IHC chapter 15 4th edition
-
Upload
kellygcdet -
Category
Education
-
view
185 -
download
0
Transcript of IHC chapter 15 4th edition
![Page 1: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unit 6Communication in the Health Care
Setting
![Page 2: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 15The Patient as an Individual
![Page 3: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Patients as Individuals
• Patient well-being affected by attitude, expressed concern, and technical skills
• Individuals are complex– Cultural influences, personal experiences, and
basic human needs all play role
![Page 4: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Philosophy of Individual Worth
• Every human being has worth• Give same level of care regardless of
patients’ circumstances– Some patients present unique challenges
• More difficult than others• Experiencing pain and anxiety
![Page 5: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Dealing with Prejudice
• Prejudice– Negative feelings about people due to race,
cultural background, appearance, etc.– Prevents seeing people as unique individuals– Must identify own prejudices to deal with them– However, encourage positive health changes
when necessary
![Page 6: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Question
• True or False:– Almost everyone has prejudices of some type.
![Page 7: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Answer
• True• Although possibly unaware of them, almost
all people have prejudices
![Page 8: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Meaning of Culture
• Culture includes the following:– Values and beliefs– Social organization– Family structure– Language– Religion– Everyday activities
![Page 9: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Purpose of Culture
• Provides guidelines for behavior• Gives life predictability• Provides means for people to live together
in relative harmony
![Page 10: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cultural Differences
• Customs vary among cultures– Differences can cause misunderstandings
• Approaches:– Appreciate different approaches to life– Learn about other cultures
• Especially those of likely future patients
![Page 11: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cultural Differences
• Approaches:– Avoid assuming patients will always
understand you– Remember that members of cultural groups
may or may not practice certain customs
![Page 12: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cultural Differences
• Approaches:– Be sensitive to possible cultural differences
and patient needs– Ask appropriate questions to learn about
patients– Recognize there are many cultural sub-groups
![Page 13: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dominant Culture
• Generally accepted foundational beliefs of society or country
• Examples of U.S. culture:– Importance of efficiency and punctuality– Shaking hands when meeting new people
![Page 14: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Subcultures
• Many subcultures exist in U.S.– Individuals may have customs different from
dominant culture• But never make assumptions about people based
on appearance– Personal space
• Comfortable distance for conversation• Varies among cultural groups
![Page 15: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Question
• Comfortable personal space in the dominant culture of the U.S. is about ____ .A. 6 inchesB. 12 inchesC. 18 inches
![Page 16: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Answer
• C. 18 inches• Comfortable personal space considered
appropriate by dominant culture of U.S.:– Approximately 18 inches
![Page 17: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Question
• True or False:– A new female patient arrives at Dr. Hendrick’s
office wearing a long dress and a head covering. It is safe for the medical assistant to assume the patient is Muslim.
![Page 18: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Answer
• False• Never safe to assume anything about
patient’s culture based on appearance
![Page 19: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Major U.S. Cultural Groups
• African Americans• Asian Americans• European Americans• Hispanic Americans• Native Americans
![Page 20: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Question
• Which of the following immigrant groups tends to retain their native language and customs?A. Young people looking for better economic
opportunitiesB. Older adults escaping persecutionC. Professionals who have skills in the U.S.
![Page 21: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Answer
• B. Older adults escaping persecution• Older adults who feel forced to leave native
countries tend to retain customs more than younger people
![Page 22: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Question
• True or False:– Direct eye contact is a sign of sincerity for most
cultural groups.
![Page 23: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Answer
• False• Eye contact
– Sign of sincerity in dominant U.S. culture• However, many groups view as rude or aggressive
![Page 24: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Health Care Beliefs
• Vary widely among cultural groups• Differences include the following:
– Definitions of good health– Causes of disease– Methods of treatment
![Page 25: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Health Care Beliefs
• Traditional Western medicine– Practiced by most U.S. physicians– Focused on physical aspects of body– Employs scientific methods
![Page 26: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Religion and Health Care
• Religious and spiritual beliefs influence many health care practices– Shamans– Faith healing– Illness as will of God or punishment for sins– Prayer– Evil eye
![Page 27: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Harmony and Health
• Balance of body, mind, and spirit• Growing interest in U.S.• Basic belief of many cultures
– Chinese concept of yin and yang
![Page 28: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Harmony and Health
• Body humor theory– Traditional Hispanic belief– Four fluids control body– Hot and cold disorders and treatments
![Page 29: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Question
• True or False:– T’ai chi is a form of acupuncture that originated
in China and is becoming accepted in the U.S.
