Igbp Science in Pakistan

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IGBPIGBP SCIENCE INSCIENCE INPAKISTANPAKISTAN

ByBy

Dr. Amir Muhammed Dr. Amir Muhammed

Chairman,Chairman,Pakistan National IGBP CommitteePakistan National IGBP Committee



PAKISTANPAKISTANGEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION



SOCIO-ECONOMICSOCIO-ECONOMICPROFILEPROFILEPopulation:Population: 149 million149 million

Growth Rate:Growth Rate: 2.06%2.06%

Literacy rate:Literacy rate: 51%51% MaleMale 53%53%

FemaleFemale

29%29%

GDP (per capita):GDP (per capita): $492$492

Population below poverty line:32%Population below poverty line:32%UrbanUrban 22%22%

RuralRural 39%39%Health ExpenditureHealth Expenditure 0.7% of GDP0.7% of GDP

Rural population access to;Rural population access to;

Safe drinking water:Safe drinking water: 48%48%Sanitation:Sanitation: 23%23%



CLIMATECLIMATEMostly Arid and Semi arid; temperateMostly Arid and Semi arid; temperate

in the North west in the North west Hot dry summers,Hot dry summers,

Temperatures upto 53Temperatures upto 53 00c (127c (127 00 F)F)

RainfallRainfallAnnual average (weighted): 278 mmAnnual average (weighted): 278 mm

• South:South: 80 - 200 mm80 - 200 mm• North:North: 250 – 1600 mm250 – 1600 mm

Monsoon Share:Monsoon Share: 49%49%



TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE



RAINFALLRAINFALL



AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURELargest sector of Economy (24% of GDP)Largest sector of Economy (24% of GDP)

68% population rural; directly or indirectly68% population rural; directly or indirectly

depends on agriculturedepends on agricultureIndustries almost entirely agro basedIndustries almost entirely agro based

>80% exports agro based>80% exports agro based

Predominantly depends on irrigationPredominantly depends on irrigation



IRRIGATION NETWORKIRRIGATION NETWORK



WATER AVAILABILITYWATER AVAILABILITY



RECENT TRENDS INRECENT TRENDS IN

CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGEDrought in Pakistan for last threeDrought in Pakistan for last threeyearsyears

Forecast for continued dry weather inForecast for continued dry weather inarid areas of the sub-continentarid areas of the sub-continent

Extremes getting severe-intense shortExtremes getting severe-intense shortduration rains, prolonged dry spellsduration rains, prolonged dry spells



IMPACT ON RAINFALL & IMPACT ON RAINFALL &

WARMINGWARMING

Historical comparisonHistorical comp arison (1930-60 & 1960-90)(1930-60 & 1960-90)

Rise in mean temp. of 0.5-1.0Rise in mean temp. of 0.5-1.0 00C in aridC in aridcoastal areas, arid mountains and hypercoastal areas, arid mountains and hyper

arid plainsarid plains10-15% decrease in rainfall in above10-15% decrease in rainfall in aboveregionsregions15-35% increase in rainfall in monsoon15-35% increase in rainfall in monsoonzonezone0.5 to 0.75% Increase in solar radiation0.5 to 0.75% Increase in solar radiationin Balochistan and Southern Pakistanin Balochistan and Southern Pakistan1-2% decrease in cloud cover in central1-2% decrease in cloud cover in centralPakistan with increase in sunshine hoursPakistan with increase in sunshine hours



IMPACT ON WATER IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES AND ECONOMYRESOURCES AND ECONOMY

Less snowfall, slow deposits & glacierizationLess snowfall, slow deposits & glacierization

Reduced river flowsReduced river flows

Reduction in storage of water in damsReduction in storage of water in dams

Less rainfall in arid areas, prolonged droughtsLess rainfall in arid areas, prolonged droughts



