIONS ARE

35 “Nothing in drinking the wine of grapes would prove chastity or its lack, but the three uses of ‘blessed’ …indicate Iago is contrasting the blessed wine that represents the blood of Christ in the Eucharist with the other wine that represents human BLOOD (semen). Desdemona, he says, has no blessed fig’s end (fica and vulva- F); nor a blessed PUDDING (fornication). Her most pregnant position is not a most blessed condition: she is not virgin, not chaste (Luke 1:42 ‘Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb’)” (Rubinstein 2nd edition 1989 :305)

36 (Fernández, E. C. 2008: 99); (Kӧvesces, Z. 1990)

37 “Nothing in drinking the wine of grapes would prove chastity or its lack, but the three uses of ‘blessed’ …indicate Iago is contrasting the blessed wine that represents the blood of Christ in the Eucharist with the other wine that represents human BLOOD (semen). Desdemona, he says, has no blessed fig’s end (fica and vulva- F); nor a blessed PUDDING (fornication). Her most pregnant position is not a most blessed condition: she is not virgin, not chaste (Luke 1:42 ‘Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb’)” (Rubinstein 2nd edition 1989 :305); “a vulgar expression, based on an obscene gesture” (Shakespeare, W. 2002: 319)

38 “Another vulgarism” (ibid)

39 (Fernández, E. C. 2008: 99); (Kövecses, Z. 1990)31

Roderigo!

personification

When these mutualities so marshal the way, hard at hand comes the master and main exercise

‘hard at hand’ is idiomatic

thoughts’ is a personification

‘hard at hand’ is idiomatic

EXCERSIZE

way)

COMES

LEADERS

ACTIONS ARE PERSONS

32