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TableofContents

Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................................................................4

EducationalGoalsforLifeScience1................................................................................................................................................................5

MasterMaterialsListforAllLabs.....................................................................................................................................................................7

LabSafety...................................................................................................................................................................................................................8

Lesson#1:RoboticHand.....................................................................................................................................................................................9

Lesson#2:ChemicalFingerprinting.............................................................................................................................................................11

Lesson#3:DetectiveBoxes...............................................................................................................................................................................14

Lesson#4:DetectingTemperatureChanges.............................................................................................................................................17

Lesson#5:RubberEggs.....................................................................................................................................................................................19

Lesson#6:FoggyHands.....................................................................................................................................................................................21

Lesson#7:FingerThermometers..................................................................................................................................................................23

Lesson#8:CoolingandHeating......................................................................................................................................................................25

Lesson#9:TestingMuscleStrength..............................................................................................................................................................27

Lesson#10:InsideBones..................................................................................................................................................................................29

Lesson#11:TendonReflex...............................................................................................................................................................................31

Lesson#12:DetectingPlaque..........................................................................................................................................................................33

Lesson#13:PTCTesting....................................................................................................................................................................................35

Lesson#14:TestingSpitSamples..................................................................................................................................................................37

Lesson#15:MappingYourTongue...............................................................................................................................................................39

Lesson#16:TastyTasteBuds..........................................................................................................................................................................42

Lesson#17:Stethoscope....................................................................................................................................................................................44

Lesson#18:HeartRateMonitoring..............................................................................................................................................................47

Lesson#19:What’sYourLungCapacity?...................................................................................................................................................49

Lesson#20:WorkingLungModel.................................................................................................................................................................51

Lesson#21:DetectingCarbonDioxide........................................................................................................................................................53

Lesson#22:ScentMatching.............................................................................................................................................................................55

Lesson#23:Swallowing.....................................................................................................................................................................................57

Lesson#24:Diffusion..........................................................................................................................................................................................59


Lesson#25:ConsumingOxygen.....................................................................................................................................................................61

Lesson#26:EyeBalloon....................................................................................................................................................................................64

Lesson#27:WaterLens.....................................................................................................................................................................................67

Lesson#28:DisappearingFrog.......................................................................................................................................................................69

Lesson#29:VisualReflex..................................................................................................................................................................................71

Lesson#30:CameraEyes..................................................................................................................................................................................73

Lesson#31:HumanLevers...............................................................................................................................................................................75

Lesson#33:SoundMatching...........................................................................................................................................................................79

Lesson#34:SoundWhackers..........................................................................................................................................................................81

Lesson#35:BigEars............................................................................................................................................................................................83

Lesson#36:NerveTester..................................................................................................................................................................................85

Lesson#37:AllAboutKidneys........................................................................................................................................................................87

LifeScience2Evaluation...................................................................................................................................................................................92

LifeScience2Quiz................................................................................................................................................................................................93

LifeScience2LabPractical...............................................................................................................................................................................94

AnswerstoExercisesandQuizzes.................................................................................................................................................................95

VocabularyfortheUnit....................................................................................................................................................................................101


Introduction

GreetingsandwelcometothestudyofHumanAnatomy.Thisunitwascreatedbyamechanicalengineer,universityinstructor,airplanepilot,astronomer,robot‐builderandrealrocketscientist…me!IhavethehappyopportunitytoteachyoueverythingIknowoverthenextsetoflessons.Ipromisetogiveyoumybeststuffsoyoucantakeitandrunwithit…orfly!

Togetthemostoutoftheselabs,therearereallyonlyacoupleofthingstokeepinmind.Sinceweareallheretohavefunandlearnsomethingnew,thisshouldn’tbetoohard.

Oneofthebestthingsyoucandoasthestudentistocultivateyourcuriosityaboutthings.Whydidthatmove?Howdidthatspin?What’sreallygoingonhere?

ThisunitonHumanAnatomyischockfullofdemonstrationsandexperimentsfortwobigreasons.First,they’refun.Butmoreimportantly,thereasonwedoexperimentsinscienceistohoneyourobservationalskills.ScienceexperimentsreallyspeakforthemselvesmuchbetterthanIcaneverputintowordsorshowyouonavideo.AndI’mgoingtohityouwithalotofthesesciencedemonstrationsandexperimentstohelpyoudevelopyourobservingtechniques.

Scientistsnotonlylearntoobservewhat’sgoingonintheexperiment,buttheyalsolearnhowtoobservewhattheirexperimentistellingthem,whichisfoundbylookingatyourdata.It’snotenoughtoinventsomenewkindofexperimentifyoudon’tknowhowitwillperformwhentheconditionschangeabit,likeonMars.We’regoingtolearnhowtopredictwhatwethinkwillhappen,designexperimentsthatwilltestthisidea,andlookovertheresultswegottofigureoutwheretogofromthere.Scienceisaprocess,it’sawayofthinking,andwe’regoingtogetplentyofpracticeatit.

GoodluckwiththisLifeScience:HumanAnatomyunit!


FortheParent/Teacher:EducationalGoalsforLifeScience1

Yourbodydoesatremendousnumberofthingsallthetime.You’regoingtolearnaboutyourskeleton,bonejoints,muscletension,bloodcells,lungs,ears,andeyes!Someoftheexperimentsyou’llbecreatinginclude:aworkinglungmodelsoyoucanseehowpressuredifferencesaffectthelungsanddiaphragm;arobotichandmodelwithrealtendons;workingeyemodelwhichyoucanadaptfornear‐andfarsightedconditions;howtodochemicalfingerprinting…andsomuchmore!

Wewillgooverintegumentary,skeletal,andmuscularsystemsbybeginningwithageneraloverviewofthebody.We’llalsolearnaboutwhatweshouldeatanddiscoverwhathappenstofoodonceweswallowit.Anothersystemwe’llcoveristherespiratorysystem,whichisresponsibleforprovidingyourorganswiththeoxygentheyneedandremovingthecarbondioxidetheydon’t.Speakingofthingsyourbodydoesn’tneed,ournexttopicwillbetheexcretorysystem,theoneresponsibleforgettingridofallwastefromthebody.We’lltalkabouthowyourbodyallowsyoutodoallthethingsyoudo.Inordertodothosethings,yourbodymuststayhealthy,andkeepingyouhealthyisthejoboftheimmunesystem.

Herearethescientificconcepts:

1. Aninheritedtraitcanbedeterminedbyoneormoregenes.2. Thesequentialstepsofdigestion,andtherolesofteethandmouth,esophagus,stomach,smallintestine,

largeintestine,andcoloninthefunctionofthedigestivesystem.3. Organsystemsfunctionbecauseofthecontributionsofindividualorgans,tissues,andcells.Thefailureof

anypartcanaffecttheentiresystem.4. Howbonesandmusclesworktogethertoprovideastructuralframeworkformovement.5. Howtorelatethestructuresoftheeyeandeartotheirfunctions.6. Howtocomparejointsinthebody(wrist,shoulder,thigh)withstructuresusedinmachinesandsimple

devices(hinge,ball‐and‐socket,andslidingjoints).7. Howleversconfermechanicaladvantageandhowtheapplicationofthisprincipleappliestothe

musculoskeletalsystem.8. Howkidneysremovecellularwastefrombloodandconvertitintourine,whichisstoredinthebladder.9. Howbloodcirculatesthroughtheheartchambers,lungs,andbody,andhowcarbondioxide(CO2)and

oxygen(O2)areexchangedinthelungsandtissues.10. Contractionsoftheheartgeneratebloodpressure,andheartvalvespreventbackflowofbloodinthe

circulatorysystem.11. Howthefivesenses(sight,smell,sound,taste,andtouch)worktogether.

Bytheendofthelabsinthisunit,studentswillbeableto:

Designandbuildaworkingrobotichandbyunderstandinghowtendonsworktocreatemovement. Knowhowtodemonstratehowtheeyeworks,anddemonstratecommoneyeproblems. Understandhowtodeterminelungcapacity,monitorheartrate,andseveralothermeasurablefunctionsof

thebody. Demonstratehowthebodycanbemodeledbysimplemachinesandjointmodels.


Differentiateobservationfrominference(interpretation)andknowscientists’explanationscomepartlyfromwhattheyobserveandpartlyfromhowtheyinterprettheirobservations.

Measureandestimatetheweight,lengthandvolumeofobjects. Formulateandjustifypredictionsbasedoncause‐and‐effectrelationships. Conductmultipletrialstotestapredictionanddrawconclusionsabouttherelationshipsbetween

predictionsandresults. Constructandinterpretgraphsfrommeasurements.

Followasetofwritteninstructionsforascientificinvestigation.


MasterMaterialsListforAllLabsThisisabrieflistofthematerialsthatyouwillneedtodoalloftheactivities,experimentsandprojectsinthisunit.Thesetofmaterialslistedbelowisjustforonelabgroup.Mostmaterialsarereusable.Partsnumbersarefromwww.hometrainingtools.comunlessnoted.

#3one‐holestopper(CE‐STOP03A)”Y”hoseconnector(CE‐TUBEY)aluminumtartpanammoniaammoniumnitrate(UN1942)baggie,gallonsizebaggies(6,re‐sealable)bakingsodaballoons(4round,9‐inch)bathroomscalebeansdoubleconvexlens(OP‐LEN4X30)blackcoffee(1cup)blackmarker,permanentblacktea(1bag)blindfoldbromothymolblue(CH‐BROMOBL)calciumchloride(CH‐CACL2)chalkcinnamonoilclockwithsecondhandcoffeefilterorcheeseclothcottonballs(11)cottonswabs(4)craftstickcups(8)cuttingboarddarkorbitterchocolatedimedisposablecupsdistilledwhitevinegardrill(withadulthelp)energydrink,likeGatoradeeyedropper(CE‐DROPPER)

fabric(1smallpiece)fan(variable‐speed)filmcanisters(10)funnel(CE‐FUNNEL)garlic(fresh,oneclove)garlicpressglassjarglovesgoggles“goldenrod”coloredpapergroundcinnamonhard‐boiledegghose(4’)(CE‐TUBERU2)hotgluewithgluesticksiodine(CH‐IODINE)kitchenknife(withadulthelp)largeplasticbowllatexgloveslemonliquidcrystalthermometer(www.teachersource.comLC‐2530B)magnifyinglensmatchesmeasuringcupsmeterstickoryardstickmicroscopeslide(MS‐SLIDEPL)microwavemirrornewsprintwithsmalltypenylonstockings(oneoldpair)onionpaperplates(2)papertowelpaperclipspenniespetroleumjelly(orlipbalm)

pHpaperstrips(CH‐PHSTRIP)PTCpaper(CH‐PTCTEST)reddisclosingtablets(fromyourdentist)redfooddyeredvinegarricerubberbandrubberbands(8)rubbingalcoholsaltsaltyandsodacrackerssandsandpapersawdust(orpencilshavings)scissorsscrapofcardboardshoeboxeswithlids(4)smallcontainerswithlids(10)soda(likecola)sodabottle(2)soupcansoysaucespoonsstraws(50)straws,flexible(5)string,12incheslongstyrofoamcupssugartapetennisballthermometertoiletpapertubetoothpicks(2)vanillaextractvotivecandlewasher(3/8”insidediameter)

©2014SuperchargedScience 8 www.SuperchargedScience.com

LabSafetyGoggles:Theseshouldbewornwhenworkingwithchemicals,heat,fire,orprojectiles.Theseprotectyoureyesfromchemicalsplatter,explosions,andtinyfast‐movingobjectsaimedattheeyes.Ifyouwearglasses,youcanfindgogglesthatfitoverthem.Don’tsubstituteeyeglassesforgoggles,becauseofthelackofsideprotection.Eyeglassesdon’tprovidethisimportantsideeyeprotection.

CleanupMesses:Yourlabareashouldbeneat,organized,andspotlessbeforeyoustart,duringyourexperiment,andwhenyouleave.Scientistswastemoretimehuntingforlostpapers,piecesofanexperiment,andtryingtorepositionsensitiveequipment…allofwhichcouldhaveeasilybeenavoidedhadtheybeentaughtorganizationalskillsfromthestart.

DisposeofPoisons:Ifapoisonoussubstancewasused,created,orproducedduringyourexperiment,youmustfollowtheproperhandlingproceduresfordisposal.You’llfinddetailsforthisintheexperimentsasneeded.

SpecialNotesonBatteries:Donotusealkalinebatterieswithyourexperiments.Findthesuper‐cheapkindofbatteries(usuallylabeled“HeavyDuty”or“SuperHeavyDuty”)becausethesetypesofbatterieshaveacarbon‐zinccore,whichdoesnotcontaintheacidthatalkalinebatterieshave.Thismeanswhenyouwireupcircuitsincorrectly(whichyoushouldexpecttodobecauseyouarelearning),thecircuitswillnotoverheatorleak.Ifyouusealkalinebatteries(likeEnergizerandDuracell)andyourstudentsshortacircuit,theirwiresandcomponentswillgetsuper‐hotandleakacid,whichisverydangerous.

NoEatingorDrinkingintheLab:Allfoodsanddrinksarebannedfromyourclassroomduringscienceexperimentation.Whenyoueatordrink,youruntheveryrealriskofingestingpartofyourexperiment.Forelectricityandmagnetismlabs,alwayswashyourhandsafterthelabisovertorinseofftheleadfromtheelectricalcomponents.

NoHorsePlay:Whenyougoofaround,accidentshappen,whichmeanschemicalsspill,circuitsshort,andallkindsofhazardscanoccurthatyouweren’texpecting.Neverthrowanythingtoanotherpersonandbecarefulwhereyouputyourhands–itcouldbeinthemiddleofasensitiveexperiment,especiallywithmagnetismandelectricity.Youdon’twanttoruntheriskofgettingshockedorelectrifiedwhenit’snotpartofyourexperiment.

Fire:Ifyouthinkthere’safireintheroom(evenifyou’renotsure),letyourteacherknowrightaway.Iftheyarenotaround(theyalwaysshouldbe),smotherthefirewithafireblanketoruseafireextinguisherandsendsomeonetofindanadult.Stop,drop,androll!

Questions:Ifyou’renotsureaboutsomethingstopandask,nomatterwhatit’sabout.Ifyoudon’tknowhowtoproperlyhandleachemical,dopartofanexperiment,ask!Ifyou’renotcomfortabledoingpartoftheexperiment,thendon’tdoit.


Lesson#1:RoboticHandOverview:Yourbodymoveswiththemusclespullonthebonesthroughligamentsandtendons.Ligamentsattachthebonestootherbones,andthetendonsattachthebonestothemuscles.Ifyouplaceyourrelaxedarmonatable,palm‐sideup,youcangetthefingerstomovebypushingonthetendonsbelowyourwrist.We’regoingtomakearealworkingmodelofyourhand,completewiththetendonsthatmovethefingers!Areyouready?

Materials

flexiblestraws(5) scrapofcardboard(atleastasbigasyourhand) rubberbands(5) stringorthinrope(5feettotal,andalighterwithadulthelpifyou’reusingnylonrope) hotgluewithgluesticks scissors razor pen

Experiment

1. Usingthepen,traceagrown‐up’shandonthecardboard.2. Cutoutthehandshapewithscissors,orarazor(withadulthelp).Ifusingarazor,alsoroundoffthetipsof

thefingersusingscissors.3. Placeyourhandpalmupbesidethecardboardcutout.Useyourhandasaguidetomarkapproximately

wherethesegmentsofyourhandsareonthecardboard.4. Thelowestsegmentlinesareprobablybelowthecutportionofthecardboard,sousethescissorstocutthe

cardboardfingersapartdowntothefirstsegmentline.5. Besurethereisasegmentlinethatindicatesthemoundwhereyourthumbbendsintothepalm.6. Openuptheflexiblepartofthestraws.Takethefirststrawandlineitupwiththebottomofthecardboard

hand,makingsurethebendypartisabouthalfwayupthecardboardpalm.7. Makeastripeofhotgluedownthecardboard.Thenplacethestrawonthecardboardhandandreinforceit

withanextrastripeofgluedowneithersideofthestraw.Dothisforeachfinger.Ifyoucan’tgettoeachside,it’sfinetodoonlyone.

8. Forthethumb,placetheflexibleportionalittlefurtherdownsothatthestrawoverhangsthebottomofthehand.Flipoverthehandtotrimoffthisexcessandalsotrimtheexcessstrawfromthetopofeachfinger.

9. Youwillneedadulthelptonotchthestraws.Notetheguidelinesyoudrewforeachfingersegment.Holdingtherazorbladeata45°angle,carefullypiercethestrawandslicedownwards.Dothisoneachsideofthelineandforeachsegmentofeachfingerandthumb.Besuretomakeawideenoughnotchtoallowforagoodrangeofmotionforyourhand.

10. Notingthenotchpositionsfromthesideofthehand,turnthehandoverandscoreONLYthetoplayerofcardboard.Thisallowsthefingerstomove,butkeepsthemattached.Dothisforeachsegmentoneachfingerandthethumb.


11. Cutyourstringintofiveequalpieces.Ifusingnylonrope,haveanadulthelpsingetheendstopreventfraying.

12. Cutopeneachoftherubberbandsandtieeachofthemtooneoftheropepieces.Makesuretheknotisverysecureandisasclosetotheendoftheropeaspossible.Pullontherubberbandtoensureitissecure.

13. Threadtheropeendthroughthetopofthestrawssothattherubberbandgoesoverthetopofthehandtoaroundtothefront.Givealittlebitofstretchtotherubberband,butnotsomuchthatthestringispulledoutofthestraw.Theknotshouldstayatthetopofthefinger,butalittletensionisneededtoensurethehandreturnstothispositionafterpullingonthestrings.Hotgluedowntherubberbands.

14. Therubberbandsmaynotlineupperfectly,dependingontheportionusedineachknot.15. Now,thestringsatthebottomofthecardboardhandwillactastendons.Trytopullthemandseehow

yourhandworks.Adjustanyrubberbandthatslipsoffbypullingitup,movingitover,andregluingit.

Reading

Voluntarymusclesareonetypeofmusclesinourbody.Theyallowhumanstowalk,jump,carrythings,andmuchmore.Thesevoluntarymusclesareattachedtoourboneswithsmallthreadlikestructurescalledtendons,whichareaconnectivetissue.Ligamentsandcartilageareotherexamplesofconnectivetissuesinourbody.Astheirnamesuggests,connectivetissueconnectsonepartofthebodytoanotherandisalsoinvolvedinstructuralsupport.Ligamentsaresimilartotendons,buttheyjoinonebonetoanotherbone.Tendonsattachmusclestobone,helpingthemusclestoshorten(orcontract)andmovethebone.Withouttendons,itwouldbeimpossibleforourbodytomoveasitdoes.

Thewristhastwotypesoftendons.Flexortendonscurlthefingersandthumb,andallowthewristtobend.Extensortendonsworktostraightenandextendthefingers.

Exercises

1. Whattypesofmusclesareconnectedtoourbones?

2. Whichtypeofconnectivetissueconnectsourmusclestoourbones?

3. Whatdoextensortendonsinourwristdo?

4. Whatdoflexortendonsdo?


Lesson#2:ChemicalFingerprinting

Overview:Didyouknowthatthepatternsonthetipsofyourfingersareunique?It’strue!Justlikenotwosnowflakesarealike,notwopeoplehavethesamesetoffingerprints.Inthisexperiment,youwillbeusingachemicalreactiontogenerateyourownsetofblood‐redprints.

Fingerprintsareuniquetoeachpersonandthereisasophisticatedclassificationsystemforidentifyingallthoselinesandcurvesonyourfingertips.Thislabwillteachyouhowtorevealyourownfingerprintusingachemicalreaction.

Materials

bakingsodaorsodiumcarbonate(washingsoda) water sheetofgoldenrodpaper papertowel magnifyinglens cup

Experiment

1. Poursomewaterintothecupandaddsomebakingsoda(orwashingsoda).Swirlwithyourfingertomix.2. Putyourrightindexfingerinthemixtureandallowtheexcesswatertodripoff,andthenrollyourwet

fingerprintonthegoldenrodpaper.Thisshouldleaveabrightredfingerprintonthepaper.Labelitrightindex.

3. Continuetheprocedureforeachfingeronbothhandstomakeafullsetofprints.Besuretolabeleachfingerprintasyoumakeittoidentifywhichprintgoestoeachfinger.Don’tforgettomakeprintsofyourthumbs!

4. Usethemagnifyinglenstocheckforfingerprintfeaturessuchaswhorlsorloopsandlabelthemappropriatelyonyourprints.

5. Afteryouhaveidentifiedthedominantpatternoneachofyourfingertips,prepareasimplechartforeachhandtorecordthedatabyfinger.

6. Whenyouarefinishedstudyingyourownprints,askavolunteertoletyoumakeprintsoftheirfingers.


ChemicalFingerprinting

Finger Pattern

rightindex

rightmiddle

rightring

rightlittle

rightthumb

leftindex

leftmiddle

leftring

leftlittle

leftthumb

Reading

Fingerprintsareuniquetoeachindividual.Evenidenticaltwinshavedifferent,althoughsimilar,prints.Anyonewho’swatchedadetectivemovieorreadamysterynovelknowsthatfingerprintshavearoleinforensicsbecauseoftheirdistinctnature.Fingerprintsleftatthesceneofacrimecanbecomparedtoadatabaseofknownprintsforpotentialmatches.