Air PollutionAir Pollution• Number of vehicles jumped from less than one million toNumber of vehicles jumped from less than one million to

about 4 million during last 20 yearsabout 4 million during last 20 years• Av. Suspended particulate matter in major cities 6 timesAv. Suspended particulate matter in major cities 6 times

higher than WHO standardhigher than WHO standard

Water PollutionWater Pollution• Existing water resources under threat due to untreatedExisting water resources under threat due to untreated

discharge of municipal and industrial wastes.discharge of municipal and industrial wastes. (Pak-EPA(Pak-EPAstudy:study: Biological Oxygen Demand of river Ravi (Lahore)was 300Biological Oxygen Demand of river Ravi (Lahore)was 300mg/litre (9 mg/l is acceptablemg/litre (9 mg/l is acceptable ))

•

Increasing use of agro-chemicals polluting river andIncreasing use of agro-chemicals polluting river andunderground waterunderground water• Drinking water unfit for human consumption in mostDrinking water unfit for human consumption in most

citiescities



Industrial PollutionIndustrial Pollution

• Imports 525 types of chemicals for processingImports 525 types of chemicals for processingindustries, in addition to locally producedindustries, in addition to locally produced

• Processing generates wastes & poses risk toProcessing generates wastes & poses risk topublic health, land, water and marine resourcespublic health, land, water and marine resources

• Kasur Tanneries discharging effluent with chromeKasur Tanneries discharging effluent with chrome

concn. of > 200 mg/litre (standard 1 mg/l) andconcn. of > 200 mg/litre (standard 1 mg/l) andCOD of >7000/l ( limit 150 mg/l)COD of >7000/l ( limit 150 mg/l)



Marine PollutionMarine Pollution• Karachi generates 280 mn gallons of domestic andKarachi generates 280 mn gallons of domestic and

industrial waste daily. 80% untreated waste from 6000industrial waste daily. 80% untreated waste from 6000industrial units dischargeindustrial units discharge dd into seainto sea

• 8,000T garbage generated daily in Karachi, dumped8,000T garbage generated daily in Karachi, dumpedrandomly at various locations. Some finds its way into searandomly at various locations. Some finds its way into sea

• Karachi harbour area, including marine channel, is one of Karachi harbour area, including marine channel, is one of the most oil-polluted area along the coast of Pakistanthe most oil-polluted area along the coast of Pakistan

• Serious threat to marine environment, fisheries andSerious threat to marine environment, fisheries and

mangrove resources, affecting poor coastal population.mangrove resources, affecting poor coastal population.

Loss of BiodiversityLoss of Biodiversity



R&D EXPENDITURER&D EXPENDITURE

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Japan Korea India Pakistan

% o

f G N P

Total

Private Sector

Source: PCST Publications, “S&T Potential 1990” & “S&T Indicators of Pakistan, 1999”.

UNESCO Year Book 1999



R&D MANPOWER R&D MANPOWER

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Singapore Korea India Malays ia Pak is tan

P e r

M i l l i o n P o p u l a t i o n

1996-97

Source: UNESCO Year Book 1999Source: UNESCO Year Book 1999



SCIENCE LEARNED BODIESSCIENCE LEARNED BODIES

Pakistan Academy of SciencesPakistan Academy of Sciences

Pakistan Association for Pakistan Association for Advancement of ScienceAdvancement of Science

Scientific Society of PakistanScientific Society of Pakistan



IGBP COMMITTEE OFIGBP COMMITTEE OF

PAKISTANPAKISTANDr. Amir Muhammed:Dr. Amir Muhammed: AgricultureAgriculture

Dr. M.D. ShamiDr. M.D. Shami Chemical TechnologyChemical Technology

Prof. Iftikar MalikProf. Iftikar Malik Medical (Pathology)Medical (Pathology)

Mr. Tajammal H. HashmiMr. Tajammal H. Hashmi EngineeringEngineering

Dr. Iqbal Hussain QuershiDr. Iqbal Hussain Quershi ChemistryChemistry

Prof. Dr. M.Suhail ZubairyProf. Dr. M.Suhail Zubairy ElectronicsElectronics

Prof. Dr. M.Qasim JanProf. Dr. M.Qasim Jan GeologyGeology

Dr. QamaruzzamanDr. Qamaruzzaman MeteorologyMeteorology



INSTITUTIONS RELEVANTINSTITUTIONS RELEVANTTO GC RESEARCHTO GC RESEARCH

Pakistan Council for Scientific & IndustrialPakistan Council for Scientific & IndustrialResearchResearch