![Page 30: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Answer
• False• T’ai chi
– Form of Chinese martial arts– Involves focusing mind and performing slow
body movements
![Page 31: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Herbs and Plant Medicines
• Used for thousands of years• Many used today• Growing interest in U.S. in “natural”
remedies– Not controlled by Food and Drug
Administration (FDA)– Can be harmful
![Page 32: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
• Developed by American psychologist Abraham Maslow
• Human behavior motivated by efforts to meet needs
• Five categories of needs ranked in order of importance for human fulfillment
![Page 33: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
• Level 1: physiological– Food, shelter, and water
• Level 2: safety and security– Free from physical and psychological harm
• Level 3: love and affection– Friendships and intimacy
![Page 34: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
• Level 4: self-esteem– Opinion individual has of self
• Level 5: self-actualization– Achievement of full personal potential
![Page 35: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Question
• True or False:– It is necessary to fully meet each need on
Maslow’s hierarchy before moving up to the next level.
![Page 36: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Answer
• False• Life is dynamic process
– Not necessary to fully meet need category before moving to next level
![Page 37: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
• Illness and injury alter human needs• Full recovery may involve moving up
hierarchy• Role of health care professionals:
– Recognize patients’ needs– Help patients meet needs at each level
![Page 38: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Defense Mechanisms
• Responses to perceived threats to self-esteem– Provide relief from mental discomfort and
anxiety– Commonly used at times of stress
• E.g., illness, injury
![Page 39: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Defense Mechanisms
• Compensation– Meet need through substitution
• Control– Use inappropriate control to make up for loss of
control elsewhere• Denial
– Pretend something is not true
![Page 40: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Defense Mechanisms
• Displacement– Transfer feelings about one person to another
• Acting out– Express difficult feelings by performing extreme
behavior• Malingering
– Pretend to be ill
![Page 41: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Defense Mechanisms
• Projection– See own weaknesses in others
• Rationalization– Explain behavior with socially acceptable
reason• Regression
– Use inappropriate behavior for age
![Page 42: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Defense Mechanisms
• Repression– Keep unpleasant memories out of awareness
• Withdrawal– Refuse to communicate with others or
participate in social activities
![Page 43: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Question
• If the health care professional suspects a patient is displaying a defense mechanism to deal with fear, it is best to _____ .A. Show interest in patient’s well-beingB. Tell the patient not to worryC. Ignore the patient’s behavior
![Page 44: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Answer
• A. Show interest in the patient’s well-being– Demonstrate acceptance of patient’s feelings,
listen, provide information as needed
![Page 45: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Dealing with Loss
• Losses include:– Death of loved one– Independence– Physical ability– Good health
• Loss can significantly influence patient behavior
![Page 46: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Dealing with Loss
• Health care professionals can help patients deal with loss– Recognize significance to individuals– Give patients opportunity to share feelings– Help patients explore ways to deal with loss
![Page 47: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Ways Individuals Deal with Loss
• Seek support from family and friends• Find comfort in religion• Draw on self-esteem• Employ problem-solving techniques• Use defense mechanisms• Become angry or depressed
![Page 48: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Individual Needs
• Effectiveness of health care worker dependent on– Understanding and respecting individual
differences• Patients have different perceptions of health
care setting
![Page 49: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Determining Individual Needs
• Observe patient’s behavior and ways of interacting with others
• Determine whether language barriers present
• Ask questions to learn individual preferences
![Page 50: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Determining Individual Needs
• Listen carefully to patient’s responses• Some patients need more information than
others– Explain what is being done and why
![Page 51: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Question
• True or False:– It is appropriate to ask patients directly about
their health care beliefs.
![Page 52: IHC chapter 15 4th edition](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/5879d2071a28ab842c8b547d/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Answer
• True• Appropriate to ask patients questions about
health care beliefs– Should be done in inquiring manner
• Rather than judgmental