Becauseeachperson’sprintsareunique,thereisasophisticatedclassificationsystemforidentifyingallthoselinesandcurvesonyourfingertips.AmnemonicdeviceforrememberingthethreemaintypesoffingerprintpatternsisLAW:loops,arches,andwhorls.Loopsstartandendonthesamesideofafinger,archesgofromonesideofafingertotheother,andwhorlsarebasicallycircular.

Beyondbasics,therearemorespecificclassificationslikeradialloop,ulnarloop,plainarch,tentedarch,centralpocketwhorl,andmore!Andtheseareonlytheprimaryclassifications.Secondaryclassificationgetsdowntotheminutiaethatarehighlyindividualizedcharacteristicsofeachprint.


Thisexperimentcrossesoverfrombiologytochemistry.Thegoldenrodpaperismadeusingphenolphthalein,achemicalthatturnsredwhenexposedtomaterialswithrelativelyhighpH.Bakingsoda(sodiumbicarbonate)orwashingsoda(sodiumcarbonate)arebaseswhichhaveahighpH.Rollingyourbakingsoda‐coveredfingersonthegoldenrodpapercreatesachemicalreactionwhichproducesaredfingerprint.

Exercises

1. Whatarethethreemaintypesofpatternsonfingerprints?Describeeach.

2. Howdofingerprintshavethepotentialtohelpsolvecrime?

3. Whydoesbakingsoda(orwashingsoda)showupredonthepaper?

4. WhatkindofpHdobaseshave?

5. Whatkindofreactiondoweseewhentheredfingerprintsshowuponthepaper?(achemicalreaction)


Lesson#3:DetectiveBoxesOverview:Inadditiontolookingprettyneatwithallthoseloopsandwhirls,yourfingertipsaregreatatmultitasking.Theskinonthemhasatonofreceptorsthathelpustogatheralotofinformationaboutourenvironmentsuchastexture,movement,pressure,andtemperature.Thisexperimentwilltestyourabilitytodeterminetexturesbyusingtouchreceptors.Youwilluseshoeboxeswithholescutintothemtomaketextureboxes.Eachboxwillhaveatexturedsurfacethatyoucanfeel,butnotsee.Throughthereceptorsinyourfingers,youwilldeterminewhetherthesurfaceisrough,waxy,soft,orsmooth.

Materials

shoeboxeswithlids(4) soupcan pencil scissors sandpaper(1sheet) waxpaper(1sheet) flannelfabric(1piece) plastic(1sheet) gluegun gloves partners

Experiment

1. Usingthesoupcanasaguide,drawacircleattheendofashoebox.Thenusethescissorstocutoutthecircle.Thisistheaccessholeforhandstoreachintothebox.

2. Cutapieceofsandpapertofitthebottomofthebox(arulermightalsobehandytogetanexactmeasurement).Gluethesandpapertotheinsidebottomoftheshoebox.PutthelidontheboxandlabelitasBox1.

3. Repeatthefirsttwostepsforeachoftheboxes,gluingthewaxpaper,flannel,andplasticinboxes2‐4.Besuretolabeleach.

4. Nowaskapartnertoreachintoeachbox,feelthetexture,anddescribeitasrough,waxy,soft,orsmooth.Recordtheiranswer.Useundecidediftheyaren’tsure.

5. Onceyourfriendhasidentifiedatextureandyouhaverecordedtheirresponse,opentheboxsothatyoucanbothseewhatmaterialtheyhaveevaluated.BesuretonoteinyourdatawhetheryourfriendwascorrectwithaYesorNo.Repeatsteps4and5foreachoftheboxes.

6. Haveyourfriendleavetheroomorlookawaysothatyoucanrearrangetheboxlids.Thengivethemtheglovestowearandrepeatthetestusingglovedhands.Recordthedataandcomparetheeffectivenessofglovedhands.Doesthishaveanimpactonthetouchreceptors?


DetectiveBoxesDataTable

Box Description Correct?(yesorno)

1

2

3

4

5

Reading

Ourskinismadeupofseverallayers.Epidermisistheouterlayerandconsistsmainlyofdeadskincells.Thedermisisoursecondlayerofskinanditcontainsthingslikehairfollicles,bloodvessels,sebaceousglands,andnerveendings.Touchreceptorscalledmechanoreceptorsarelocatedinthedermis.Mechanoreceptorsarenerveendings(sometimescalledcorpuscles)andincludethefollowing

Meissner’sendings(orMeissner’scorpsucles)respondtovibrationsandlightpressure,suchasfluttering

orstrokingmotions.Theyarelocatedimmediatelybelowtheepidermis.Wehavelotsoftheseonourfingersandpalm.

Ruffini’sendings(orRuffinicorpuscles)respondtopressure.Theyarealsosensitivetothestretchingofskinandtendons.

Merkel’sendings(orMerkelreceptors)detectmoderate,steadypressureandprovideinformationtothebrainabouttexture.

Pacini’sendings(orPaciniancorpuscles)areembeddeddeepintheskinandcanonlydetectrapidvibrations.

Freenerveendingsarethemostcommonreceptorsinourskinandareessentiallyusedindetectingpain.

Thefabricoftheglovesinterfereswiththeabilityofourtouchreceptorstofunctionfully.Ourfingertipsarefeelingthefabricoftheglovesontheirreceptors,andthismakesitdifficulttoperceivewhattheyaretouchingthroughthegloves.


Exercises

1. Name,inorder,thethreemainlayersofskin.

2. Whichlayerofskincontainsthemechanoreceptors?Nametwomoreitemsinthislayer.

3. Namethefivetypesofnerveendingsandtheirspecialization.


Lesson#4:DetectingTemperatureChangesOverview:Thisexperimenthastwoparts.Forthefirsthalf,youwillmixtwochemicalsthatwillproduceheatandgas.Thetemperaturereceptorsinyourskinwillbeabletodetecttheheat.Yourearswilldetectthegasasitvibratesandescapesitscontainer.Inthesecondportionyouwilldemonstrateacharacteristicinachemicalreaction.Forthisexperiment,itwillbeanendothermicreaction,whichistheabsorptionofheatenergy.Thistypeofreactioniseasytonoticebecauseitmakesthingscoldtotouch.Thechemicalyouwillbeusing,ammoniumnitrate,isactuallyusedinemergencycoldpacks.Thermoreceptorsaretheskinreceptorsthatcandetectchangesintemperature.They’reatypeoffreenerveendings(remembertheonesthatcansensepain?).Thermoreceptorsarelocatedinthedermis,orsecondlayerofskin.Twotypesofthermoreceptorsarecoldreceptorsandwarmreceptors.They’refoundalloverthebody,butcoldreceptorsbeingmoreprevalent.Youhavelotsofthesearoundourface,whichiswhyitfeelscoldsoquickly.Scarvesandearmuffsareagoodwaytolessentheimpactofourcoldreceptors!Materials

measuringcup calciumchloride ammoniumnitrate baggies(2,re‐sealable) water

Experiment

1. Putabout½cupofwarmwaterinoneofthebaggies.2. Addaboutathirdofanounceofcalciumchloridetothewater.Closethebaggieandstarttorollaroundthe

pelletswithyourfingers.Astheystarttodissolve,thechemicalalsostartstoincreasethetemperatureofthewater.

3. Nowdisposeoftheseingredientsdownthedrain.Flushwithlotsofrunningwater.4. Opentheammoniumnitrateandfillitscapwithpellets.Puttheseinthesecondbaggie.5. Starttopinchtheammoniumnitratethroughtheplasticbagandcheckforatemperaturechange.Does

anythinghappenintheabsenceofwater?6. Nowputasmallamountofwater(aboutroomtemperature)intothebag.Fillitabout¼ofthewayfull.7. Holdthebottomofthebagwithbothhandsandbegintorockitbackandforthabit.Thisshouldstartto

dissolvethepellets.Withyourhandsonthewater,youshouldstarttonoteatemperaturedecrease.Ifthisdoesn’twork,rollthepelletsaroundasyoudidwiththecalciumchloride.

8. Whenyouarefinished,youcanpourthecontentsoutontoabrownspotofgrass(becauseammoniumnitrateisamainingredientinmanyfertilizers).Orifyouwouldprefer,justemptythecontentsdownthedrain.


DetectingTemperatureChangesDataTable

Chemical Observations:Whathappenswhenaddedtowater?

Reading

Thermoreceptorsaretheskinreceptorsthatcandetectchangesintemperature.They’reatypeoffreenerveendings(remembertheonesthatcansensepain?).Thermoreceptorsarelocatedinthedermis,orsecondlayerofskin.Twotypesofthermoreceptorsarecoldreceptorsandwarmreceptors.They’refoundalloverthebody,withcoldreceptorsbeingmoreprevalent.Youhavelotsofthesearoundyourface,whichiswhyitfeelscoldsoquickly.Scarvesandearmuffsareagoodwaytolessentheimpactofourcoldreceptors!Yourskinhasmanyotherpartsinadditiontoitsreceptors,andmanyplayaroleintemperatureregulation.Someexamplesoftheseincludehair,bloodvessels,andsweatglands.Bloodvesselsandsweatglandsrespondtoheatandcold,helpingtocontrolyourbody’stemperature.Youareprobablyfamiliarwithhowsweatglandshelptocoolyoudown(evaporation),buthowaboutbloodvessels?Asanexample,ifyourunaroundoutsideonahotday,yourcheeksgetredbecausethebloodvesselsonyourskin’ssurfacehavedilated,whichbringsmorebloodtothesurfaceandallowsthebodytocoolitsinsidesabit.

Calciumchloridesplitsintocalciumionsandchlorideionswhenitismixedwithwater.Asthisoccurs,energyisreleasedintheformofheat.Thisisthesameheatenergyyoufeltwhenholdingthebaggieandrubbingthepellets.Addingammoniumnitratetowatercausesbothitsammoniumandnitrateionstodissolve,whichresultsinheatabsorptionasiconicbondsarebroken.Thisisanendothermicreaction.Exercises

1. Whichchemicalwhenmixedwithwaterwasanendothermic(absorbedheatandfeltcold)reaction?

2. Whichchemicalresultedinanexothermicreaction(gaveoffheat)?Whydoesthishappen?

3. Whatarewaysthatthehumanbodycandetecttemperature?


Lesson#5:RubberEggs

Overview:Didyoueverthinkitwouldbeoktobounceanegg?Inscienceclass,anythingispossible!Learnhowintoday’sexperiment.Afterthisbouncyexperiment,you’llknowonewaytospotachemicalreaction.You’llalsoseehowsolidcalciumcarbonateandstinkyliquidvinegarcancombinetoproducecarbondioxidegas.

Materials

hard‐boiledegg glassorcleanjar distilledwhitevinegar Optional:regularegg Optional:chickenbones

Experiment

1. Wearyourglovesandputyourgoggleson.Noexceptions!2. Placeahard‐boiledeggintoaglassorjar.Fillwithenoughvinegartocovertheeggandleavealonefor24

hours.3. Ifdoingthisexperimentwithregulareggsorchickenbones,puteachinaseparatecontainerandcover

withvinegar.Letsitfor24hours.Checkagainafter48hours.

RubberEggDataTable

Item/Object DetailedDescriptionofResultsafter24hours(forhard‐boiledeggONLY,includeapproximatelyhowhighitbounced)

DetailedDescriptionofResultsafter48hours(forhard‐boiledeggONLY,includeapproximatelyhowhighitbounced)

HardBoiledEgg

RegularEgg(optional)

Chickenbones(optional)

Reading


Ifyousoakchickenbonesinaceticacid,ordistilledvinegar,you’llgetrubberybonesthataresoftandpliablebecausethevinegarreactswiththecalciuminthebones.Thishappenswitholderfolkswhentheylosemorecalciumthantheycanreplaceintheirbones,makingthebonesbrittleandeasiertobreak.Scientistshavediscoveredcalciumisreplacedmorequicklyinbodiesthatexerciseandeatcalciumrichfoods,likegreenvegetables.

Eggshellsarealsomadeupofcalciumintheformofcalciumcarbonate(CaCO3).Thisorganiccompoundisalsofoundinlimestone,chalk,marble,andcoral.Itisclassifiedasabase,withapHbelow7.

Vinegarcontainsaceticacid.Aceticacidiswhatgivesvinegaritsawfultaste.It’sclassifiedasanacid,withapHabove7.

Ascalciumcarbonatereactswiththevinegar,andtheeggshelldissolves,achemicalchangeoccursandcarbondioxidegasisreleasedintheformofbubbles.Thesecanbeclearlyseenastheeggshelldissolves.Youwillalsosmellvinegarwhenthebubblesoccur,butvinegarisnotbeinggivenoffbythechemicalreaction.Vinegarhasaverylowsurfacetensionwhichmakesthatstinkgoeverywhere.

Exercises

1. Describewhattheeggshelllookedlikebeforethereaction.

2. Describetheaceticacid

3. Theproductyouwitnessedinthischemicalreactionwascarbondioxide,acolorless,odorlessgas.Howcanyoutelltherereallywasachemicalreaction?

4. Whydidtheeggturnto“rubber?”


Lesson#6:FoggyHandsOverview:Skinhasanotherfunctionthatitvitaltoyoursurvival:temperatureregulation.Beingexposedtohightemperaturescausesyourskin’sporestoopenupandreleasesweatontoyourbody.Thishelpscoolusoffbytheresultingprocessofevaporation.Yourporeswillcloseinextremelycoldtemperatures.Also,thebodystopsbloodflowingtotheskininordertoconserveheatfortheimportantvitalorgansandtheirprocesses.Inthislab,westudythemoisturethatyourskinproduces.

Materials

baggie,gallonsize string,12incheslong pencil clock

Experiment

1. Recordadescriptionofhowmoistyourhandispriortoputtingitinthebaggie.Thisisat0minutes.2. Putyourhandinthebaggieandusethestringtocloseitaroundyourwrist.Noairshouldbeabletogetin

oroutofthebaggie.Recordthetimefortrackingpurposes.3. Checkyourhandevery10minutesforahalfhour.Witheachobservationnotetheamountofmoisturethat

hasaccumulated.Recordyourobservationsat10minutes,20minutes,and30minutes.4. Whatdoyouthinkwillhappenifyougooutsideandrunaroundwithyourhandinsidethebag?Tryitand

seeifitacceleratestheprocess.


FoggyHandsDataTable

Time Observation

0minutes

10minutes

20minutes

30minutes

Reading

Sweatglandsarealwaysproducingmoistureonourskin,releasingitthroughthepores.Whenthismoisturehitstheair,itstartstoevaporate–whichmeansitchangesfromaliquidintoagasorvapor.Thisprocesshelpstocoolusdown.Mostofthetime,wedon’treallynoticethatit’sgoingon(unlesswe’rereallyactiveorit’saveryhotday).Butbyenclosingyourhandinplastic,thismoisturecan’tevaporateasitnormallywould.Inthisexperiment,thebagcollectsandcondensesit.Itisinterestingtonotethatyourbodycanproduceuptoagallonofwaterinextremelyhottemperatures–110degreesFahrenheitandhigher.Thisisoneofthereasonsit’ssoimportanttostayhydratedinextremeheat!Exercises

1. Howissweatreleasedfromthebodythroughtheskin?

2. Howdoessweathelptocoolthebody?

3. Whatdidyouobserveatthe30minutemarkinyourexperiment?

4. Whatisevaporationandhowisitdifferentfromcondensation?


Lesson#7:FingerThermometers

Overview:Yourfingershavereceptorswhichperformvariousjobs.Inadditiontotouch,theycandetectpressure,texture,andotherphysicalstimuli.OnespecializedtypeofreceptorsiscalledRuffini’sreceptors.Theyaregoodatidentifyingchangesinpressureandtemperature...mostofthetime!Inthisexperiment,wewilltesttheirabilitytodistinguishbetweenhotandcoldtemperatures.WeareactuallygoingtotryandtrickyourRuffiniendings.Doyouthinkitwillwork?

Materials

Glasses(3) Celsius/Fahrenheitthermometer hands clockwithsecondhand water,hot water,cold icecubes(optional) water,room‐temperature

Experiment

1. Placethethreeglassesinfrontofyouonatable.Theyshouldbeinarow:left,middleandright.2. Puthotwaterfromthefaucetintothefirstglassonyourright.Pourverycoldwaterfromthetapintothe

farleftglass.Youcanevenaddacoupleoficecubesifyouhavethemavailable.Finally,filltheglassthatisinthemiddlewithroomtemperaturewater.

3. Nowuseyourrighthandtoholdontotheglassontherightwithhotwater.Reallyspreadoutyourfingersandwrapthemaroundtheglass.Dothesamethingwithyourlefthandandtheglassfilledwithcoldwater.Besuretochecktheclockandleaveyourhandsontheglassesforexactlyoneminute.

4. Afteroneminute,takeyourhandsandputthembothonthemiddleglass.(Youmayneedtostackoneontopoftheotherifyourglassesarenarrow).Notethetemperatureyoufeelwitheachhand:hot,cold,ormedium.Youcanusethethermometertorecordtheactualwatertemperature.

5. Nowrepeatsteps1‐4.Thistime,switchthehotandcoldglassessothatyouareholdingthehotwaterwithyourlefthandandthecoldwaterwithyourrighthand.Comparetheseresultswithyourinitialresults.Dobothhandsrespondinasimilarwayorisonemoresensitivethantheother?


FingerThermometersDataTable

Glass RightHand LeftHand Temperature

hot

lukewarm

cold

Reading

Yourhandsaredesignedtoadapttotemperature.Touchingthewarmglassrelaxesthemusclesofyourhands,increasescirculation,andenhancesflexibility.Whenyourhandtouchesthecoldglass,thecellsonyourskin’ssurfacebegintocontracttominimizelossofheatandyourhandbecomeslessflexible.Then,whenyougrabthemiddleglass,yourhandsgetabitconfused.Relativelyspeaking,themiddleglassfeelswarmertothehandthatwasholdingthecoldglassanditfeelscoolertothehandthatwasholdingthewarmone.Thehandsarestillfeelingthetemperature,butyourbraingetsconfused.Didyouknowthatourskindoesnothavereceptorstoindicateburninghot?Thissensationisactuallycreatedbythreedifferentreceptorswhichfireatthesametime:pain,cold,andwarm.Thisexplainwhytosomepeople,veryhotthingsactuallyfeelcold.Ifyoucouldprepareagroupofalternatinghotandcoldmetalbars,touchingthemwithyourfingerswouldbeanoddexperience.Yourbrainwillthinktheyaretoohottotouchandwilltellyoutopullawayyourhand!Exercises

1. Doesthetemperatureofthemiddleglassfeelwarmer,cooler,orthesamewhenyoutouchitwithyourhandthatwasholdingthewarmglass?

2. Whatdoesyourhandthatwastouchingthecoldglassfeelwhenittouchesthemiddleglass?

3. Whatdoyoufeelwhenbothhandsareonthemiddleglass?

4. Whydoyouthinkyourhandsarenotthebestinstrumentsfordeterminingtemperature?

5. Whichnerveendingshelptodetectchangesintemperature?


Lesson#8:CoolingandHeating

Overview:Inthisexperiment,wewillcontinuetoexploreRuffini’sendingsinyourskin.Wealsolookatyourbody’sabilitytodetecttemperatureandregulateitsowntemperature.Youwillstudyhowthebodycoolsandwarmsitselftoachievetemperatureequilibrium,astateofconstantbalance.

Materials

rubbingalcohol cottonball liquidcrystalthermometerstrip glove

Experiment

1. Positiontheliquidcrystalsheetonthebackofyourhand.Giveitamomenttoregisterthetemperatureofyourbody.Recordthecolor(ortemperaturereadingifusingathermometer)asthebasereadingforyourdata.

2. Putsomerubbingalcoholonacottonball.Nowusethecottonballtowipethealcoholonthesurfacewhereyoutookthereading,rightonthebackofyourhand.Quicklyputthethermometerstriprightbackonthespotwhereyouhaveputthealcoholandtakeanotherreading.Notethecolorand/ortemperatureinyourrecords.

3. Nowputthegloveonyourhandandrunaroundintheyard,dosomejumpingjacks,orfindanotherwaytobephysicallyactivefor3‐5minutes.

4. Whenyouhaveworkedupasweat,comebacktotheexperimentarea.Withyourhandstillintheglove,puttheliquidcrystalthermometeronthebackofyourhandwhereyoutookthefirstreading.Recordthecolorand/ortemperatureinformationinyourdatarecords.

5. Finally,takeoffthegloveandobserveyourhand.Canyoutellthatyoursweatglandshavebeenworking?Ifso,havetheybeenveryactiveorjustalittleactive?