Pakistan Agriculture Research CouncilPakistan Agriculture Research CouncilPak. Council for Res. in Water ResourcesPak. Council for Res. in Water ResourcesWater and Power Development AuthorityWater and Power Development Authority

National Institute of OceanographyNational Institute of OceanographyPakistan Meteorological DepartmentPakistan Meteorological DepartmentGlobal Change Impact Studies CentreGlobal Change Impact Studies Centre



GC SCIENCE PROJECTSGC SCIENCE PROJECTS Water Resources in South Asia – An assessment of Climate Change associatedWater Resources in South Asia – An assessment of Climate Change associatedvulnerabilities and coping mechanisms” APN 2003-4vulnerabilities and coping mechanisms” APN 2003-4 (( PakistanPakistan , , Bangladesh, India,Bangladesh, India,Nepal,USA)Nepal,USA)

Global Change impact assessment for Himalayan Mountain Region for EnvironmentalGlobal Change impact assessment for Himalayan Mountain Region for EnvironmentalManagement and Sustainable Development” APN #2003-3Management and Sustainable Development” APN #2003-3 (( Nepal Nepal , India, Pakistan), India, Pakistan)

Inventory of Glaciers and Glacial Lakes and the identification of Potential Glacial LakeInventory of Glaciers and Glacial Lakes and the identification of Potential Glacial LakeOutburst Floods (GLOFs) affected by Global Warming in the MountainsOutburst Floods (GLOFs) affected by Global Warming in the MountainsAPN #2003-5APN #2003-5 (( Nepal Nepal , Pakistan, India, China, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea), Pakistan, India, China, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea)

An assessment of nutrient, sediment and carbon fluxes to the coastal zone in SouthAn assessment of nutrient, sediment and carbon fluxes to the coastal zone in SouthAsia and their relationship to human activities-(APN #2001-20)Asia and their relationship to human activities-(APN #2001-20) :: (( SrilankaSrilanka , ,Pakistan, India, Nepal, USA, Australia)Pakistan, India, Nepal, USA, Australia)

Management Responses to Seasonal Climate Forecasts in Mixed Cropping Systems of Management Responses to Seasonal Climate Forecasts in Mixed Cropping Systems of South Asia's Semi-Arid Tropics (CLIMAG) APN #2000-17South Asia's Semi-Arid Tropics (CLIMAG) APN #2000-17 (( Australia Australia , India, Pakistan,, India, Pakistan,USA)USA)

South Asian Regional Experiment to Characterize and Evaluate PhysiologicalSouth Asian Regional Experiment to Characterize and Evaluate PhysiologicalResponse of Rice Varieties to CO2 Enrichment. APN #2000-08Response of Rice Varieties to CO2 Enrichment. APN #2000-08 (( IndiaIndia , Bangladesh,,, Bangladesh,,Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka)Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka)

APN Networking & Capacity Building Workshop#2000-NC02APN Networking & Capacity Building Workshop#2000-NC02 (( PakistanPakistan , Bangladesh,, Bangladesh,NepalNepal ,, Sri Lanka)Sri Lanka)



PROPOSAL FOR STRENGTHENINGPROPOSAL FOR STRENGTHENINGIGBP SCIENCE IN PAKISTANIGBP SCIENCE IN PAKISTAN

Sensitize policy makers to importance of GC studiesSensitize policy makers to importance of GC studies

Establish focal point for GC aspects in M/0 EnvironmentEstablish focal point for GC aspects in M/0 Environment

Regional and national capacity building workshopsRegional and national capacity building workshops

Establish education programs in environmental scienceEstablish education programs in environmental science

Incorporate GC concerns in curriculaIncorporate GC concerns in curricula

Graduate course on GC science in region (AIT Bangkok?)Graduate course on GC science in region (AIT Bangkok?)

Enhance capacity for science-based GC studiesEnhance capacity for science-based GC studiesSupport collab. research with developed country scientistsSupport collab. research with developed country scientists

Encourage visiting scientist program for young scientistsEncourage visiting scientist program for young scientists

Igbp Science in Pakistan

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