CoolingDataTable

Color/Temperature Notes

roomtemperature

alcohol

exercise

Reading

Yourbodylikestokeepyourtemperatureinequilibrium,whichisastateofbalance.Itworkshardtoregulateyourtemperatureandavoidanysuddenchangesthatcouldbeharmful.Constantandpredictableisyourbody’sgoal,anditusesyourskintohelp.Whenyouarecold,bloodflowtotheskinisreducedinordertohelpstemthelossofheat.Yourhairalsostandsonendinanefforttotrapairnexttothebodyandhelpinsulateit…althoughthisdoesn’tworkverywellformostofus!Thisisamoreeffectivetoolagainstheatlosswithmuchfurriermammals.Inordertocoolyoudown,skincanusesomeofyourthreemillionsweatglands.Sweatabsorbsanddisplacesextraheatandcanalsocloseopeningstocellsonthesurfacetoavoidexcessgainsinheat.Yourdatainthelabshouldhavesimulatedtheeffectsofbodytemperatureinthreedifferentconditions:equilibrium,excesscoldandexcessheat.Exercises

1. Whatisequilibrium?

2. Howdoesequilibriumrelatetobodytemperature?

3. Howdoesourbodyhelptocoolusdown?


Lesson#9:TestingMuscleStrength

Overview:Didyouknowthatyouhaveover600musclesinyourbody?Theyhelpyoudoeverythingfromlifting,towalking,andevenpumpblood!Thosewouldbeyourcardiacmuscles,andthey’reinvoluntary,whichmeansyoucan’tcontrolthem.Theonesyoucancontrolarevoluntary,orskeletalmuscles.Somegroupsofvoluntarymusclesarestrongerthanothersbecauseeachgroupisdesignedforadifferentandspecificfunction.Itjustmakessensethatthemusclegroupsinourlegswouldneedtobestrongerthantheonesinourtoes.For this experiment, you will use a bathroom scale to test the strength of various muscle groups.

Materials(perlabgroup)

bathroomscale pencil partner

Experiment

1. Putthescalebetweenyourknees.Nowsqueezeitashardasyoucanandhaveyourpartnerrecordthescale’sreading.

2. Usethetechniquetotestthemusclesinthefollowinglist.Placethescalebetweenthebodypartsandsqueeze!Besuretorecordthereadingsfordata‐keepingpurposes:thighs,ankles,palms,elbows,elbowandribcage.


TestingMuscleStrengthDataTable

Muscles ScaleReading(measureinpounds,kg,etc.)

knees

thighs

ankles

palms

elbows

Reading

Notallmusclesneedtobebigandpowerful.Actually,muscleshavevariousfunctionsandusesthatvarybytheirdesign.Thereareinvoluntarymuscles,whichwedon’tcontrol.Thesmoothmusclesinourdigestivetractareinvoluntary,asarethethickcardiacmusclesinourheart.Ourvoluntaryskeletalmusclesaren’tallbigandstrong,either.Themusclesinourfingersaredetail‐oriented.Theyneedtobefastandperformrelativelysmall,precisemovementsliketheonesusedinwriting.Thedesignofaspecificmusclegroupwillvarydependinguponthemuscles’ultimateuse.Haveyouevenhadamusclecramp?Theyoccurwhenamuscleisoverworkedandfatigued.Themusclesimplycontractsandstayscontracted.

Exercises

1. Whatarethetwomaintypesofmuscles?

2. Giveanexampleofamusclegroupthat’smorespecificthanyouranswersabove.

3. Whyaren’tthemusclesinourfingersbigandstronglikethoseinourarmsandlegs?


Lesson#10:InsideBonesOverview:Bones and muscles work together to provide a structural framework for movement. Theskeletonisyourbody’sinternalsupportingstructure.Itholdseverythingtogether.Inadditiontoprovidingsupport,bonesactasshockabsorberswhenyoujump,fall,andrun.Boneshavebigresponsibilities,andsotheymustbereallystrong.Theyalsoneedtobearrangedproperlyforthebestsupportandshockabsorption.In this experiment, we will look at the internal arrangement of the bones holding together your body.

Materials

toiletpapertube 50‐100straws tape book

Experiment

1. Firstyouwillexploredifferentbonestructures.Startbytakingabout20strawsandarrangingthemrandomlyinyourhandsothattheyarepointingindifferentdirections.

2. Layyourarmandhandonatablesothatthegroupofstrawsisbracedagainstthetable.Next,haveafriendplaceaheavybookonthiscolumnofstraws.Whathappensthenit’sexposedtotheweight?

3. Nowtake20morestrawsandarrangeinacirclesothattheyareallheldverticallyinyourhand.4. Repeatstep2withthesemore‐organizedstraws.Doyounoticeadifference?Theuniformlyarranged

strawsshouldbestrongerthanthosethatwererandomlyarranged.5. Thetubesinsideyourbonesaremoreliketheuniformmodelofstraws.Theyalsohaveakindofgluethat

holdstheminplaceinsidethebones.Let’sincorporatethisideaintoyourmodelbyliningtheinsideofthetoiletpapertubewithtape.

6. Placesomestrawsinsidethetube.Fillthemiddleofthetubewithstraws,makingsuretheyaretightlypacked.

7. Testyourmodel’sstrengthbyplacingabookontopofthetube.Whathappenswhenthemodelisexposedtothebook’sweight?

8. Finally,takesometapeandwrapittightlyaroundandaroundthegroupofstraws.Testthisnewmodelbyplacingthebookontopofthetape‐wrappedgroupofstraws.

9. Whathappensifyouuseboththetubeandthetape?Howaboutifyoulooselyarrangethestrawsasyoudidinstep3andtapethem–doesthishelp,orisitmoreimportantthatthestrawsareorderly?

10. Foranextrastudyopportunity,visitthebutcherinyourlocalgrocerystoreandaskfortheendofabeefbone.(Thisissometimespackagedasasoupbone).Lookattheendofthebone.Whatdoyousee?Itshouldlooklikeahardoutershellofboneprotectingasofter,spongyportion.Drawapictureofyourobservations.


InsideBonesDataTable

StrawBundleType WeightApplied Observations

Reading

Theskeletalsystemisthefoundationofthebody’sskeletalsystemisitsbones.Italsoincludescartilage,ligaments,tendons,joints,andotherconnectivetissues.Ourskeletalsystemprovidesbothshapeandprotectionforourbodies.Alongwiththeattachedmuscles,itformsthemusculoskeletalsystem,whichgivesuslocomotion–movement,butnotoftrains!Thebonesinourskeletonworktogetherwithourmusclesandconnectivetissuetoallowustowalk,jump,dance,dribblebasketballs,knitscarves,andsomuchmore.

Thebonesofourskeletonhaveaveryuniquecompositionwhichmakesthemreallystrongandallowsthemtoabsorbshock.Thisarrangementisveryimportanttosupportandprotectthebody.Infact,there’sasoft,spongypartinsideourbonescalledcancellousbone.Ithasahoneycombstructurewhichmakesourboneslight,butstillhelpsthemtobeverystrong.

Thetubesinsidethesehoneycombed,cancellousbonetissuearecalledtheHaversiansystem,andtheyareinpartmadeupofcollagen,butwithlotsofcalciumandphosphorustokeepthemhardandstrong.

Exercises

1. Namesomeofthepartsthatmakeupourskeletalsystem.

2. Whatisthesmooth,hard,protectivelayerontheoutsideofbonescalled?

3. Whatistheinsidespongy,porous,honeycombedbonecalled?

4. Whatisthenetworkoftubesinsidebonescalled?


Lesson#11:TendonReflexOverview:Involuntaryresponsesareonesthatyoucan’tcontrol,buttheyareusuallyinplacetohelpwithsurvival.Onegoodexampleiswhenyoutouchsomethinghot.Yourhanddoesnottakethetimetosendamessagetoyourbrainandthenhavethebraintellyourhandtopullaway.Bythen,yourhandmightbeseriouslyhurt!Instead,yourbodyimmediatelyremovesyourhandinordertoprotectitfromfurtherharm.Today, you will test an involuntary reflex by using the tendon reflex test, which is in place because our knees are sensitive and vulnerable parts of the body.

Materials

knee partner

Experiment

1. Sitwithyourlegscrossedatthekneeontheedgeofyourseat.Reachforwardandseeifyoucanfeelthepatellartendon.Itisrightbelowyourkneecap.

2. Askyourpartnertogentlytapthetendonwiththeoutsideedgeoftheirhand.Thiswilllooklikeacarefullittlekaratechop.Ifyourpartnergetstherightspotitwillbeobvious.Youwillnoticeyourlegkickoutalittleinareflexreaction.

3. Yourpartnercantryotherspotsonthetendonifreactionisn’tachievedatfirst.Ifithurts,stoprightaway!It’spossiblethatyoumightnothaveatendonresponsereflex.Noteveryonedoes,andthatisperfectlynormal.


TendonReflectDataTable

LocationofTap Observation

Reading

Therearetwomainpartsthatmakeupthenervoussystem.Thecentralnervoussystemconsistsofourbrainandspineandtheperipheralnervoussystemisallthenervesandotherfibersthatconnectourlimbsandorgansbacktothecentralnervoussystem.Theperipheralnervoussystemisfurtherdividedintothesomaticsystemandtheautonomicsystem.Thesomaticsystemsendsmessagesfrombraintolimbssothatwecanmoveourbodies,andalsocollectsanddeliversinformationreceivedfromourfivesenses.Theautonomicnervessendinformationtoourorgans,blood,andotherpartsofthebody,keepingthingsgoingthatwedon’thavetothinkaboutbutthatarestillveryimportant,likebreathinganddigestingfood.Theautonomicsystemalsocontrolsreflexes.We’regoingtotestitouttoday.Thetendonreflexisinplacebecausethekneeissuchasensitiveandvulnerablepartofthebody.Whenthetendonisstretchedoutandbumped,yourbodytriestomovethelegandkneeoutofharm’swaysothatitwon’tgethurt.Asyoucouldprobablytell,it’saninvoluntaryresponsethatneutralizesanyconscious,voluntarycontrolthatyourbrainhasoverthelegthroughthemotornerves.Exercises

1. Whatarethemainpartsofthenervoussystem?

2. Whatarethetwopartsoftheperipheralnervoussystemandwhataretheirfunctions?

3. Whichpartofthenervoussystemcontrolsinvoluntaryreflexes?


Lesson#12:DetectingPlaque

Overview:Thebuildupofthingslikefoodandbacteriawhereyourgumsandteethmeet,andalsobetweenyourteeth,iscalledplaque.Whereplaquelivesisalsowherethebacteriaturnsthesugarinyourmouthintoharmfulacidsthatattackyourteeth’senamelandcanleadtogumdisease.Regularbrushingisagreatwaytoremoveplaqueandkeepyourmouthhealthy.

Materials

reddisclosingtablets clearplasticcup mirror redcrayon water

Experiment

1. Disclosingtabletsaredesignedtoidentifyplaquebyturningitred.Removeapillfromthepackagingandputitinyourmouth.Chewitupthoroughlybutdon’tswallowit.Beverycarefulnottogetanyofthedyeonclothingoranythingelsethatmightstain.Thecolorisverydifficulttoremove!

2. Takethecupfullofwaterandrinseoutyourmouthverywell.Spitthewateroutintothesink.Checkyourmouthinthemirror.Allofthatredisplaque!Drawapictureofyourmouthandusetheredcrayontonotewheretheplaqueisattackingyourteethandgums.

3. Youshouldhaveatotaloffourpillsinthepackage.Youcantestothermembersofyourfamily,orifyouwouldprefer,testyourselfoveraperiodofafewdaysafteryouhavehadachancetoobserveandidentifywhereyoushouldbedoingabetterjoboftooth‐brushing.

Reading

Bacterialiveinyourmouthallthetime–alittlegrossright?Thisiscompletelynormalandsomeofthebacteriaarethehelpfulkind.However,certaintypesofbacteriareallylatchontotheenamelofyourteeth.Enamelistheprotectivesurfacethatcoversteeth.Enamelismadeupofminerals,likecalcium,andit’sverydurable.Butunfortunatelyplaqueisn’tcompletelyimpenetrable.Ifbacteriaisn’tremovedbybrushingandflossing,thosebadbacteriaonteethwillmultiply.Thebacteriathenstarttoformastickyfilmcalledplaque.It’splaquethatcausescavities.Whenyoueatsugaryfoodsanddon’tbrushandflossafterward,plaqueturnsthesugarsintoacid.Theacideatsawayattheenamelinyourteeth,creatingholesintheenameland,eventually,dreadedcavities.

Whenyouchewthetablets,theystarttodissolveandmixwithyoursaliva.Thismakesawatersolubledyethataffixestothebacteriaandotherparticlesinyourmouth.Thedyeisabsorbedbythebacteria,soitholdsontoitevenafteryourmouthisrinsed.Thisenablesyoutoidentifytheunbrushedareasinyourmouth.You’llprobablyalsofindyourtoothbrushturnspurplealongwithyourtongue!That’swherebacteriaoftenlivesbesidesonyourteeth.


Haveyouevercountedyourteeth?Theystartedtoappearwhenyouwereababy–about6monthsoldorso.Kidshave20deciduous,orbabyteeth.Thesewillfalloutandtheadultteethgrowintoreplacethem.Adultsusuallyhave32totalteeth.

DetectingPlaqueDataTable

Date/Time HowLongDidYouBrushYourTeeth?

DrawaPictureofYourMouth

Exercises

1. Whydoesthisexperimentworkatdetectingplaque?

2. Howcandentistsandmomsusethistomakesureyou’redoingagoodjobbrushing?

3. Whatisplaque,andwhyisitbadforyou?


Lesson#13:PTCTestingOverview:Stickyourtongueoutandlookinamirror.Whatdoyousee?Thosetinybumpsalloveryourtonguearen’treallyyourtastebuds.Theyarepapillae,andmostofthemdocontaintastebuds,whicharethetinysensoryorgansonyourtonguethatallowyoutotastefood.Morespecifically,theyhelpyoutodistinguishbetweensweet,sour,salty,andbitterflavors.It’stinymicrovilli(hair‐likeprotrusions)onthepapillaethathavethetastereceptorswhichsendthesweet,sour,salty,orbittermessagestothebrain.Today,wewillchecktoseeifyouhaveadominantorrecessivegeneforadistinctgeneticcharacteristic.We’lldothisbytestingyourreactiontothetasteofachemicalcalledphenylthiocarbamide(orPTC,forshort).TheinterestingthingaboutPTCisthatsomepeoplecantasteit–andgenerallyhaveaveryadversereaction.However,somepeoplecan’ttasteitatall.

Materials

PTCpaper familymembers

Experiment

1. PutthePTCpaperinyourmouth.Ifyouhavethedominantgene,itwillusuallytasteprettybitter.Itmightalsobesourorevenalittlesweet.Ifittasteslikeapieceofpaper,youhavearecessivegene.

2. Aftertestingyourpaper,besuretonotewhetheryouareatasterornon‐taster.3. Nowtestatleastfivemorepeopleinyourfamilyandnotetheirreactionsastastersornon‐tasters.Also

notetheirrelationshiptoyou.4. IfyouhaveenoughPTCpaper,makeagenetictreeofyourresponses.PutMomandDadatthecenterand

listyouandyoursiblingsbranchingoutbeneaththem.Thenlistbothsetsofgrandparentsaboveeachofyourparents.Foraninterestingvisualrepresentation,circlethenamesoffamilymemberswhotestpositiveandleavethenegativetestersuncircled.


PTCTestingDataTable

Subjecttested TasterorNon‐Taster?

DominantorRecessiveGene?

Reading

ThegenethatdetermineswhetherornotyoucantastePTCisapartofyourDNA(deoxyribonucleicacid).Itisthegeneticblueprintthatyouwerebornwithanditdetermineseverythingaboutyou:fromhaircolortothesizeofyourfeet.ButDNAalsoplaysanimportantroleinhowyourfivesensesfunction.Colorblindnessisageneticdeficiencyinwhichapersoncannotseecolorsorhasadifficulttimewithdistinguishingthem.Itcanrangeinseverity.Somepeoplewhoarecolorblindcan’ttellthedifferencebetweencolorslikeredandgreen,butsomeseenocolorsatall.Everythinglookslikeablackandwhitemovietothem.Justlikecolorblindness,ourtastesensitivitycanvary.MaybethisexplainswhysomepeoplelikeliverandBrusselssproutsandotherscan’tstandthem!Sotorelatethistoourtest,theabilitytotastePTCcomesfromagene.Weknowthatifbothofyourparentscantasteit,thereisahighlikelihoodthatyouwillbeabletotasteit,too.About70%,or7outof10,peoplecantasteit.Butwhatdoesitmean?Intruth,notalot.Itdoesn’tmeanyouhaveahighlydevelopedpalateorabettersenseoftaste.Itjustmeansyouareluckyenoughtohaveinheritedagenethatallowsyoutotasteadisgusting,bitterchemicalonapieceofpaper.Exercises

1. Whatarethetinyhair‐likeorganellesthatsendtastemessagestoyourbraincalled?

2. Whatarethebumpsonyourtonguecalled?

3. Whatkindoftraitdoesthisexperimenttest?


Lesson#14:TestingSpitSamples

Overview:Digestionstartsinyourmouthassoonasyoustarttochew.Yoursalivaisfullofenzymes.Theyareakindofchemicalkeythatunlockchainsofprotein,fat,andstarchmolecules.Enzymesbreakthesechainsdownintosmallermoleculeslikesugarsandaminoacids.Inthisexperiment,wewillexaminehowtheenzymesinyourmouthhelptobreakdownthestarchinacracker.Youwilltestthecrackertoconfirmstarchcontent,thenputitinyourmouthandchewitforalongtimeinordertoreallylettheenzymesdotheirjob.Finally,youwilltestthecrackerforstarchcontentandseewhathashappenedasaresultofyourchewing.

Materials

sodacrackers paperplates(2) craftstick iodine(0.5oz.bottle) plasticpipette(1mL) water latexgloves marker

Experiment

1. Labeltheplateswiththemarker.Onewillbeforthewatersampleandonewillbeforthespitsample2. Takeacrackerfromthepackageandputitonthe“water”plate.Useyourthumboraspoontomashitup,

makingthepiecesassmallaspossible.3. Addasmallamountofwaterwiththepipette.Mixeverythingupwiththecraftsticktomakeamashof

cracker.4. Nowfillthepipettewithiodine.Wheniodinecomesincontactwithstarch,itchangesincolorfromreddish‐

browntoadarkbluish‐black.5. Takethepipetteandsqueezeafewdropsontothecrackermashinvariousspots.Recordwhatyouseein

yourexperimentdata.6. Takeanothercrackerandchewitupforabout2minutes.Doyounoticeanyflavorchangesasyouare

chewing?Ifso,notethis.Beparticularlyawareofanysweetflavors.7. Spitthemashontotheplatelabeled“spit”onceyouhavechewedfor2minutes.8. Usethepipetteofiodinetoaddafewdropsofiodinetothechewedmash.Noteanychangeincolor.Ifthere

isnostarch,theiodinewillstayreddish‐brownincolor.Ifstarchispresent,youwillseethecolorchangetoaverydarkblue‐blackasitdidinstep2.Recordwhatyouseeinyourdata.


SpitSamplesDataTable

ItemTested ChewedorNot? ObservationswithIodine

LessonReading

Thislabgivesyouagoodideaofwhathappensindigestion,whichstartsassoonasfoodentersyourmouth.Actually,theprocesscanstartevenbeforethisasyourbodypreparesforfood.Haveyoueverhadawonderfulsmellmakeyourmouthwater?Thisisyourbody’swayofgettingreadytogettoworkdigestingthatdeliciousfood.Onceyoutakeabite,theenzymesstarttodotheirjobofbreakinglarge,morecomplexmoleculesintosmallerparticles.Inthisexperiment,starchgetsbrokendownintosimplesugarsthatyourbodycouldeasilymovearoundanduseasfuel.Therearethreesetsofsaliva‐secretingglandsinyourmouth.Theyincludeaglandinthebackofyourthroatcalledtheparotidgland,oneinyourlowerjawcalledthesubmandibulargland,andthesublingualgland,whichisunderyourtongue.Thethreeworktogethertosecreteupto2litersofsalivaeachday.Exercises

1. Whatisthefirststepinthedigestiveprocess?

2. Howdoessalivahelptodigestfood?

3. Nameoneormoreofthemainsalivaryglandsandwheretheyarelocated.


Lesson#15:MappingYourTongue

Overview:Thetonguehasaningeniousdesign.Receptorsresponsibleforgettinginformationareseparateandcompartmentalized.So,differentareasonthetongueactuallyhavereceptorsfordifferenttypesoftastes.Thishelpsustoseparateandenjoythedistinctflavors.Inthisexperiment,youwillbelocatingthereceptorsforsweet,sour,salty,andbitteronthetongue’ssurface.

Thetonguehasaningeniousdesign.Receptorsresponsibleforgettinginformationareseparateandcompartmentalized.So,differentareasonthetongueactuallyhavereceptorsfordifferenttypesoftastes.Thishelpsustoseparateandenjoythedistinctflavors.Inthisexperiment,youwillbelocatingthereceptorsforsweet,sour,salty,andbitteronthetongue’ssurface.

SuggestedTime30‐45minutes

Materialscottonswabs(4)

cups(5) blacktea(1bag) redvinegar sugar salt microwave water spoons partner blindfold

Experiment

1. Reviewtheinstructionsontheirworksheetsandthenbreakthestudentsintotheirlabgroups.2. Handeachgrouptheirmaterialsandgivethemtimetoperformtheirexperimentandwritedowntheir

observations.3. Labelthefirstcupas“bitter.”Put3ouncesofwaterintoit.Addteabagandhaveanadulthelpyoutoheat

thewaterinthemicrowave.Thiswillmakeyourbittercup.Letitsitfor5minutes.Whileitissteeping,youcanpreparetheothercups.

4. Filltheremainingcupswith2ouncesofwatereach.Labeleachandpreparethemasfollows:

a. Forthesweetcup,addtwoteaspoonstothewarmwaterinoneofthecups.Stiruntilwelldissolved.

b. Forthesourcup,add2ouncesofredvinegartoanothercupandstirwell.c. Forthesaltycup,puttwoteaspoonsofsaltintothefinalcup.Stiruntildissolved.d. Thelaststepincuppreparationistodiscardtheteabagthathasbeensteepinginthefirstcup.

5. Now,puttheblindfoldonyourpartnerandhavethemstickouttheirtongue.Dipthefirstswabintothe

tea.Usingthediagramasaguide,swabeachareaoneatatime:A,B,C,andD.Askyourpartnertoidentify


theflavorsassweet,sour,salty,bitter,orcan’ttellasyouswabeachindividualarea.Recordyourpartner’sresponseforeacharea.

6. Yourpartnershouldrinseouttheirmouthwithwateraftertestingthebittertea.Thentesteachoftheremainingsolutions,oneatatimeinthesamemanner.

MappingYourTongueDataTable

LiquidType TongueLocation

A

TongueLocation

B

TongueLocation

C

TongueLocation

Dbitter

sweet

sour

salty

Reading

Humanscanidentifythousandsofdistincttastes,butweonlyhavefourtypesoftastereceptors.Whenyoutakeabiteofsomethingflavorful,theenzymesinyoursalivastarttodissolveitimmediately.Thissolutionofflavorandsalivagoestoyourtastebudsandistheninterpretedbyyourbrainassweet,sour,salty,orbitter.Thetastebudsarelocatedonthelittlebumpsalloveryourtongue(thosearecalledpapillae).Thetastebudshavetastereceptorswhichbindtothestructureofcertainmolecules:sweetreceptorsrecognizehydroxylgroups(OH)insugars,sourreceptorsfindacids(H+,suchasthecitricacidinalemon),saltreceptorsrespondtometalions(likeNa+intablesalt),andbitterreceptorsaretriggeredbyalkaloids.Thesearebaseswhichcontainnitrogen.It’sinterestingtonotethelocationofthebittertastebuds–theyareonthebackofthetongue.Sincemanypoisonsarealkaloids,theirbittertastemayactuallytriggervomiting.


Anyonewho’shadastuffynosecantellyouthatsmellplaysabigroleinourabilitytotaste.Thismakessensebecauseweknowthatwecanonlyreallytastethefourdistincttrueflavorsofsweet,sour,salty,andbitter.Ournoseworksinpartnershipwithourtonguetoallowustoidentifymorecomplexflavors.

Exercises

1. Howmanydifferenttypesoftastereceptorsdowehave?Whatarethey?

2. Canyoustilltastefoodwhenyouhaveastuffynose?

3. Whichtastereceptorsrecognizethehydroxylgroup?


Lesson#16:TastyTasteBudsOverview:Didyouknowthatyourtonguecantasteabout10,000uniqueflavors?Ourtonguestakeanorganizedapproachtoflavorclassificationbydividingtastesintothefourbasiccategoriesofsweet,sour,salty,andbitter.Forthisexperiment,youwillneedabravepartner!Theywillbeblindfoldedandwillbeattemptingtoguessfoods.Relyingonlyontheirsenseoftaste,theywilltrytodeterminewhatkindoffoodsyouaregivingthem.

Materials

partner blindfold water(onecup) plate lemon toothpicks(2) sugarcube(orsomesugar) saltycracker pieceofdarkorbitterchocolate pencil

Experiment

1. (NOTE:Makesureyourpartnerisnotaroundforthefirststep!)Prepareaplatewithapieceoflemononatoothpick(minustherind),asugarcube,areallysaltycracker,andapieceofdarkchocolate,whichwillalsobeonatoothpick.

2. Blindfoldyourpartnerbeforetheyseetheplate.Explainthatyou’regoingtogivethemfoodsamples.Theirjobistotasteeachsample,oneatatime,andthendeterminewhetherthefoodissweet,sour,salty,orbitter.Aftertheyhaveprovidedacategory,seeiftheycantellyouthespecificflavorofthefood.Theyshouldusethewaterbetweensamplesinordertorinsetheirmouthandprepareforthenextfood.

3. Recorddataandobservationsforeachindividualfooditem.Besuretolisteachfood,yourpartner’sgroupclassifications(sweet,sour,salty,orbitter)andwhatspecificflavorsthattheynote.


TastyTasteBudsDataTable

Food Groupclassification Flavorsnoted?

Reading

Whenyouputfoodinyourmouth,salivaimmediatelybeginstobreakitdown.Salivamixeswithfoodandmakesasolution,whichthentakesthefood(anditsflavor)tothetastepores.There,receptorsdeterminethechemicalstructureandsendthisinformationtoyourbrain,whichthendecodesandcategorizesthetaste.Theexactnatureofthesecretcoderelayedbetweenyourtastereceptorsandyourbrainisstillamystery.Maybesomedayyoucanhelptofigureoutthesciencebehindit!Didyouknowthathumanshaveabout7,500tastebuds?That’salotcomparedtomostchickens,whichonlyhaveabout24,total.Butit’saprettysmallamountcomparedtocatfish.Theyhaveover175,000tastebuds!Canyouimaginewhatyourfavoritedessertmighttastelikeifyouhadthatmany?Iwonderifitwouldbeagoodthing,ormaybetoomuchinformation.Perhapswearebetteroffwithourownperfectnumberoftastebuds!

Exercises

1. Howdoessalivahelpwithtasting?

2. Whathelpstodecodethechemicalstructureofafoodsothatthebraincandetermineitstastetype?

3. Whydofoodssometimesbecomelessstrongasweage?


Lesson#17:Stethoscope

Overview:Stethoscopesareinstrumentsusedtoamplifysoundslikeyourheartbeat.Yourdoctoristrainedtouseastethoscopenotonlytocountthebeats,butheorshecanalsohearthingslikeyourbloodenteringandexitingtheheartanditsvalvesopeningandclosing.Prettycool!

Todayyouwillmakeandtestahomemadestethoscope.Eventhoughitwillbeprettysimple,youshouldstillbeabletohearyourheartbeatingandyourheartpumping.Youcanalsouseittolistentoyourlungs,justlikeyourdoctordoes.

Materials

rubberhose(3,12‐inchlengths) “T”connector funnel stopwatchorclockwithasecondhand

Experiment

1. Taketwopiecesofhoseandworkthemontothetopendsofthe“T”connector.Puttheremainingpieceofhoseontothebottomofthe“T.”Thetoolyouhavemadeshouldlooklikeasimplestethoscope,buttherearenosupercoldmetalendpiecestoworryaboutwithyours.

2. Putthefunnelintothebottomhose–theonehangingfromthebottomofthe“T”connector.Younowhaveafunctioningstethoscope.Onewordofwarning:NEVERYELLINTOTHEFUNNELWHILETHESTETHOSCOPEISATTACHEDTOSOMEONE’SEARS.THISCOULDDAMAGEEARDRUMS!

3. Gentlyinsertthesidetubesintoyourears.Putthefunnelonyourchest,justtotheleftofyourbreastbone.Listenforyourheartbeat.Ifyouareinasufficientlyquietroomyoumayevenbeabletoheartheopeningandclosingofyourheart’svalves.

4. Afteryou’vefoundyourheart,trymovingthestethoscopetovariousareasofyourchestandlistenfordifferentsoundsmadebyyourheart.Askifyoucanlistentoafriendorfamilymember’sheart.Arethesoundsmadebyanotherheartthesameordifferent?

5. Nowlistentoyourlungs,placingtheendofthestethoscopejustaboveandtotheleftofthebottomofyourribcage(PointA),totherightofthebottomofyourribcage(PointB),andjustbelowwhereyourribsstart(pointC).Alsolisteninthemiddleofyourbacktotheleft(pointD)andrightofyourspine(pointE).Ineachspot,takeadeepbreathandlistenforthesoundofairenteringandexitingthelungs.

6. Foryourdatarecords,recordhowmanytimesyourheartbeatsinaminutewhileyouarequietandsitting.7. Next,do100jumpingjacks.Sitdownimmediatelyandcheckyourheart.Recordthenumberofbeatsper

minuteforjumpingjacksinyourdata.8. Finally,gooutsideandrunfor3minutes,non‐stop.Thensitandimmediatelycheckyourheartrateone

moretime.Recordthebeatsperminuteforrunninginyourexperimentdata.


StethoscopeDataTable

LocationTested DidYouSitStill,DoJumpingJacks,orRun?

Heartrate(measureinseconds)

PointA

PointB

PointC

PointD

PointE

PointA

PointB

PointC

PointD

PointE

PointA

PointB

PointC

PointD

PointE


Reading

Thecardiovascularsystemismadeupoftheheart,blood,andbloodvessels.Exercisecreatesademandforoxygeninyourmuscles,whichisreceivedfromworkdonebyyourheartandlungs.Theygetamessagefromyourbrainandstarttoworkharder.Youcanseetheproofoftheirhardworkinyourrecordeddata.

Bloodcirculatesthroughtheheartchambers,lungs,andbody.Carbondioxide(CO2)andoxygen(O2)areexchangedinthelungsandtissues.Contractionsoftheheartgeneratebloodpressure,andheartvalvespreventbackflowofbloodinthecirculatorysystem.

Exercises

1. Whichbodysystemistheheartapartof?

2. Whataresomeofthissystem’sjobs?

3. Howmanychambersdoesyourhearthaveandwhataretheycalled?


Lesson#18:HeartRateMonitoring

Overview:Whenyouexercise,yourbodyrequiresmoreoxygeninordertoburnthefuelthathasbeenstoredinyourmuscles.Sinceoxygenismovedthroughyourbodybyredbloodcells,exerciseincreasesyourheartratesothatthebloodcanbepumpedthroughyourbodyfaster.Thisdeliverstheneededoxygentoyourmusclesfaster.Theharderyouexercise,themoreoxygenisneeded,soyourheartandbloodpumpevenfasterstill.

Materials

stopwatchorclockwithasecondhand pencil

Experiment

1. Whilesittingquietly,placeyourfirsttwofingersofonehandontothewristoftheotherhand.Feelforthepulseofyourradialartery.Practicetakingyourpulseinintervalsof6seconds.

2. Afteryouhavehadsomepracticewiththe6‐secondinterval,takeyourpulseforthisamountoftimeandmultiplyitby10.The6‐secondratetimes10isyourheartrateperminute.Recordeachforexperimentdata.

3. Nowstandupanddo50jumpingjacks.Whendone,sitdownimmediatelyandcheckyourpulse.Again,recordthe6‐secondpulserate,multiplyitby10andalsorecordthepulserateperminute.

4. Finally,gooutsideandrunaroundasfastasyoucanwithoutstoppingfor3minutes.Again,immediatelysitandtakeyourpulse.Recordthe6‐secondrate,multiplyitby10andgetyourheartrateperminute.


HeartRateMonitoringDataTable

Activity 6‐secondpulse bpm(6‐secondpulsex10)

sitting

Reading

Exercisingmeansyourmusclesneedmoreoxygen.Theyaskyourbraintotellyourheartandlungs.Whenyourheartgetsthemessage,itstartstobeatharder.Yourlungsworkharder,too.Together,yourheartandlungsworkasateamtoprovidetheneededoxygensupplytoyourmuscles.Youcanidentifythatthisprocessisoccurringbyyourheartrateincreaseandmorerapidbreathingrate.Didyouknowthatyourheartisaboutthesizeofyourfist?Itisactuallyamuscle,anditpumpsmorethanagallonofbloodthroughyourbodyeachminute!Anaverageheartrateis70beatsperminute,butthiscanvarydependingonageandfitnesslevel.Basedon70bpm,yourheartwillbeataround100,000timesperday.That’smorethan36millionbeatsayear!Exercises

1. Explainhowtotakeapulse.

2. Whatunitsdoweusetomeasurepulse?


Lesson#19:What’sYourLungCapacity?

Overview:Didyouknowtherightlungisslightlylargerthantheleft?It’strue!Theleftlungisslightlysmallertomakeroomfortheheart.Lungsareamongthelargestorgansinyourbody.Theyareapartoftherespiratorysystem,whosemainfunctionisgasexchangebetweenourbody’scirculatorysystem(ourblood)andtheenvironment(morespecifically,theairaroundus).Throughrespirationwereceiveoxygentohelpfuelourbodies,anddispelcarbondioxideandotherwastes.

Materials

2‐litersodabottle blackmarker,permanent rubberhose(12”long) largeplasticbowl liquidmeasuringcup(cupsormillimeters)

Experiment

1. Fillthemeasuringcupwithwateruptoeitherthecupor100millilitermark,dependingonthemeasurementyou’reusing.Pourthisintothe2‐literbottleandmarkthewaterlevelwithalineusingtheblack,permanentmarker.Also,writea“1”nexttotheline.

2. Keepaddingwater,onecup(or100milliliters)atatime,markingeachnew1‐cupincrementuntilyouhavefilledthebottlewithwater.Capit.

3. Putwaterinthebowl,fillingitabouthalfofthewayfull.Nowflipthefull(butcapped)bottleofwateroverthebowl.Becarefultokeeptheopeningofthebottleunderwatersothatnowaterisdisplacedintheprocess.

4. Putoneendoftherubberhoseinthetopofthebottle(whichshouldbenowunderwater).5. Takeareallydeepbreath–asdeepasyoucan–andblowyourbreathoutintothetube.Continuetoblow

untilyoucan’tpushanymoreairintothebottle.Asairgoesinthebottle,itpushesanamountofwaterequaltoitsvolumeoutandintothebowl.

6. Putthelidonthebottleandturnitoverbeforeliftingitoutofthewater.Howmuchwaterisleftinthebottle?Subtractthisamountfromtheoriginalamountofwaterinthebottle.Thisshouldbeyourlungcapacity.

7. Recordyourlungcapacityas,“Mylungcapacityis__________________________.”Ifyouusedcups,convertthisnumbertomillilitersbymultiplyingby0.24literspercup.Forexample,19cupswouldequal4.5liters.


Reading

Aman’slungshaveagreatercapacitythanawoman’s–it’sabout6litersforamanand4.2litersforawoman.Andsinceagrown‐uphasagreaterlungcapacitythanakid,itmakessensethata10‐yearoldmightbreathe20timesperminutewhenagrown‐upmightbreatheonly12timesinaminute.Apersonwhois70yearsoldhasbreathedabout600,000,000timesintheirlife.Buttheyhavealsobreathedalotofair–about13,000,000cubicfeet.Thisisenoughairtofill52blimps!

Exercises

1. Whichbodysystemareyourlungsapartof?

2. Whataresomeotherpartsinthissystem?

3. Explainthissystem’smajorfunction.


Lesson#20:WorkingLungModel

Overview:Didyoueverwonderhowtheairthatyoubreatheandthefoodthatyoueatbothgointoyourmouth,butendupintwoverydifferentplaces?Foodandaircanbothenterthroughthemouth,buttheydivergewhenreachingtheesophagusandtrachea.Foodgoestothegastrointestinaltractthroughyouresophagusandairtravelstoyourlungsviathetrachea,orwindpipe.

Youwillbemakingamodelofhowyourlungsworkinthislab.Itwillincludethetrachea,lungs,andthediaphragm,whichexpandsandcontractsasitfillsandemptiesyourlungs.

Materials

2‐litersodabottle,emptiedandcleaned scissors razor(withadulthelp) drill(withadulthelp) ”Y”valvehoseconnector balloons(3round,9‐inch) #3one‐holestopper hose(8‐inches) rubberbands(2) petroleumjelly

Experiment

1. Cutoffthebottomofthe2‐literbottle.Askanadultforhelp.2. Takethe“Y”valveandsecurethetwoballoonstothetopbrancheswiththerubberbands.3. Securethestopperandusethedrilltomakeaholeinitthat’salittlesmallerthanthediameterofthe

tubing.4. Putatinybitofpetroleumjellyontheendofthehosetomakeiteasiertoinsertintothe#3stopper.Pull6

inchesofhosethroughthestopperandthenthreadthehosethroughthebottle’sneck.Insertthestopperintothetopofthebottle.

5. Puttheendofthehose(thatisnowinsidethebottle)intothebaseofthe“Y”valve(whichnowhasballoonsonitsotherbranches).Pullthehosethroughthestopperabit.Also,pullthelungsuptowardthetopofthebottle.

6. Tieaknotinthethird,unusedballoon.Cutitinhalfandstretchthepartwiththeknotovertheopenbottomofthesodabottle.Makesurethebottomballoonisastightasitcanbe.

7. Grabthebottlewithonehand,theknotatthebottomoftheballoonwiththeother.Carefullypulltheknotontheballoondown.Whathappenstotheballoonsinthebottle?Nowletgooftheknotandobservehowthisaffectstheballoons.Noteyourobservations.


Reading

Twoverydistinctbodysystemscantakeinmaterialsviathesamemethod–themouth!Foodandaircanbothenterthebodyhere,buttheydivergequickly,withfoodtravelingdowntheesophagustothestomachandairgoingdownthetracheatothelungs.Inthisexperiment,placingastopperinthetopofthebottleandputtingthestretchedrubberballoononthebottomcreatesanenclosedsystem.Thetubeatthetopofthebottleistheonlywayforairtoenterorexitthemodel’slungs.Pullingdownontheballoon’sknotreducestheairpressureinsidethelungs.Ascompensation,airispusheddownintothetubetoequalizethepressure.Thiscausestheballoonlungstoexpand.Whenyoureleasetheknot,theairpressureforcestheairoutoftheballoons.Ifyouneedmorehelpwithidentification,thetubeactsasthetrachea,theballoonsarethelungs,andtheballoonwiththeknotatthebottomisthediaphragm.

Exercises

1. Didtheballoonsinflateequally,andwhy?

2. Whyisitusefultomakeamodelofsomethinglikethis?

3. Sketchyourmodelandlabelitstrachea,lungs,anddiaphragm.


Lesson#21:DetectingCarbonDioxide

Overview:Anoxygenandcarbondioxideexchangetakesplaceinyourbloodstream.Whenyoubreatheairintoyourlungsitbringsinoxygen,whichiscarriedfromyourlungsbyredbloodcellsinyourbloodstream.Cellsofyourbodyusetheoxygenandcarbondioxideisproducedaswaste,whichiscarriedbyyourbloodbacktoyourlungs.YouexhaleandreleasetheC02aswaste.Youwillstudythisexchangeintoday’slab.

Materials

bromothymolblue straw resealablebaggie ammonia pipette water goggles,gloves,ventilation,andadulthelp!

Experiment

1. Pourabout2ouncesofwaterintothebaggieandaddtwocapfulsofthebromothymolblue.Closethebaggiewellandswishthesolutionaroundinsideitgentlytomix.Notethecolorofthesolutionforyourdatarecord.

2. Openthebaggieatinybitandputthestrawinside,butDONOTdrinkthesolution!Itcouldmakeyousick.Closethebagtightlyaroundthestrawandgentlyblowintothesolution.Again,becarefulnottosuckonthestraw.

3. Watchthecolorofthesolutioncloselyasyoucontinuetoblowintothesolutionandcreatebubblesofcarbondioxidegas.Thecolorwillchangetoaseagreencolorandtheneventuallyitwillchangetobrightyellow.Noteeachcolorchangeinyourrecords.

4. Youcanreturnthesolutiontobluebyslowlyaddingabase–suchasammonia–tothesolutioninthebag.Bleachwillalsowork.Pleaseaskanadulttohelpwiththis.

5. Addonedropatatime,shakingaftereachadditiontomixthesolution.YouwillbeabletoobservewhenthepHstartstochangebackbythecolorofthesolution.Itshouldturnbacktogreenandthentoblue.


DetectingCO2DataTable

Solution ColorChange AcidicorBasic?

Reading

BromothymolbluewillchangecolorinapHrangefrom6.0to7.6.Itisanacid/baseindicator.ItsbasicsolutionisatapHof7.6orabove–thisiswhenitisblue.Inacidicconditions,itwillturnyellow–thisisapHof6.0orbelow.Andwhenit’sinbetweenthetwo,itwillbetheseagreencolorthatyouobservedinyourbaggie.Becausecarbondioxideisalittleacidic,whenwebreatheitoutintothewaterandbromothymolbluesolutionitsbubblesstarttolowerthepH.YousawasmallchangeinpHwiththeseagreencolor,butasyoucontinuedtoexhaleandaddcarbondioxide,thesolutionbecamemoreandmoreacidic.ThiseventuallyresultedinapHatorbelow6.0andabrightyellowsolution.Inordertoexchangeoxygenwithcarbondioxideinyourlungs,theyhaveover300,000,000teenylittleairsacscalledalveoli.Inoneminute,youbreatheapproximately13pintsofair.

Exercises

1. WhatispHandhowitisuseful?

2. Whatdoesayellowcolorindicatewithbromothymolblue?

3. IsCO2acidicorbasic?


Lesson#22:ScentMatching

Overview:Wenowknowthatodormoleculesarediffusedthroughoutaroombythemotionofairmolecules,whichareconstantlymovingandbumpingintothem.Thesetinyodorparticlescangetcaughtinournoseanddissolveintotheolfactoryepithelium,whichisresponsiblefordetectingodorssothatyourbraincaninterpretthem.Todaywe’lltesthowwellyourolfactoryepitheliumandbrainworktogethertodistinguishbetweensmells.

Materials

smallcontainerswithlids(10) cottonballs(10) lemonjuice blackcoffee(1cup) vanillaextract cinnamonoil soysauce marker toothpick(optional) assistant

Experiment

1. Yourpartnershouldbeoutoftheroomwhileyoupreparethisexperiment.2. Takethelidsoffofthecontainersandnumberthefirstfivewitha1through5.MarktheotherfivewithA

throughE.3. Putacottonballintoeachcontainer.Startwiththenumberedcontainersandaddsomelemon,coffee,

cinnamon,soysauce,andvanilla.Recordthesmellforeachnumberforreference.4. Filltheletteredcontainerswiththesameliquids,butnotinthesameorder.Besuretorecordthematerial

youhaveusedforeachletterandmatchthemtothepropernumber.5. Taketheclosedcontainerstoyourassistant.Askthemtomatchthescentinthefirstcanisterwiththe

properletteredcontainerwithoutopeningthecontainer.(Youcanuseatoothpicktogentlypuncturethetopofthecontainer,oryoucanholdthecontainersothatodormoleculescangetout,butyourhelpercan’tseeinside.)Notetheirresponse–aretheycorrect?

6. Repeatstep5foreachofthecontainersuntiltheyallhavebeenmatched.Thencheckyourrecordeddataandseehowwellyourassistantdidwithmatching.


ScentMatchingDataTable

Item #container lettercontainer Correct?

Reading

Everythinghereproducesadistinctodor.Thesmellsgointoyournose,wheretheyareinterpretedbythetinyhair‐likesmellcellsinyourolfactoryepithelium.Thesmellcellsworktogethertodistinguishsmellsandthensendtheinterpretedinformationtothebrainforrecognition.Wepreviouslynotedthathumanshaveanaverageof10,000,000smellcells,buttheyaren’tallthesame.Youhaveabout20differenttypes,andeachdetectsaspecifictypeofodor.Thetypesworktogetherandyourbraintranslatestheirsignalsasauniqueodor.Exercises

1. Whatisthescientificnameforsenseofsmell?

2. Whatisthenameofthetissuewhichhelpsthebraintodistinguishbetweensmells?


Lesson#23:Swallowing

Overview:Peristalsisisthewavelikemovementofmusclesthatmovefoodthroughyourgastrointestinaltract.Theprocessofdigestionbeginswithchewingandmixingthefoodwithsaliva.Whenyouswallow,theepiglottisclosesuptokeepfoodfromgoingintoyourrespiratorysystemandthehunkofchewedfood(calledbolus)goesintoyouresophagus–thisisthetubethatrunsfromyourmouthtoyourstomach.Sincetheesophagusissoskinny,themusclesalongitmustexpandandcontractinordertomovefooddown.Inthisactivitywewillexaminethatprocess.

Materials

severaldifferentballsthesizeofatennisballorsmaller(andincludingatennisball) pairofoldnylonstockings scissors

Experiment

1. Cutawaythecontroltopportionofthenylonsandremovethetoepartaswell(haveanadulthelpyou,ifneeded).Youshouldnowhavealongpieceofnylon.

2. Putthetennisballinoneendofthenylon“esophagus.”3. Startusingbothhandstomovetheballdownthenylontubeuntilitarrivesattheotherend.


SwallowingDataTable

Item/Object HowLongDidItTaketoMakeItThroughtheGITract?(measureinseconds)

Reading

Theesophagusislinedwithmusclesthatworkinwaves,expandingandcontractingtomovefoodalongitdownintothestomach.Theseareverystrongmuscles:evenifyouateupsidedowntheywouldwork!Inthegrandschemeofthedigestionprocess,theroleoftheesophagusisimportant,butrelativelyshort.Ittakesabout10secondstomovefoodfromthemouthtothestomach,buttheentireprocessofdigestioncantakeupto2andahalfdaystofinish!Exercises

1. Whatisthetubecalledthatconnectsthemouthandstomach?

2. Whatistheprocesscalledthatmovesfoodalongthedigestivetractandhowdoesitwork?

3. Howlongisfoodintheesophagus?


Lesson#24:Diffusion

Overview:Everythinglivingproducessomesortofodor.Flowersusethemtoenticebeestopollinatethem.Weknowthatthetastesoffoodsareenhancedbythewaythattheysmell.Ashumans,eachofusevenhasownuniqueodor.Inthislab,welookatthediffusionofscents.Theystartinoneplace,butoftenendupspreadaroundtheroomandcanbedetectedbymanypeople.

Materials

onion lemon groundcinnamon garlic(fresh,oneclove) garlicpress coffeegrounds(fresh) kitchenknife(withadulthelp) cuttingboard fan(variable‐speed) stopwatchorclockwithasecondhand assistants

Experiment

1. Startinaroombigenoughsothatyoucanpreparethefoodsatoneendandyourfriendsorfamilymemberscanbeattheotherend,butpositionedsotheycan’tseewhatyou’redoing.

2. Onanewsheetofpaper,createamapoftheroomshowingthelocationsofyourpartners,thesourceoftheodor,andthefan(whichwillhelpwiththescentdiffusion).Createanewmapforeachsmell.Thiswillbeyourdatatableaswell.

3. Turnonthefanandbeginwiththeonion.Askanadulttohelpyouwithcuttingtheonionintoseveralsmallpieces.Besuretoholdthechoppedpiecesupinfrontofthefan.Askyourpartnerstoraisetheirhandswhentheysmelltheonion.Iftheydon’tsmellit,theycanleavetheirhandsdown.

4. Noteontheonionmapwhereitssmellisdetected.Indicatewithalinethefarthestareawheretheonionissmelled.Thisisitsleadingedge.

5. Checkinwithyourpartnersonceperminuteforfiveminutes.Askthemtoraisetheirhandsandrepeattheprocessofnotingtheareaswherethesmellisdetected.Eachtimeyoucheck,drawalinetoindicatethefarthestareathesmellreaches.Thiswillgiveyouanideaofhowfastandhowfarthesmelldiffused.

6. Repeatsteps3and4witheachitem:cutandsmashthelemonandpressthegarlic.


Reading

Manyfactorsaffecthowquicklyodorsdiffuse.First,theairisconstantlymoving.Astheairmoleculesintheroomarecollidingwitheachother(andwiththeodormolecules)theyhelptomovethesmellsfartherthroughtheroom.Second,thefanmakesahugedifference.Itacceleratesthenaturalprocessofairandodormoleculesandmovesthemmuchfartherandfasterthantheywouldgootherwise.Finally,theairtemperateplaysanimportantrole.Ifthetemperatureishigher,theairandodormoleculeswillmovefaster.

Ashumans,wecanboastabout10,000,000smellcellsinournoses.Thisseemsprettyimpressive…unlessyoucompareustocanines.Dogshavemorethan200,000,000smellingcellsintheirnasalcavities!

Exercises

1. Whichodorstravelthefarthest?

2. Whichonestravelthefastest?

3. Whydoweusethefan?

4. Doesairtemperaturematter?


Lesson#25:ConsumingOxygen

Overview:Thisexperimentnotonlyexplainshowyourbodyusesoxygen,butitisalsoanexperimentinairpressurecircles–bonus!Youwillbeputtingadimeinatartpanthathasabitofwaterinit.Thenyouwillputalitcandlenexttothedimeandputaglassoverthecandlewiththeglass’sedgeonthedime.Oncealloftheairinsidetheglassisusedupbythecandle,thedimewillbeeasytopickupwithoutevengettingyourfingerswet!

Materials

aluminumtartpan votivecandle matches drinkingglass,(clear,12or16oz.) dime water goggles Adultsupervision!

Experiment

1. Pourabout¼inchofwaterinthepanandplacethedimerightinthemiddle.2. Positionthecandlenexttothedimeandaskanadulttolightitforyou3. Putthedrinkingglassoverthecandlewithitsedgerestingonthedime.Watchcloselytoobservewhat

happens.4. Oncethewaterisinsidetheglass,youcancarefullyremovethedimefromunderitsedge.Ifdoneproperly,

thewaterwillstayintheglass.


ConsumingOxygenDataTable

TrialNumber HowLongDidtheCandleBurn?(measureinseconds)

HowHighDidtheWaterRise?(measureininchesorcm)

Reading

Thislabservestoillustratethatoxygenisconsumable.It’sthesamethingthathappensinsideyourbody,butatamuchslowerratethanwhatyouwitnessedwiththecandle.Yourlungscontainabout1,490miles(2,400km)ofairpassagestohelpabsorboxygen.Iftheycouldbespreadoutflat,anaveragesetoflungshaveasurfaceareaofapproximately650squarefeet.Thesheersizeofthissystemgivesyouthechancetoabsorballtheoxygenthatyourbodyneeds.Whenyouputtheglassoverthecandle,youcreateaclosedsystem.Thecandleonlyhadthegastrappedinsidetheairbeneaththeglasstoburn.Asthecandleburned,thegasesintheglassburnedaswell.Theyweretransformedfromastateofgastoaverycompactsolidstatethatstucktothewickofthecandle(thisiswhythewickgetsblackwhenacandleburns).

Animportantthingtonoteisthatastheairwasremoved,thepressureinsidetheglasswasreduced.Lowerairpressureinsideyourclosedsystemcreatedanimbalancewiththeregularairpressureontheoutsideoftheglass.Sincetherewasmorepressureontheoutside,thewaterwaspushedinsidetheglass.Thedimehelpedtomakeagatewayforthewatertobemoreeasilypushedintotheglass.


Exercises

1. Whatdowemeanwhenwesaythatoxygenisconsumable?

2. Whatisthedifferencebetweenanopenandaclosedsystem?

3. Whereisthehigherpressureinthisexperiment?

4. Whydoeswaterriseinsidetheglass?


Lesson#26:EyeBalloon

Overview:Inthislab,wearegoingtomakeaneyeballmodelusingaballoon.Thisexperimentshouldgiveyouabetterideaofhowyoureyeswork.Thewayyourbrainactuallyseesthingsisstillamystery,butusingtheballoonwecangetagoodworkingmodelofhowlightgetstoyourbrain.

Materials

biconvexplasticlens roundballoon,white,9inches assistant votivecandle blackmarker bookofmatches metricruler AdultSupervision!

Experiment

1. Blowuptheballoonuntilitisaboutthesizeofagrapefruit.Ifit’sdifficulttoinflate,stretchthematerialafewtimesoraskanadulttohelpyou.

2. Youwillneedanextrasetofhandsforthisportion.Askyourpartnertoholdtheneckoftheballoonclosedtokeeptheairinwhileyouinsertthelensintotheopening.Thelenswillneedtobeinsertedperpendiculartotheballoon’sneck.Itwillpreventanyairfromescapingonceit’sinplace.Likeyoureye,lightwillenterthroughthelensandtraveltowardthebackoftheballoon.

3. Holdtheballoonsothatthelensispointingtowardyou.Takethelensbetweenyourthumbandindexfinger.Lookintothelensintotheballoon.Youshouldhaveaclearviewoftheinside.Starttotwisttheballoonalittleandnoticethattheneckgetssmallerlikeyourpupilsdowhenexposedtolight.Practiceopeningandclosingtheballoon’s“pupil.”

4. Haveanadulthelpyouputthecandleonthetableandlightit.Turnoutthelights.5. Puttheballoonabout20to30centimetersawayfromthecandlewiththelenspointedtowardit.The

balloonshouldbebetweenyouandthecandle.Youshouldseeaprojectionofthecandle’sflameonthebackoftheballoon’ssurface.Movetheballoonbackandforthinordertobetterfocustheimageonthebackoftheballoonandthenproceedwithdatacollection.

6. Describetheimageyouseeonthebackoftheballoon.Howisitdifferentfromtheflameyouseewithyoureyes?Drawapictureofhowtheflamelooks.

7. Thefocallengthisthedistancefromtheflametotheimageontheballoon.Measurethisdistanceandrecordit.

8. Whathappensifyoulightlypushdownonthetopoftheballoon?Doesthisaffecttheimage?Youareexperimentingwiththeaffectcausedbynear‐sightedness.

9. Toapproximateafarsightedeye,gentlypushinthefrontandbackoftheballoontomakeittaller.Howdoesthischangewhatyousee?


EyeBalloonDataTable

Drawapictureofhowtheflamelookstoyou.

Recordthefocallengthfromflametotheimage.

Whathappenstotheimagewhenyoupushdownonthetopoftheballoon?

Whatdoyouseewhenyoupushonthefrontandbackoftheballoontomakeittaller?

Reading

Firstwe’lldiscussthepartoftheballoonthatrelatetopartsofyoureye.Thewhiteportionoftheballoonrepresentsyoursclera,whichyoumayhavealreadyguessedisalsothewhitepartofyoureye.Itisactuallyacoatingmadeofproteinthatcoversthevariousmusclesinyoureyeandholdseverythingtogether.Ofcourse,thelensyouinsertedrepresentstheactuallensinyoureye.Themusclessurroundingthelensarecalledciliarymuscles,andtheyarerepresentedbytherubberneckofyourballoon.Theciliarymuscleshelptocontroltheamountoflightenteringyoureyes.Theretinaisinthebackofyoureye,whichisrepresentedbytheinsidebackofyourballoon.Theretinasupportsyourrodsandcones.Theycollectinformationaboutlightandcolorandsendittoyourbrain.

Exercises

1. Howdoesyoureyeworklikeacamera?

2. Howcanyoutellifalensisdoubleconvex?


3. Whatisthedifferencebetweenconvexandconcave?

4. Canyougiveanexampleofaneverydayobjectthathasbothaconvexandaconcaveside?

5. Howcanyouchangetheballoontomakeitlikeanear‐sightedeye?

6. Howcanyouchangetheballoontomakeitlikeafar‐sightedeye?


Lesson#27:WaterLens

Overview:Wavesoflightenteryoureyesthroughthepupil,whichisthesmallblackdotrightinthecenterofyourcolorediris.Yourlensbendsandfocusesthelightthatentersyoureye.Inthisexperiment,wewillstudythisprocessofbendinglightandwewilllookatthedifferencebetweenconcaveandconvexlenses.

Materials

washer(3/8inchinsidediameter) microscopeslide petroleumjelly(orlipbalm) newsprintwithsmalltype pipette(1mL)oreyedropperorspoon pen papertowel water

Experiment

1. Applyalittlepetroleumjellyonthewasher’sflatside.NOTE:Washershaveflatandroundedsides,sobesureyouareputtingthepetroleumjellyontheflatsideofthewasher.

2. Putthewasher,petroleumjellysidedown,onthemiddleofthemicroscopeslide.Twistthewasherabittoseatitontheslideandmakeaseal.Thisshouldkeepthewaterinplace.

3. Putthewasherandslideonthenewsprint.4. Fillthepipettewithwater.5. Usethepipettetoslowlyplacewaterinthewasher.Fillthewasheruntilthewatermakesadomedshape.

Youhavejustmadeaconvexlens!6. Findalettereonthenewspaperandputthelensoverit.Drawadiagramofwhattheelookslikethrough

theconvexlens.7. Nowusethepipettetoremovewaterfromthewasher(oryoucanabsorbsomewithapapertowel).Your

goalistocreateadipinthesurfaceofthewater.Nowfindthesameeandplaceyournewconcavelensovertheletter.Drawapictureofwhattheelookslikethroughthenewlens.


WaterLensDataTable

WaterLensType(concaveorconvex)

DrawaDiagramoftheLens

DrawaDiagramoftheNewsprint

Reading

Youcanseethataconvexlensbendsoutwardandaconcavelensbendsinward.Whatdoesthisdotolight?Inaconvexlens,thedomedsurfacemeansthatiflightwavescomeinthroughtheflatbottomsurface,theywillbespreadout,orrefracted,astheyexitthecurvedportionofthelens.Butsinceaconcavelensdipsinwarditcreatestheoppositeeffect.Whenlightwavesexittheconcavesurface,theyarebroughttogether.Thismakesimagesappearsmaller.Thelensdoesallthefocusingwork,butitisactuallytheshapeoftheeyethatdetermineswhatyousee.Ifyouhaveatall,oblongeye,youarefar‐sighted.Andconversely,ifyoureyesareshortandfat,youarenear‐sighted.Ineithercase,thelensesarefunctioningproperlybuttheactualshapeoftheeyeneedsaslightadjustment.

Exercises

1. Whatarethetwomaintypesoflenses?

2. Howarethetwomaintypesoflensesshaped

3. Howdothetwomaintypesoflenseswork?


Lesson#28:DisappearingFrogOverviewYouropticnervecanbethoughtofasadatacordthatispluggedintoeacheyeandconnectsthemtoyourbrain.Theareawherethenerveconnectstothebackofyoureyecreatesablindspot.Therearenoreceptorsinthisareaatallandifsomethingisinthatarea,youwon’tbeabletoseeit.Thisexperimentlocatesyourblindspot.Materials

froganddotprintout meterstick scrappieceofcardboard

Experiment

1. Printoutthefroganddotandremovethedottedportion.Attachittothepieceofcardboard,whichshouldhaveamatchingportionremoved.Youcanplacethepaperandcardboardonthemeterstickatthenotchedarea.

2. Nowtolocateblindspots.First,closeyourlefteye.Lookatthefrogwithyourrighteye.Canyouseethedotandthefrog?Youshouldbeabletoseebothatthispoint,butconcentrateonthefrog.Nowslowlymovethesticktowardyousothatthefrogiscomingtowardyoureye.Payattentionandstopwhenthedotdisappearsfromyourperipheralvision.Atthispoint,thelighthittingthedotandreflectingbacktowardyoureyeishittingtheblindspotatthebackofyourrighteyeball,soyoucan’tseeit.Recordhowfaryoureyeisfromthecardforyourrighteye.

3. Continuetomovethesticktowardyourfaceandatsomepointyouwillnoticethatyouareabletoseethedotagain.Keepmovingthestickforwardandback.Whathappenstothedot?

4. Repeatsteps2and3withyourlefteye,keepingyourrighteyeclosed.Thistime,stareatthedotandwatchforthefrogtodisappear.Movethepaperonthestickbackandforthslowlyuntilyounoticethefrogdisappears.Youhavefoundtheblindspotforyourlefteye.Besuretonotethedistancethepaperisfromyoureye.


DisappearingFrogDataTable

StudentName RightorLeftEye? DistancefromEyetoFrog

Reading

Conesandrodsturnthelightthatenterstheeyeintoimagesthataretransmittedtothebrain.Oureyeshaveablindspotwheretheopticnerveconnectstothebackoftheeyebecausetherearenolightreceptorsthere.Relatethestructuresoftheeyetotheirfunctions.

Therearenolightreceptorsintheareaofyoureyewheretheopticnerveattachestoyoureyeball.Thisisyourblindspotandifanimageisinthisspot,thelightreflectedoffofitdoesn’tgetperceivedbyyoureye.

Exercises

1. Whatdidyounoticeaboutthevisionofthestudentandtheblindspotthatyoumeasured?

2. Whydoyouthinkit’simportanttoknowwhereyourblindspotis?


Lesson#29:VisualReflex

Overview:Voluntarynervesaretheonesthatareunderourdirectcontrol.Others,calledinvoluntarynerves,areunderthecontrolofourbrainsandcreateinvoluntaryreactions.

Materials

ruler assistant pen

Experiment

1. Youwillbeginbytestingyourvisualreflexeswiththehelpofanassistant.2. Holdyourrightelbowatyourwaist.Positionyourarmsothatitisparalleltothefloor.Makeaspaceof

aboutaninchbyholdingyourthumbandforefingerapart.Askyourassistanttoholdtherulervertically,aboveyourthumbandfinger.

3. Yourjobistofocusontheruler.Yourpartnerwillunexpectedlyreleaseitsothatitbeginstofall.Youwillattempttocatchtherulerassoonasyoupossiblycan.

4. Repeattheexperiment5times,recordingthetimeittakestocatchtherulereachtimeforyourdata.Usethetimesyourecordtofindyouraveragetime.

5. Trythisexperimentwithadditionalpeople.Findtheaveragereactionspeedofeachpersonandtheaveragespeedofthegroupasawhole.


VisualReflexDataTable

Trialnumber

RulerMark

1

2

3

4

5

AVERAGE:(totalmarks/totaltrials)

Reading

Thisexperimentisanexampleofavoluntaryresponse.Youreyesseetherulermovingandtellyourbrain,whichthentellsyourfingerstoclosequickly.Thisallhappensveryfast,butinvoluntaryreflexescanbemuchfaster!Youmaynoticeinthisactivitythattherulerfallsoverhalfofthewaythroughyourfingersbeforeyoucanstopit.Thisispartlybecauseofthecommunicationfromeyestobraintofingers.Althoughthenervestransmitveryquickly,thetransmissiontimecanstilltakealittlewhile.

Therearetwoseparatesystemsatworkhere:thecentralnervoussystemisyourbrainandspinalcolumnandthelongernervesbranchingoutfromthespinalcordtoeverypartofyourbodyistheperipheralnervoussystem.Theyworkinconjunctiontocoordinateyouractions.

Ifyoulinesupallofyournerves,endtoend,theywouldstretchformilesandmiles:anaveragelengthisabout47milesofnerves.Thelongestisthesciaticnerve.Itgoesfromthebottomofyourspinetothebottomofyourfoot.

Exercises

1. Whatisthevoluntaryresponseinthisexperiment?

2. Whatisaninvoluntaryresponseinyourbody?Giveanexample.


Lesson#30:CameraEyes

Overview:Youreyeshavetwodifferentlightreceptorslocatedonthebackoftheeyeball.Thesearetherods,whichseeblack,whiteandgrays,andthecones,whichseecolor.Inordertoadapttothedark,oureyesmakeachemicalcalledvisualpurple.Thishelpstherodstoseeandtransmitwhatyouseeinsituationswherethereislittlelight.

Yourpupilsalsoincreaseindiameterinthedarkness.Thisallowsforaslightincreaseintheamountoflightenteringyoureye.Thiscombinationofvisualpurpleandmorelightmakesitpossibleforyoutoseeindarkersituations.

Materials

darkroom lightswitch partner pencil

Experiment

1. Turnoutthelightinadarkenedroomandgiveyoureyesabout5minutestogetusedtothedarkness.2. Afteryoureyeshavehadachancetoacclimatetothelow‐lightconditions,it’stimetogettowork.Tryto

drawapictureofyourassistant’seye.Payparticularattentiontohowthepupillooksinthedarkness.3. Nowturnonthelightwhilestillobservingyourpartner’seye.Whathappenstotheirpupil?4. Drawanotherpictureofyourpartner’seyewiththelightson.Again,payspecialattentiontothediameter

pupiloftheeye.5. Completethedatatablebytryingdifferentlightingconditions.


CameraEyesDataTable

LightConditions DrawaDiagramoftheEye

Reading

Asyouflipthelightswitchon,yourpartner’sbrainrealizesthatthereisalotoflightenteringtherodsandcones,soitrestrictsthesizeoftheopening(yourpartner’spupil)inordertolimitthelight.Youmightnoticethisonasunnydayifyougofromadarkmovietheaterintothebrightsun.Itcanactuallyhurtformoment,andmakesyousquintuntilyoureyeshaveachancetoadjusttothebrightnessbyreducingthesizeofyourpupils.

Exercises

1. Howdoesthepupiladapttolightconditions?

2. Whatarethetwospecialphotoreceptorscalledandwherearetheylocated?

3. Whichphotoreceptorisusedtohelpusseeinthedark?


Lesson#31:HumanLevers

Overview:Leversareclassifiedintothreetypes:firs‐class,second‐class,orthird‐class.Theirclassisidentifiedbythelocationoftheload,theforcemovingtheload,andthefulcrum.Inthisactivity,youwilllearnaboutthetypesofleversandthenuseyourbodytomakeeachtype.

Materials

canofsoup meterstick rubberband lemon

Experiment

1. Usetherubberbandtoattachthelemontooneendofthemeterstick.Wraptherubberbandaroundsothatyoucaneasilyslidethelemondowntoadjustitsposition.

2. Inafirst‐classlever,thefulcrumisinthemiddle.Theloadandeffortareonoppositesideswiththefulcrumbetweenthem.Afamiliarexampleofafirst‐classleverisaseesaw.Tomakeone,placethesoupcan(fulcrum)inthemiddleandthelemonononeend.

3. Asecond‐classleverhasthefulcrumononeend,theloadinthemiddle,andtheforceontheendoppositethefulcrum.Awheelbarrowisagoodexampleofasecond‐classlever.Tomakeone,putthesoupcanatoneendofthemeterstickwiththelemoninthemiddle.Lifttheotherendofthemeterstickfortheeffort.

4. Lastly,athird‐classleverhasafulcrumononeendandtheloadontheoppositeend.Theforceisappliedinthemiddleinthistypeoflever.Agolfclubisanexampleofathird‐classlever.Tomakeone,pushthesoupcantotheendandliftinthemiddleofthemeterstick.

Reading

Yourheadmovingupanddownonyourspineisanexampleofafirst‐classlever.Yourneckjointinthemiddleisthefulcrum,withloadandeffortoneitherside.Inthisexample,loadandeffortswitchdependingonwhetheryouaremovingyourheadupordown.

Standingontiptoeisanexampleofasecond‐classleverwhereyourtoesarethefulcrum.Theeffort,orforce,isinyourheels–theyareliftingyourbodyup.Andtheresistanceislocatedbetweenyourtoesandheels.

Thisleavesuswithbicepcurls,whichareanexampleofathird‐classlever.Yourelbowservesasthefulcrum,thebicepistheforce,andtheweightinyourhandontheendistheload.

Justforfun,didyouknowyourkneeisthelargestjointinyourwholebody?Itconnectsyourfemur,thelargestbone,tothebonesofyourlowerleg.Yoursmallestjointsaretheanvil,hammer,andstirrupinyourinnerear.


Exercises

1. Drawadiagramofafirst‐classlever.Whereinyourbodyisthistypeoflever?

2. Drawadiagramofathird‐classlever.Wherewillyoufindthis?

3. Drawadiagramofasecond‐classlever.Canyougiveanexampleofthistypeofleverintherealworld?


Lesson#32:SoundSpeed

Overview:Soundhastheabilitytotravelthroughthestatesofmatter:solids,liquids,andgases.Generally,solidsarethedensest,liquidsarenext,andgasesaretheleastdense.Inthisexperimentwewillstudythemovementofsoundthroughthesethreestatestoseeifdensityaffectswhatwehear.

Materials

3baggies(re‐sealable) sand water air desktop spoon partner

Experiment

1. Filleachbagtwo‐thirdsofthewayfullwitheachmaterial.Youshouldhaveonebagwithsand,onewithwater,andonewithair.Sealeachbaggiewell.

2. Putthebaggiesonthedeskoronatable.Notethedensityofthematerials.Whichismostdense,medium,andleastdense?

3. Placeyoureardownonthefirstbaggiethatisfilledwithsand.Haveyourpartnerusethespoontotapthetable.Listenforthesoundthroughthebagofsand.

4. Repeatstep3withthebaggiefullofwaterandthenthebagofair.Comparewhatyouhearthrougheachstateofmatter.Rankthetappingyouhearthroughthesolid,liquidandgasinorderfromloudest(3),tomedium(2),toquietest(1).

5. Whenyouhavecompletedthetappingportionoftheexperiment,holdthebagofsanduptoyourear.Haveyourpartnerspeaktoyouthroughthebaggie.

6. Repeatstep5withthebagofwaterandagainwiththebaggieofair.Notetheclarityofthespeechyouhearthrougheachbag.Rankeachbagfromloudest(3),tomedium(2),toquietest(1).


SoundSpeedDataTable

Trial

Solid(1=quiet,2=loud)

Liquid(1=quiet,2=loud)

Gas(1=quiet,2=loud)

spoon

talking

Reading

Soundismadebywavestravellingthroughtheair.Theypasstheirenergyalongtothematterthroughwhichtheyaretraveling.Butnowyouknowthatsounddoesn’tjusttravelthroughtheair.Moleculesinwaterareclosertogetherthanairmolecules,whichmakesitmucheasierforthemtobumpintooneanother.Sothespeedthatsoundstravelthroughliquidisactuallyfasterthanittravelsthroughtheair,andthesoundstravelfurtheraswell.Soundtravelsfastestofallinsolidsbecausethemoleculesinthisstateofmatterareverydenselypackedtogether.Solidspasssoundmuchfartherandatmuchgreaterspeeds.Ifthereisnomattertobouncetheirenergyalong,soundwavescan’treallyform.Soonceyouleaveearth’satmosphere,thereisn’tanysound!

Exercises

1. Whatisdensity?

2. Puttheseintheirgeneralorderofdensity:liquid,gas,solid.

3. Whichmaterialpassessoundwavesalongfartherandfaster?


Lesson#33:SoundMatching

Overview:Youknowthatsoundcomesfromvibrationofsoundwavesastheytravelthroughmaterials.Thesevibrationsarepickedupbythepinna(externalpartoftheears).Thenthevibrationsvibrateyourtympanicmembrane,whichinturnvibratestheossiclesandthenthecochlea.Thecochleasendsinformationthroughtheauditorynerveandsendsittothebrain,whichrecognizesitassound.Inthislab,youwilltestyourabilitytosortandmatchdifferentsounds.

Materials

filmcanisters(10) beans rice sawdust(orpencilshavings) paperclips pennies marker assistant

Experiment

1. Takethecapsoffthecanisters.Numberhalfofthem1to5andmarktheotherswithAthroughE.2. Prepareyourexperimentwhileyourpartnerisoutoftheroom.Fillfiveofthenumberedcontainerswith

oneofthematerials.Notewhichcanistercontainseachmaterialfordatarecords.3. Next,filltheletteredcontainers.Besuretorecordwhichcontainercontainswhichmaterialforreference.4. Whenthecontentshavebeennotedandthelidsallreplaced,bringyourpartnerintotheroom.Askthemto

matchthesoundoftheiteminthefirstcanisterwithoneoftheletteredcontainers.Theycanshake,roll,andevendropthecontainers,buttheycan’ttakeoffthelid.Notetheanswertheygive.

5. Repeatstep4fortherestofthenumberedcontainers.Remembertorecordtheresponses.Whenthecanistershaveallbeenmatched,takeoffthelidsandseehowwelltheydid.


SoundMatchingDataTable

Item/Object Can# CanLetter Correct?

Reading

Objectsproducedistinctsoundswhentheyvibrate.Thesedifferencescansometimesbedistinguishedbyyourears.Ifyourpartnerhasgoodears,listeningcloselyandthencorrectlymatchingthecontentswasprobablyaneasytask.

Nowtosharealittlemoreaboutthecochlea:Youknowitultimatelyreceivessoundsandsendssignalstothebrain.Itisasmallorganshapedlikeaspiral.It’sfilledwithfluidandtinycellswhichareshapedlikehairs.Thesehair‐likecellsconvertthevibrationsfromsoundintosignalsthatcantraveltheauditorynerveuptothebrain.Thetinycellsarequitesensitive.Theycanactuallybedamagedbyextremelyloudnoises,soremembertoprotectthemwithearplugsifyouwillbeexposedtoveryloudsounds.

Didyouknowthatthetiniestbonesinyourbodyarefoundinyourear?Theyarecalledossicles,andincludethehammer,anvil,andstirrup.Theyarelocatedjustbehindyoureardrumandcollectthevibrationsthatcomeintotheearcanalandhityoureardrum.Whenyoureardrumbeginstovibrate,thetinybonesvibrateaswell.Thiscausesyourcochleatovibrateaswell,anditsendsasignaltoyourbrainforittointerpret.

Exercises

1. Whatarethetinybonesintheearcalled?

2. Namesomeotherpartsoftheear.


Lesson#34:SoundWhackers

Overview:Haveyoueverheldarulerovertheedgeofadeskortableandwhackedtheendofit?Ifso,youwouldnoticeafunnysound.Thissoundchangesifyouchangethelengthoftherulerthatishangingovertheedge.Thesoundyouhearismadebytheruler’svibrations.

Materials

desk(ortable,orcountertop) metricruler

Experiment

1. Placetheruleronthedeskatthe20centimetermark.Holdtheportionoftherulerthat’sstillonthedeskdownveryfirmlywithonehand.Pressdowntheportionoftherulerhangingoffthedeskwiththeotherhand.Nowletitgo.Therulershouldbegintovibrateupanddownwhileproducingastrangesound.

2. Nowrearrangetherulersothatitisplacedatthe15centimetermarkandgiveitathump.Whathappenstothepitchthistime?Isithigherorlowernowthattheoverhangingportionisshorter?

3. Makesureyoutrytherulerat5centimeters,10centimeters,15centimeters,20centimeters,and25centimeters.Listeneachtimeandplacethelengthsinorderfromhighesttolowestpitch.

4. Finally,puttheruleratthe25centimetermark,withjust5centimetersonthetableandtheresthangingovertheedge.Giveitawhackandwhileit’svibrating,slidetherulerbackacrosstheedgeofthetabletomaketheoverhangingportionshorterandshorter.Whathappenstothesound?


SoundWhackersDataTable

Rulerlength Pitch(1ishighest,10islowest)

Reading

Inthislab,webegintolearnaboutsound.Youknowitiscollectedanddecipheredbyyourears,butdidyoualsoknowthatallsoundismadewhensomethingvibrates?Itcouldbeaguitarstring,vocalchordsinyourthroat,orarulerthatishangingovertheedgeofthedesk:Vibrationsmakesound.Theoverhangingportionoftheruleristheportionallowedtovibrate.Thisdeterminesthesound’spitch.Whenashortpieceishangingovertheedge,ahighpitchismade.Andwhenthelengthislonger,thepitchislower.Thisiswhathappenswithallvibratingobjectsandisafunctionoftheirwavelengths.

Exercises

1. Howissoundmade?

2. Howdoyouchangethepitchoftheruler?


Lesson#35:BigEars

Overview:Howdoyouthinkanimalsknowwe’rearoundlongbeforetheyseeus?Sure,mosthaveapowerfulsenseofsmell,buttheycanalsohearusfirst.Inthisactivity,wearegoingtosimulateenhancedtympanicmembranes(oreardrums)byattachingStyrofoamcupstoyourears.Thiswillincreasethenumberofsoundwavesyourearsareabletocapture.

Materials

Styrofoamcups(2,small) Styrofoamcups,(2,large) scissors kitchentimer

Experiment

1. Setthetimerandputitonatableordesk.Walkabout6feetawayandfacethetimer.Listenforthetickingsound.Now,turnyourbackontheclocksothatyouarefacingtheotherdirection.Howhasyourabilitytohearthetickingchanged?Wecanincreasethesoundsyouhearbyusingthecups.

2. Getanadulttohelpwithcuttingthecups.Theywillholdoneofthesmallercupswithonehandandmakeacutaboutaninch(3cm)fromtherimtowardthebottomofthecup.

3. Drawacircleattheendofthecutthatisaboutthesizeofyourearwhereitattachestoyourhead.Cutoutthecircle.

4. Repeatsteps2and3withtheother12oz.cup.Carefullyputthemonyourearswiththeiropeningspointingforward.Youhavejustaddedtothesizeofyourearsandtheyshouldbeabletocollectmoresoundvibrations.Trylisteningtothetimernowwiththecupsonyourears.

5. Nowrepeatsteps2through4withthelargercups.Setthetimeronemoretimeandlistentothetimer.Comparewhatyouhearwithwhatyouheardwithyourunenhancedears,andwhatyouhearwiththe12oz.ears.

6. Onascaleof0‐10,howmuchdidthecupsimprovewhatyouwereabletohear?Notewhereyouwouldplaceboththe12oz.cupsandthe32oz.cupsonthescaleif0isthestartingpointequaltowhatyoucanhearwithyourownears.


BigEarsDataTable

CupSize DidOneEarorBothEarsHaveCups?

HowDidYouHear?(Scaleof0–10)

Reading

Hearingisbasedonmovement.Theinitialprocessinvolvestheactualwavescomingtowardyourear,whicharefunneledinsidetoyourtympanicmembrane.Inthisexperimentwearegoingtofocusontheinitialfunnelingprocess.Thisisdonebythevisible,externalpartofyourear,knownasthepinna.Bymakingthepinnalarger,youalsoincreasedtheirabilitytopickupsoundvibrations.Thisenabledyoutohearmuchmore,andatlouderlevels.Thepinnaalsohelptodeterminethedirectionfromwhichsoundiscoming.Ifasoundiscomingfromtheleft,yourleftearhearsitalittlebitbeforetheright.Thisletsyourbrainknowwherethesoundoriginates.Exercises

1. Whichpartoftheearisthisexperimenttesting?

2. Whathappenswhenyouchangeyourvariableinthisexperiment?

3. Didthisexperimentchangeyourabilitytodetectwhichdirectionasoundcamefrom?


Lesson#36:NerveTester

Overview:Oursenseoftouchprovidesuswithinformationthathelpsustoprocessandexploreourworld.Nervesplayanimportantpartinthesenseoftouchbybeingthewiresthatcarrysignalsfromtheskintothebrain.Butthebodyhasaplaninplacesothatourbrainsdon’tgetoverwhelmedwithtoomuchinformation.Thisplanisalotlikeablueprintforwiringahouse.Justlikeahousehaslightswitchesandelectricaloutletsinstrategiclocations,ourbodieshavetouchreceptorsofvariousnumbersbasedontheirlocation.Inthislab,wewillexploreanarmtodeterminewherethehighestconcentrationsofnervesareinthatlimb.

Materials

paperclip,large ruler partner

Experiment

1. Unfoldapaperclipsothatithastwoopenends,forminga“U”shape.Theendsshouldbeaboutacentimeterapart.Measureitwithyourrulertocheck.

2. Haveyourpartneruncovertheirarmuptotheshoulder.Theyshouldplacethisarmonthetable,palmup,butitisalsoimportantthattheyfaceawayfromyou.Theyshouldn’tbeabletoseethetest.

3. GENTLYtouchoneorbothoftheopenpaperclipendstoyourpartner’sfingertip.Askyourpartnertodeterminehowmanypointsyouusedtotouchthem(oneortwo).Thenrecordtheirresponseas(Y)foracorrectansweror(N)forincorrect.

4. Continuetestingbasedonthenumberedpointsinthediagram.Randomlyvarythepointsusedtotouchyoursubject’sskin,recordingtheirY(correct)orN(incorrect)responseforeachindividualarea.

5. Repeatsteps3and4,withthepaperclipendsseparatedatadistanceof3cm,5cm,and10cm.6. Yourturn!Switchplacesandhaveyourpartnertestyouandrecordyourresponses.7. Finally,usethediagramandyourdatatodesignamapofnerveconcentrationsinthearmandhand.What

aresomeoftheadvantagesofthisnerveplacement?


NerveTesterDataTable

Location 1cm–correct? 3cm–correct? 5cm–correct? 10cm–correct?

Reading

Endingsarenervesarelocatedsothatwecanusethemtocollectdata.Thehighestconcentrationsofnervesareinourhands,feetandmouths.Weuseourhandstogatheralotofdata,ourfeetformovingaround,andourmouthsforspeaking.Luckily,theareasofourbodiesthataremorelikelytobebumpedandtheonesweusetohelpprotectourselveshavefewernerveendings.Areasofparticularlylowconcentrationincludeourbacks,rearends,andarms.

Ourtongueshavethehighestnerveconcentrationofall.Infact,nervemappingresearchershavelearnedthatoverhalfofourbrain’ssensorynervesareconnectedtoourtongues.Itmakessensewhenyourealizethatwetaste,talk,andfeelwiththisrelativelysmallorgan.Itreallyneedstoconnecttosomanyplacesinthebrain!

Exercises

1. Whereisthehighestconcentrationofnerveendingsinthebody?

2. Whatarenerveendsusedfor?

3. Wheredoyouthinktheleastamountofnerveendsshouldbeinthebody?


Lesson#37:AllAboutKidneys

Overview:Yourkidneysremovewastematerial,minerals,andfluidsfromyourbloodandputitinyoururine.Althoughurineissterile,ithashundredsofdifferentkindsofwastesfromthebody.Allsortsofthingsaffectwhatisinyoururine,includinglastnight’sdinner,howmuchwateryoudrink,whatyoudoforexercise,andhowwellyourkidneysworkinthefirstplace.Thisexperimentwillshowyouhowthekidneysworktokeepyourbodyintopshape.

Materials

1literofwaterperstudent 1canofsodaperstudent 1sportsdrink,likeGatorade,perstudent Redfooddye Chalk(orahandfulofsand) Coffeefilterorcheesecloth pHpaperstrips Disposablecups Cleanglassjar Rubberband Measuringcups

IfyouaredoingtheoptionalThirdBonusExperiment:

solutionyourteacherhaspreparedforyou pipecleaners cleanedoutjarorbottle(pickle,jam,ormayojar) water borax

Experiment

FirstExperiment:HowQuicklyDotheKidneysProcessFluids?

1. Drinkaliterofwaterquickly(inlessthanfiveminutes).2. Wait20minutes(youcanstartonthesecondpartofthislabwhileyouwait)andthencollectyoururinein

adisposablecupinthebathroomanduseapHtestingstriptotestthepHbydippingitinthecup.3. Repeatfourtimessothatyouhavefoursamplescollected20minutesapart.4. Repeatsteps1‐3fortwodifferentliquids,suchasasportsdrinkandasoda.5. Completethedatatableforallthreeliquids.


SecondExperiment:KidneyFiltration

6. Crushapieceofchalkandplaceitinacleanglassjar.(Youcanalternativelyuseahandfulofsandfromtheplaygroundifyoudon’thavechalk.)

7. Fillthejarpartwaywithwater.8. Addafewdropsofredfoodcoloringtothewater.9. Thechalk(orsand)representstoxinsintheblood.Thewaterrepresentstheblood.10. Placeacoffeefilter(orcheesecloth)ontopofthejarandsecurewitharubberband.Thiscoffeefilteris

yourkidney.11. Tipthejaroveradisposablecupandpourthecontentsintothedisposablecup.Thisisthekidneyfiltering

theblood.12. Observewhatthefiltertrapsandwhatitdoesn’tandrecordyourobservationsinthedatatable.

BONUSThirdExperiment:KidneyStones

13. Akidneystoneissomethingthatdevelopsintheurinarytractfromacrystal.Crystalsstartfrom“seedcrystals”thatgrowwhenplacedintherightsolution.

14. Useapipecleanertocreateashapeforcrystalstoclingto(suggestion:cutinto3lengthsandwraparoundoneanother).Curlthetoppipecleaneraroundapencil,makingsuretheshapewillhangnicelyinthecontainerwithouttouchingthesides.

15. Add2cupsofwaterand2cupsofborax(sodiumtetraborate)intoapot.Heat,stirringcontinuouslyforabout5‐10minutes.Donotboil,butonlyheatuntilsteamrisesfromthepan.

16. Whentheboraxhasdissolved,addmore,andcontinuetodosountiltherearebitsofboraxsettlingonthebottomofthepanthatcannotbestirredin(Itmaybenecessarytostopheatingandletthesolutionsettleifitgetstoocloudy).You’llbeaddinginalotofborax!Youhavenowmadeasupersaturatedsolution.Makesureyoursolutionissaturated,oryourcrystalswillnotgrow.

17. Waituntilyoursolutionhascooledtoabout130oF(hottothetouch,butnotsohotthatyouyankyourhandaway).Pourthissolution(justtheliquid,notthesolidbits)intothejar,andaddthepipecleanershape.Makesurethepipecleanerissubmergedinthesolution.Putthejarinaplacewherethecrystalscangrowundisturbedovernight,orevenforafewdays.Warmerlocations(suchasupstairsorontopshelves)arebest.

18. NOTE:ThesecrystalsareNOTedible!Pleasekeepthemawayfromsmallchildrenandpets!


KidneysProcessFluidsDataTable

RecordthepHandvolume(didyouurinatealot,medium,orlittle?)

DrinkType 20min 40min 60min 80min


KidneysFiltrationDataTable

AmountofChalkorSand

AmountofWater

ColorofWaterafterMixed

AmountofSolidsFilteredOutbyCheesecloth

Reading

Urinetestslookatdifferentcomponentsofurine.Mosturinetestsaredonetogetinformationaboutthebody’shealthandclarifyproblemsthatitmightbehaving.Thereareover100differentkindsofurineteststhatcanbedone.Dependingonthetest,scientistslookfordifferentthings.

Themostobvious,andtheoneyoucandoyourselfathome,istolookatthecolorofurine,whichisnormallyclear.Manydifferentthingsaffecturinecolor,andthedarkeritis,thelesswaterthereisinit.VitaminBsupplementscanturnitbrightyellow.Ifyouliketoeatblackberries,beetsorrhubarb,thenyoururinemightbered‐brown.

Thenextthingtocheckissmell.Sinceurinedoesn’tsmellmuch,it’sasignalifitsuddenlytakesonanunusualodor.Forexample,ifyouhaveanE.coliinfection,yoururinewilltakeonabadodor.

Scientistsalsocheckthespecificgravity,whichisameasureoftheamountofsubstancesintheurine.Thehigherthespecificgravitynumbermeasures,themoresubstanceisintheurine.Forexample,whenyoudrinkalotofwater,yourkidneysaddthatwaterintotheurine,whichmakesforalowerthespecificgravitynumber.Thistestshowshowwellthekidneysbalancetheamountofwaterinurine.Thespecificgravityfornormalurineisbetween1.005‐1.030.

pHisameasureofhowbasicoracidicsomethingis,andforaurinetest,it’sthepHoftheurineitself.ApHof7isneutral,a9isstronglybasic,anda4isstronglyacidic.UsingastripofpHpaperwilltellyouhowbasicoracidicyoururineis.Normally,pHisbetween4.6‐8.0forurine.

Proteinisnotsupposedtobeintheurine,unlessyou’resickwithafever,justhadahardworkoutsession,orarepregnant.Scientistslookforproteintobepresentintheurinetodetectcertainkindsofkidneydiseases.


Glucoseissugarintheblood,andusuallythere’snoglucoseinurine,orifthereis,it’sonlyatinybit.Whenscientistsdetectglucoseintheurine,itmeansthatthebody’sbloodsugarlevelsareveryhigh,andtheyknowtheyneedtolookintothingsfurther.

Whenscientistsfindnitrites,theyknowthatbacteriaarepresent,especiallythekindthatcauseaurinarytractinfectionbecausebacteriamakeanenzymethatchangesnitratestonitritesintheurine.

Strong,healthypeoplewillhaveacoupleofsmallcrystalsintheirurine.Ifscientistsfindalargenumberofcrystals,thentheystartlookingforkidneystones.Iftheydon’tfindkidneystones,thentheystartlookingathowthebodymetabolizesfoodtoseeifthere’saproblem.

Mostadultsmakeabout1‐2quartsofurineeachday,andkidsmakeabout0.6‐1.6quartsperday

Exercises

1. Whichfluidproducedmoreurineforthefirstexperiment?

2. Didthecaffeinesolutionscausethecalcitestonestoshrinkorhavenoeffect?

3. Whatdoespouringthechalkywaterthroughacoffeefiltershow?

4. Whatarekidneystonesandhowaretheyformed?


LifeScience2Evaluation

StudentWorksheet

Overview:Todayyou’regoingtotaketwodifferenttests:thequizandthelabpractical.You’regoingtotakethewrittenquizfirst,andthelabpracticalattheendofthislab.Thelabpracticalisn’tapapertest–it’siswhereyougettoshowyourteacherthatyouknowhowtodosomething.

LabTest&Homework

1. Yourteacherwillcallyouupsoyoucansharehowmuchyouunderstandabouthumananatomyandhowitworks.Sincescienceissomuchmorethanjustreadingabookorcirclingtherightanswer,thisisanimportantpartofthetesttofindoutwhatyoureallyunderstand.

2. Whileyouarewaitingforyourturntoshowyourteacherhowmuchofthisstuffyoualreadyknow,yougettochoosewhichhomeworkassignmentyouwanttocomplete.Theassignmentisduetomorrow,andhalfthecreditisforcreativityandtheotherhalfisforcontent,soreallyletyourimaginationflyasyouworkthroughit.Chooseone:a. Writeashortstoryorskitabouthumananatomyfromtheperspectiveofthemuscle,bone,heart,

lungs,oroneofthefivesenses(taste,touch,sight,sound,orsmell).You’llreadthisaloudtoyourclass.b. Makeaposterthatteachesthemainconceptsofhumananatomy.Whenyou’refinished,you’lluseitto

teachtoaclassintheyoungergradesanddemonstrateeachoftheprinciplesthatyou’velearned.c. Writeandperformapoemorsongaboutthemostfascinatingpartofhumananatomy.Thiswillbe

performedforyourclass.


LifeScience2Quiz

Name__________________________________________________________

1. Whatarewaysthatthehumanbodycandetecttemperature?

2. Whatarethetwomaintypesofmuscles?

3. Givetwoexamplesofamusclegroup.

4. Whatisthesmooth,hard,protectivelayerontheoutsideofbonescalled?

5. Whatistheinsidespongy,porous,honeycombedbonecalled?

6. Whichbodysystemistheheartapartof?Whataresomeofthejobs?

7. Whichbodysystemareyourlungsapartof?Whataresomeotherpartsinthissystem?

8. WhatispHandhowisituseful?WhatpHisconsideredacidic?

9. Whatistheprocesscalledthatmovesfoodalongthedigestivetractandhowdoesitwork?

10. Whatdoyourkidneysdo,andhowdotheydoit?


LifeScience2LabPracticalStudentWorksheet

Thisisyourchancetoshowhowmuchyouhavepickeduponimportantkeyconcepts,andifthereareanyholes.Youalsowillbeworkingonahomeworkassignmentasyoudothistestindividuallywithateacher.

Materials:

Doubleconvexlens Balloon Candle Matches(youwilllightthecandlewhenthestudentasksyouto) Paper Pieceofclay Pencil Ruler

LabPractical:Askthestudent

Designanexperimentthatshowshowtheshapeoftheeyewillmakepeoplenear‐orfar‐sighted.

Designanexperimentthatshowshowafirst‐classleverworks,andalsoshowwhereinyourbodyyoucanfindthistypeoflever.


AnswerstoExercisesandQuizzes Lesson #1: Robotic Hand 1.Whattypesofmusclesareconnectedtoourbones?(voluntarymuscles)2.Whichtypeofconnectivetissueconnectsourmusclestoourbones?(tendons)3.Whatdoextensortendonsinourwristdo?(allowustostraightenourfingersandthumb)4.Whatdoflexortendonsdo?(curlthefingersandthumb,bendthewrist)Lesson #2: Chemical Fingerprinting 1.Whatarethethreemaintypesofpatternsonfingerprints?Describeeach.(Loopsstartandendonthesamesideofafinger,archesgofromonesideofafingertotheother,andwhorlsarebasicallycircular.)2.Howdofingerprintshavethepotentialtohelpsolvecrime?(Fingerprintsareuniquetoeachindividual.Printsfromacrimescenecanbecomparedtoadatabaseoffingerprintsforpossiblematches.)3.Whydoesbakingsoda(orwashingsoda)showupredonthepaper?(Theyarebases,whichinteractwithachemicalinthegoldenrodpaper).4.WhatkindofpHdobaseshave?(baseshaveahighpH)5.Whatkindofreactiondoweseewhentheredfingerprintsshowuponthepaper?(chemicalreaction)Lesson #3: Detective Boxes 1.Name,inorder,thethreemainlayersofskin.(epidermis,dermis,andsubcutaneous)2.Whichlayerofskincontainsthemechanoreceptors?Nametwomoreitemsinthislayer.(Thedermis,whichalsocontains(anytwoanswersacceptable)hairfollicles,bloodvessels,sebaceousglands,nerveendings,etc.)3.Namethefivetypesofnerveendingsandtheirspecialization.(Meissner’sendingsrespondtovibrationsandlightpressure,suchasflutteringorstrokingmotions.Ruffini’sendingsrespondtopressureandaresensitivetostretching..Merkel’sendingsdetectmoderate,steadypressureandprovideinformationtothebrainabouttexture.Pacini’sendingsdetectdeep,rapidvibrations.Freenerveendingsareusedindetectingpain.)Lesson #4: Detecting Temperature Changes 1.Whichchemicalwhenmixedwithwaterwasanendothermic(absorbedheatandfeltcold)reaction?(Addingammoniumnitratetowatercausesbothitsammoniumandnitrateionstodissolve,whichresultsinheatabsorptionasiconicbondsarebroken.Thisisanendothermicreaction.)2.Whichchemicalresultedinanexothermicreaction(gaveoffheat)?Whydoesthishappen?(Calciumchloridesplitsintocalciumionsandchlorideionswhenitismixedwithwater.Asthisoccurs,energyisreleasedintheformofheat.)3.Whatarewaysthatthehumanbodycandetecttemperature?(Thermoreceptorsarethenerveendingsinourskinthatdetectchangesintemperature.They’relocatedinthedermis,orsecondlayerofskin,andwehavebothcoldreceptorsandwarmreceptors.)Lesson #5: Rubber Eggs1.Describewhattheeggshelllookedlikebeforethereaction.(Answersmayvarybutshouldincludedetailssuchascolor,thicknessofshell,whattypeofsurfacetheshellhas,etc.)2.Describetheaceticacid(Answersmayvarybutshouldincludedetailssuchascolor,viscosity,smell.)3.Theproductyouwitnessedinthischemicalreactionwascarbondioxide,acolorless,odorlessgas.Howcanyoutelltherereallywasachemicalreaction?(bubblesformed)4.Whydidtheeggturnto“rubber?”(Thevinegardissolvedthecalciumoftheegg.)


Lesson #6: Foggy Hands 1.Howissweatreleasedfromthebodythroughtheskin?(viapores)2.Howdoessweathelptocoolthebody?(It’sreleasedontotheskinandevaporates,whichiscooling.)3.Whatdidyouobserveatthe30minutemarkinyourexperiment?(Answerswillvary,butthebagshouldbefoggyandthehandwillbewet.)4.Whatisevaporationandhowisitdifferentfromcondensation?(Evaporationturnsaliquidintoagas[orvapor],condensationturnsitfromagasbacktoaliquid.)Lesson #7: Finger Thermometers

1.Doesthetemperatureofthemiddleglassfeelwarmer,cooler,orthesame whenyoutouchitwithyourhandthatwasholdingthewarmglass?(cooler)2.Whatdoesyourhandthatwastouchingthecoldglassfeelwhenittouchesthemiddleglass?(warmer)3.Whatdoyoufeelwhenbothhandsareonthemiddleglass?(onefeelswarmandonefeelscool)4.Whydoyouthinkyourhandsarenotthebestinstrumentsfordeterminingtemperature?(ourhandsdetectchangesintemperature,notactualtemperature)5.(Ruffini’sendings)Lesson #8: Cooling and Heating 1.Whatisequilibrium?(astateofconstantbalance)2.Howdoesequilibriumrelatetobodytemperature?(Equilibriumisourbody’sgoal–itusesskintohelpregulatetemperatureandachieveequilibrium.)3.Howdoesourbodyhelptocoolusdown?(Sweatisreleasedthroughpores,whichevaporatestohelpcoolus.)Lesson #9: Testing Muscle Strength 1.Whatarethetwomaintypesofmuscles?(voluntaryandinvoluntary)2.Giveanexampleofamusclegroupthat’smorespecificthanyouranswersabove.(example:cardiacmuscles,smoothmuscles)3.Whyaren’tthemusclesinourfingersbigandstronglikethoseinourarmsandlegs?(Differentmusclegroupshavedifferentfunctions–fingermusclesneedtobesmallandfastforsmall,detail‐orientedmovements.)Lesson #10: Inside Bones 1.Namesomeofthepartsthatmakeupourskeletalsystem.(bonesandconnectivetissueslikecartilage,joints,tendons,ligaments)2.Whatisthesmooth,hard,protectivelayerontheoutsideofbonescalled?(corticalbone)3.Whatistheinsidespongy,porous,honeycombedbonecalled?(cancellousbone)4.Whatisthenetworkoftubesinsidebonescalled?(Haversiansystem) Lesson #11: Tendon Reflex 1.Whatarethemainpartsofthenervoussystem?(thecentralnervoussystemconsistsofthebrainandspine,peripheralnervoussystemisnervesandotherconnectorsthatlinkournumerousbodypartsandorgansbacktothebrainandspine)2.Whatarethetwopartsoftheperipheralnervoussystemandwhataretheirfunctions?(somaticsystemsendsmessagesfrombraintolimbssothatwecanmoveourbodies,andcollectsinformationreceivedfromourfivesenses;autonomicsendsinformationtoourorgans,blood,andotherpartsofthebodyandalsocontrolsinvoluntaryreflexes)


3.Whichpartofthenervoussystemcontrolsinvoluntaryreflexes?(autonomicsystem)Lesson #12: Detecting Plaque1.Whydoesthisexperimentworkatdetectingplaque?(Disclosingtabletsaredesignedtoidentifyplaquebyturningitred.)2.Howcandentistsandmomsusethistomakesureyou’redoingagoodjobbrushing?(Asapopquiz!)3.Whatisplaque,andwhyisitbadforyou?(Thebuildupofthingslikefoodandbacteriawhereyourgumsandteethmeet,andalsobetweenyourteeth,iscalledplaque.Whereplaquelivesisalsowherethebacteriaturnsthesugarinyourmouthintoharmfulacidsthatattackyourteeth’senamelandcanleadtogumdisease.)Lesson #13: PTC Testing 1.Whatarethetinyhair‐likeorganellesthatsendtastemessagestoyourbraincalled?(microvilli)2.Whatarethebumpsonyourtonguecalled?(papillae)3.Whatkindoftraitdoesthisexperimenttest?(agenetictrait–dominantorrecessivegene)Lesson #14: Testing Spit Samples 1.Whatisthefirststepinthedigestiveprocess?(chewingormastication)2.Howdoessalivahelptodigestfood?(Itcontainsenzymesthatbreakdownstarchinfoods.)3.Nameoneormoreofthemainsalivaryglandsandwheretheyarelocated.(parotidglandisnearthebackofthethroat,submandibularglandisinthelowerjaw,sublingualglandisunderthetongue)Lesson #15: Mapping Your Tongue 1.Howmanydifferenttypesoftastereceptorsdowehave?Whatarethey?(Four:sweet,salt,bitter,andsour.)2.Canyoustilltastefoodwhenyouhaveastuffynose?(Wecanonlytastethefourdistincttrueflavorsofsweet,sour,salty,andbitter.Ournoseworkswithourtonguetoallowustoidentifymorecomplexflavors.)3.Whichtastereceptorsrecognizethehydroxylgroup?(sweet)Lesson #16: Tasty Taste Buds 1.Howdoessalivahelpwithtasting?(itmakesasolutionwiththefoodweeat,whichcanbeanalyzedbyourtastebuds.)2.Whathelpstodecodethechemicalstructureofafoodsothatthebraincandetermineitstastetype?(tastereceptorsortastebuds)3.Whydofoodssometimesbecomelessstrongasweage?(Ourtastebudsarereplacedeverycoupleofweeksandfewerofthemgetreplacedaswegrowolder.)Lesson #17: Stethoscope 1.Approximatelyhowbigisyourheart?(aboutthesizeofafist)2.Whichbodysystemistheheartapartof?(cardiovascularsystem)3.Whataresomeofthissystem’sjobs?(deliveringnutrientsandoxygen,disposingofwaste,regulatingbodytemperature,fightingdisease,maintaininghomeostasis)4.Howmanychambersdoesyourhearthaveandwhataretheycalled?(fourchambers–leftandrightventricle,leftandrightatrium)5.Howdidtheheartratechangewhenyouexercised?Whydidthishappen?(Theheartrateincreasesbecauseofactivity–increasedactivitymeansanincreasedneedforoxygeninthemuscles,sotheheartworkshardertodeliverthisoxygen.)


Lesson #18: Heart Rate Monitoring 1.Explainhowtotakeapulse.(Findthepulseinyourwristwithindexandmiddlefingers,countfor6seconds,themmultiplyby10togettherateperminute.)2.Whatunitsdoweusetomeasurepulse?(beatsperminuteorbpm)Lesson #19: What’s Your Lung Capacity? 1.Whichbodysystemareyourlungsapartof?(respiratorysystem)2.Whataresomeotherpartsinthissystem?(trachea,diaphragm,nose,mouth,etc.)3.Explainthissystem’smajorfunction.(Gasexchange–itbringsinoxygenforfuelanddispelscarbondioxideandotherwasteproducts.)Lesson #21: Detecting Carbon Dioxide 1.WhatispHandhowisituseful?(ameasurablescalethatletsusknowhowacidicorbasicsomethingis)2.Whatdoesayellowcolorindicatewithbromothymolblue?(acidicsolution)3.IsCO2acidicorbasic?(slightlyacidic,soitchangesthesolutiongreen)Lesson #22: Scent Matching 1.Whatisthescientificnameforsenseofsmell?(olfactorysense)2.Whatisthenameofthetissuewhichhelpsthebraintodistinguishbetweensmells?(olfactoryepithelium)Lesson #23: Swallowing 1.Whatisthetubecalledthatconnectsthemouthandstomach?(esophagus)2.Whatistheprocesscalledthatmovesfoodalongthedigestivetractandhowdoesitwork?(peristalsisoccurswhensmoothmusclesalongthedigestivetractexpandandcontracttomovefood)3.Howlongisfoodintheesophagus?(onlyafewseconds)Lesson #24: Diffusion 1.Whichodorstravelthefarthest?(answersvary–checkyourdatatable)2.Whichonestravelthefastest?(answersvary–checkyourdatatable)3.Whydoweusethefan?(Itacceleratesthenaturalprocessofairandodormoleculesandmovesthemmuchfartherandfasterthantheywouldgootherwise.)4.Doesairtemperaturematter?(Thehighertheairtemperature,thefastertheairandodormoleculeswillmove.)Lesson #25: Consuming Oxygen 1.Whatdowemeanwhenwesaythatoxygenisconsumable?(Itgetsusedupinachemicalreaction.)2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanopenandaclosedsystem?(Aclosedsystemhasalimitedamountofaresource,likeoxygen,available.Anopensystemhasanunlimitedamountofoxygen,liketheatmosphere.Notethatthe“unlimited”amountisn’treallyinfinite,it’sjustahuge amountwhencomparedtowhat’savailableinacup.)3.Whereisthehigherpressureinthisexperiment?(ontheoutsideoftheglass)4.Whydoeswaterriseinsidetheglass?(Higherpressurepushes,andwhentheamountofoxygeninsidetheglassdecreases,itcreatesalowerpressureinsidetheglass.Thisdifferenceinpressurecausesthehigherpressureontheoutsidetopushonthewater,forcingitundertheglassandupthecup.


Lesson #26: Eye Balloon 1.Howdoesyoureyeworklikeacamera?(bothhavelenses,bothproduceimageswithlotsofcomponentsworkingtogether)2.Howcanyoutellifalensisdoubleconvex?(Whenyourunyourfingersacrossit,youfeelabumpinthemiddlewherethelensisthicker)3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenconvexandconcave?(Aconcavesurfacecurvesinward,whileaconvexsurfacebulgesout.)4.Canyougiveanexampleofaneverydayobjectthathasbothaconvexandaconcaveside?(spoon)5.Howcanyouchangetheballoontomakeitnear‐sighted?(lightlypushdownonthetop)6.Howcanyouchangetheballoontomakeitfar‐sighted?(gentlypushinfrontandbackoftheballoontomakeittaller)Lesson #27: Water Lens 1.Whatarethetwomaintypesoflenses?(convexandconcave)2.Howarethetwomaintypesoflensesshaped?(convexbulgesoutwardandconcavedipsinward)3.Howdothetwomaintypesoflenseswork?(convexmakesthingsappearlarger,concavemakesthemappearsmaller)Lesson #28: Disappearing Frog 1.Whatdidyounoticeaboutthevisionofthestudentandtheblindspotthatyoumeasured?(answersvary)2.Whydoyouthinkit’simportanttoknowwhereyourblindspotis?(soyoucanexpectitandworkarounditifyouneedto)Lesson #29: Visual Reflex 1.Whatisthevoluntaryresponseinthisexperiment?(Theeyesseetherulermovingandtellthebrain,whichthentellsthefingerstoclosequickly.)2.Whatisaninvoluntaryresponseinyourbody?(Whenyoutapjustbelowthekneecapandtestyourtendonreflex,orwhenyoupullyourhandawayfromahotstove.)Lesson #30: Camera Eyes 1.Howdoesthepupiladapttolightconditions?(Itsdiameterincreasesinthedarktoallowinmorelightanddecreasesinbrightlight.)2.Whatarethetwospecialphotoreceptorscalledandwherearetheylocated?(Rodsandconesarelocatedinoureye’sretina.)3.Whichphotoreceptorisusedtohelpusseeinthedark?(rods)Lesson #31: Human Levers 1.Drawadiagramofafirst‐classlever.Whereinyourbodyisthistypeoflever?(Yourneckjointinthemiddleisthefulcrum,withloadandeffortoneitherside.Inthisexample,loadandeffortswitchdependingonwhetheryouaremovingyourheadupordown.You’llalsofindthiswhenyouextendyourelbowandliftaweight.)2.Drawadiagramofathird‐classlever.Wherewillyoufindthis?(Ifyou’resittingdownandliftingaloadwithyourlegsstraightoutinfrontofyou.You’llalsofindthisinactionwhenyouswingabaseballbatataballorshovelsnow.Thereisalsoanexampleofthisatyourfootwhenyoustandonthetipofyourtoes.Theaxiswouldbeatyourtoes,theresistancewouldbeyourlegbones(tibia),andtherestofyourbodyandtheforcewouldbeyourcalfmuscles.)3.Drawadiagramofasecond‐classlever.Canyougiveanexampleofthistypeoflever?(Thisisthemostcommonleverinyourbodybyfar.Anexamplewouldbeyourarm.Theaxiswouldbeyourelbow,theresistanceisyou


forearmandhand,andtheforcewouldbeyourbiceps(thinkarmcurls).You’llalsofindthisbydoingapushup,movingawheelbarrow,usinganutcracker,rowingtheoarsofaboat.)Lesson #32: Sound Speed 1.Whatisdensity?(howtightlypackedthemoleculesinsubstanceare)2.Puttheseintheirgeneralorderofdensity:liquid,gas,solid.(solidsarenormallydensest,liquidsarenext,gasesareleastdense)3.Whichmaterialpassessoundwavesalongfartherandfaster?(solids)Lesson #33: Sound Matching 1.Whatarethetinybonesintheearcalled?(ossicles:hammer,stirrupandanvil)2.Namesomeotherpartsoftheear(pinna,earcanal,ossicles,cochlea)Lesson #34: Sound Whackers 1.Howissoundmade?(Allsoundismadewhensomethingvibrates.)2.Howdoyouchangethepitchoftheruler?(Whenashortpieceishangingovertheedge,ahighpitchismade.Andwhenthelengthislonger,thepitchislower.)Lesson #35: Big Ears 1.Whichpartoftheearisthisexperimenttesting?(Thepinna,orthefunnelingprocess.)2.Whathappenswhenyouchangeyourvariableinthisexperiment?(Bymakingthepinnalarger,youalsoincreasedtheirabilitytopickupsoundvibrations.)3.Didthisexperimentchangeyourabilitytodetectwhichdirectionasoundcamefrom?(Yes–itmakesiteasiertodetectsounddirection.)Lesson #36: Nerve Tester 1.Whereisthehighestconcentrationofnerveendingsinthebody?(Thetongue.)2.Whatarenerveendsusedfor?(Tocollectdatatokeepussafeandsurvive!)3.Wheredoyouthinktheleastamountofnerveendsshouldbeinthebody?(Backs,rearends,andarms…partsthatareleastlikelytobumpintosomething.)Lesson #37: All About Kidneys 1.Whichfluidproducedmoreurineforthefirstexperiment?(Answersvary,butit’susuallysportsdrinks.Sportsdrinkscreateahighoutputofurinebecausemostofthemcontainsalt.)2.Didthecaffeinesolutionscausethecalcitestonestoshrinkorhavenoeffect?(Caffeinewillcausethecalcitestonetogrow.)3.Whatdoespouringthechalkywaterthroughacoffeefiltershow?(Thisillustrateshowthekidneystrapthetoxinsbeforereturningthepurifiedbloodtothebody'scirculatorysystem.)4.Whatarekidneystonesandhowaretheyformed?(Kidneystonesformfromsaltsandmineralsinthebodywhentheconcentrationofwasteishighenoughtoformasolutionthatenablesthecrystaltogrow.Peoplewhogettoomuchcalcium,especiallyasasupplement,aremorelikelytogetkidneystonesalso.)


VocabularyfortheUnit

absorption‐Processinwhichsubstancesaretakenupbytheblood;afterfoodisbrokendownintosmallnutrientmolecules,themoleculesareabsorbedbytheblood.

acne‐Pimplescausedbyblockedoilglands.

aerobicexercises‐Typesofexercisesthatcausethehearttobeatfasterandallowthemusclestoobtainenergytocontractbyusingoxygen.

alveoli–grape‐likesacswheregasexchangeoccursinthelungs

anabolicsteroids‐Hormonesthatcausethebodytobuildupmoreproteininitscells.

anaerobicexercise‐Typesofexercisesthatinvolveshortburstsofhigh‐intensityactivity;forcesthemusclestoobtainenergytocontractwithoutusingoxygen.

antibody–Chemicalthatidentifiesanddestroysharmfulsubstances

artery–Bloodvesselthatcarriesbloodawayfromtheheart

asthma–chronicdiseasecausedbyaninflammationofthebronchioles

atherosclerosis–Buildupofplaqueinthearteries

atrioventricularvalve–Valveseparatingeachoftheheart’satriafromtheventricles

atrium–Oneofthetwochambersatthetopoftheheartthatgetsbloodfromotherpartsofthebody

autonomicnervoussystem–PartofthemotordivisionofthePNScontrollinginvoluntarymotions

axon–Partoftheneuronthatsendsimpulsestoothercells

bacteria–Single‐celledorganismswithoutanucleus

ballandsocketjoints‐Jointstructureinwhichtheball‐shapedsurfaceofonebonefitsintothecuplikedepressioninanotherbone;examplesincludetheshoulderandhipjoints.

bodyodor‐Smellthatisproducedbythebreakdownofsweatbybacteriathatliveontheskin.

bodysystem–groupoforgansandtissuesworkingtogethertowardsacommonpurpose

bonemarrow‐Softconnectivetissuefoundinsidemanybones;siteofbloodcellformation.

brain–Complexorganthatisthecontrolcenterofthebody

brainStem–Partofthebrainthatcontrolsbasicbodyfunctionssuchasbreathing,heartbeat,anddigestion

bronchi–tubeleadingfromthetracheaintothelungs

bronchiole–smallertubesthebronchibranchinto


bronchitis–diseasecausedbyaninflammationofthebronchi

capillary–Smallbloodvesselconnectingarteriesandveinswhereoxygentransfertakesplace

capillaryBed–Networkofcapillariesprovidingoxygenandnutrientstoorgans

carbohydrates‐Nutrientsthatincludesugars,starches,andfiber;giveyourbodyenergy;organiccompound.

cardiacmuscle‐Aninvoluntaryandspecializedkindofmusclefoundonlyintheheart.

cartilage‐Smoothcoveringfoundattheendofbones;madeoftoughcollagenproteinfibers;createssmoothsurfacesfortheeasymovementofbonesagainsteachother.

cellbody–Partoftheneuronthatcontainsthenucleusandorganelles

centralnervoussystem(CNS)–Partofthenervoussystemconsistingofthebrainandspinalcord

cerebellum–Partofthebrainthatcontrolsbodyposition,coordination,andbalance

cerebrum–Partofthebrainthatcontrolsvoluntarymotionandspeech

chemicaldigestion‐Digestioninwhichlargefoodmoleculesarebrokendownintosmallnutrientmolecules.

cilia–Smallhairsthatpushmucusandpathogensoutofyourbody

circulation–Themovementofbloodaroundthebody

cochlea–Liquid‐filledcavityintheear

compactbone‐Thedense,hardouterlayerofabone.

connectivetissue‐Tissuethatismadeupofdifferenttypesofcellsthatareinvolvedinstructureandsupportofthebody;includesblood,bone,tendons,ligaments,andcartilage.

constipation‐Havingthreeorlessbowelmovementseachweek.

contraction‐Shorteningofmusclefibers.

cornea–Clearprotectivelayerontheoutsideoftheeye

coronarycirculation–Theprocessofprovidingoxygentotheheartmuscle

coronaryheartdisease–Atherosclerosisblockingbloodflowtotheheart

dairy‐Milkproducts.

dendrite–Partoftheneuronthatreceivesnerveimpulses

dermis‐Thelayerofskindirectlyundertheepidermis;madeofatoughconnectivetissuethatcontainstheproteincollagen.

dialysis–artificialkidneyfunction

diaphragm–sheetofmusclethatcontractsorrelaxestoletairintoandoutofthelungs.


diastolicpressure–Measureofthelowestbloodpressure

diet‐Thesumofthefoodanddrinksconsumedbyaperson,especiallyinregardtohisorherhealth.

digestion‐Processofbreakingdownfoodintonutrients.

duodenum‐Thefirstpartofthesmallintestine;wheremostchemicaldigestiontakesplace.

eardrum–Partoftheearthatvibratesfromsoundwaves

elimination‐Theprocessinwhichsolidfoodwastepassesoutofthebody.

enzymes‐Asubstance—usuallyaprotein—thatspeedsupchemicalreactionsinthebody.

epidermis–Outerlayerofskin

epidermis‐Theoutermostlayeroftheskin;formsthewaterproof,protectivewrapoverthebody'ssurface;madeupofmanylayersofepithelialcells.

epiglottis–flapofconnectivetissuethatcoversthetracheawheneatingtopreventchoking

epithelialtissue‐Atissuethatiscomposedoflayersoftightlypackedcellsthatlinethesurfacesofthebody;examplesofepithelialtissueincludetheskin,theliningofthemouthandnose,andtheliningofthedigestivesystem.

esophagus‐Thenarrowtubethatcarriesfoodfromthethroattothestomach.

excretion–actofremovingwastefromthebody

excretorysystem–groupoforgansthatremoveswastefromthebody

exhalation–movementofairoutofthebody

extensor‐Themusclethatcontractstocauseajointtostraighten.

externalrespiration–theprocessofairenteringthebody,goingtothelungsandexchangingoxygenforcarbondioxide

fever–Raisingofthebodytemperatureabovenormal

fixedjoints‐Jointswhichdonotmove,skulljoints,forexample.

flexor‐Themusclethatcontractstocauseajointtobend.

foodallergy‐Aconditioninwhichtheimmunesystemreactstoharmlesssubstancesinfoodasthoughtheywereharmful.

fruit‐Asweet,fleshypartofaplantwhichcanbothbeeatenandhasatleastoneseed.

fungi–Simpleorganismsthatcanhaveoneormorecells

genetic–Abletobepassedonfromparentstooffspring


glidingjoints‐Jointstructurethatallowsonebonetoslideovertheother;examplesincludesthejointsinthewristsandankles.

grains‐Anyfoodmadefromwheat,rice,oats,cornmeal,barleyoranothercerealgrainisagrainproduct.Bread,pasta,oatmeal,breakfastcereals,tortillas,andgritsareexamplesofgrainproducts.

earing–Theabilitytodetectsound

heartAttack–Thecompleteblockageofacoronaryartery

hemoglobin–Oxygen‐carryingprotein

hereditary–abletobepassedonfromparentstochildren

hingejoints‐Jointstructureinwhichtheendsofbonesareshapedinawaythatallowsmotionintwodirectionsonly(forwardandbackward);examplesincludethekneesandelbows.

homeostasis‐Theabilityofthebodytomaintainastableinternalenvironmentintheresponsetoexternalchanges.

hormones‐Regulatorymoleculesusedinmanybodilyprocesses,includingdigestion.

hyperopia–Visiondisorderinwhichlightisfocusedbehindtheretina

hypertension–Diseaseinwhichapersonalwayshashighbloodpressure

hypodermis‐Fattylayeroftissuethatliesunderthedermis,butisnotpartoftheskin,alsocalledthesubcutaneoustissue.

ileum‐Thethirdpartofthesmallintestine;coveredwithvilli;thefewremainingnutrientsareabsorbedintheileum.

immuneresponse–Reactionofthebodywhenapathogenenters

infectious–Abletobespreadfromonepersontoanother

inflammation–Reactiontoinfectioninvolvingincreasedbloodflow

ingredients‐Aspecificitemthatafoodcontains.

inhalation–movementofairintothebody

insolublefiber‐Large,complexcarbohydrate;doesnotdissolveinwater;movesthroughthelargeintestineandhelpskeepfoodwastemoistsoitcanpasseasilyoutofthebody.

integumentarysystem‐Theoutercoveringofthebody;madeupoftheskin,hair,andnails.

internalrespiration–theprocessofbloodtakingoxygentothecellsofthebodyandexchangingitforcarbondioxide

involuntarymuscle‐Amusclethatapersoncannotconsciouslycontrol;cardiacmuscleandsmoothmuscleareinvoluntary.

iris–Coloredpartoftheeyearoundthepupil


jejunum‐Thesecondpartofthesmallintestine;wheremostnutrientsareabsorbedintotheblood;linedwithtiny“fingers”calledvilli.

joints‐Pointatwhichtwoormorebonesmeet.

keratin‐Tough,waterproofproteinthatisfoundinepidermalskincells,nail,andhair.

kidney–organthatfiltersurine

kidneystone–crystalizednitrogen‐bearingcompoundthatcanleadtointensepain

ligaments‐Fibroustissuethatconnectsbonestootherbones;madeoftoughcollagenfibers.

lipids‐Nutrientssuchasfatsthatarerichinenergy;organiccompound.

lymphocytes–Whitebloodcellsinvolvedintheimmuneresponse

lysozymes–Enzymesthatkillpathogens

mechanicaldigestion‐Digestionwiththeteeth.

melanin‐Thebrownishpigmentthatgivesskinandhairtheircolor.

minerals‐Chemicalelementsthatareneededforbodyprocesses.

motordivision–PartofthePNSthatsendsmessagesfromthebrainbacktotheinternalorgans

motorneuron–Neuronthatcarriesmessagesfromthebrainandspinalcordtotheorgansandmuscles

movablejoints‐Mostmobiletypeofjoint;themostcommontypeofjointinthebody.

mucus–Moiststickysubstancethattrapspathogens

mucusmembrane–Areaofthebodynotcoveredbyskin

musclefibers‐Long,thincellsthatcancontract;alsocalledmusclecells.

muscletissue‐Tissuethatiscomposedofcellsthathavefilamentsthatmovepasteachotherandchangethesizeofthecell.Therearethreetypesofmuscletissue:smoothmuscle,skeletalmuscle,andcardiacmuscle.

myelin–Fattylayerthatallowsnerveimpulsestomovemorequickly

myopia–Visiondisorderinwhichlightisfocusedinfrontoftheretina

MyPlate‐Diagramthatshowswhatportionsofwhichfoodgroupsyoushouldincludeinyourdiet(updatedfromMyPyramid).

MyPyramid‐Diagramthatshowshowmuchyoushouldeateachdayoffoodsfromsixdifferentfoodgroups.

negativefeedbackloop‐Amechanismofcontrolinthebodyinwhichtheresultofabodilyfunctionactsasasignaltostop.

nerve–Groupofnervecells

nerveimpulse–Messagesentbythenervoussystem


nervoustissue‐Composedofnervecellsandrelatedcells.

neuron–Nervecellthatsendsmessagesthroughoutthebody

noninfectious–Notabletobespreadfromonepersontoanother

nutrients‐Chemicalsinfoodthatyourbodyneeds.

nutritionfacts‐Thelabelonpackagedfoodthatshowsthenutrientsinthefood.

oilglands‐Skinorganthatsecretesanoilysubstance,calledsebum,intothehairfollicle.

organ–Groupofspecializedcellsworkingtogether

organsystem–Agroupoforgansworkingtogether

organelle–Smallstructureinsideacell

parasympatheticdivision–Divisionoftheautonomicnervoussystemthatcontrolsinvoluntarymotionundernormalcircumstances

partlymovablejoints‐Jointswhichcanonlymoveinonedirection;forexample,elbows.

pathogen–Substancecapableofcausinginfectionordisease

periosteum‐Tough,shiny,whitemembranethatcoversallsurfacesofbones.

peripheralnervoussystem(PNS)–PartofthenervoussystemconsistingofallthenervecellsoutsidetheCNS

peristalsis‐Thewave‐likemovementoftheintestinalmusclesusedtomovefoodfromtheesophagustotheanus.

phagocyte–Whitebloodcellthatengulfsanddestroyspathogensanddebris

phagocytosis–Processinwhichphagocytesdestroypathogensanddebris

pharynx–tubethroughwhichfoodandairtravels;commonlycalledthethroat

pinna–Theouterear

pivotjoints‐Jointstructureinwhichtheendononebonerotateswithinaring‐typestructurewhichcanbemadepartlyofboneandpartlyofligament;exampleincludesthejointbetweentheradiusandulna.

plaque–Materialthatcanbuildup

plasma–Theliquidpartofblood

platelet–Partofthebloodthatassistsinclotting

protein‐Nutrientsmadeupofsmallermoleculescalledaminoacids;giveyourbodyenergy;helpcontrolbodyprocesses;organiccompound.

protozoa–Single‐celledorganismswithnuclei

pulmonaryArtery–Arterythattakesbloodfromthehearttothelungs


pulmonarycirculation–Circulationofbloodfromthehearttothelungs,andbacktotheheart

pulmonaryvein–Veinthattakesbloodfromthelungsbacktotheheart

pupil–Smallopeningintheeyethatletsinlight

redbloodcell–Disc‐shapedcellthatcarriesoxygen

reflexArc–Nerveimpulsethatonlymakesittothespinalcord,andnevergetstothebrain

retina–Areaatthebackoftheeyeonwhichlightisfocused

sebum‐Anoilysubstancesecretedbyoilglandswhichbreaksdownbacteria.

secretions–Thingsthatcomeoutofthebody

semicircularcanals–Liquidfilledpartoftheearinvolvedinbalance

semilunarvalve–Valveseparatingeachoftheheart’sventriclesfromthearteriesleavingtheheart

sensorydivision–PartofthePNSthatsendsmessagesfromsenseorganstothebrain

sensoryneuron–Neuronthatsendsmessagesfromtheorganstothebrainandspinalcord

skeletalmuscle‐Themusclethatisusuallyattachedtotheskeleton.

skeletalsystem‐Bodysystemthatismadeupofbones,cartilage,andligaments.

skeletons‐Sturdyscaffoldingofbonesandcartilagethatisfoundinsidevertebrates.

skin‐Thelargestorganinthebody.Itcoversthebody;keepingwaterout,andhelpingkeepthetemperaturestableinside.

skull–Bonesthatprotectthebrain

smallintestine‐Thenarrowtubebetweenthestomachandlargeintestinewheremostchemicaldigestionandabsorptionofnutrientstakeplace.

smoothmuscle‐Involuntarymusclefoundwithinthewallsoforgansandstructuressuchastheesophagus,stomach,intestines,andbloodvessels.

solublefiber‐Large,complexcarbohydrate;dissolvesinwater;helpskeepsugarandfatatnormallevelsintheblood.

somaticnervoussystem–PartofthemotordivisionofthePNScontrollingvoluntarymotion

sphygmomanometer–Toolusedtomeasurebloodpressure

spinalcord–Tubeofneuronsthatcarriesmessagestoandfromthebrain

spongybone‐Lighterandlessdensethancompactbone;foundtowardthecenterofthebone.

sprains‐Aligamentinjury;usuallycausedbythesuddenoverstretchingofajointwhichcausestearing.

stretchingexercises‐Exerciseswhichwarm‐upthemuscles.


stroke–Diseasecausedbyatherosclerosisofthearteriesprovidingbloodtothebrain

sweatglands‐Glandthatopenstotheskinsurfacethroughskinpores;foundalloverthebody;secretessweat.

sympatheticdivision–Divisionoftheautonomicnervoussystemthatcontrolsthe“fightorflight”response

synapse–Placewhereaxonsanddendritesmeet

systolicbloodpressure–Measureofthehighestbloodpressure

tastebuds–Clustersofsensoryneuronsfoundonthetongue

tissue‐Agroupofcellsthatworktogetherforacommonpurpose.

touch–Senseofpain,pressure,andtemperature

trachea–tubethroughwhichairtravelsonitswaytothelungs

urea–nitrogen‐containingcompoundintheurine

ureter–tubethatmovesurinefromthekidneystotheurethra

urethra–tubethroughwhichurineleavesthebody

urinarybladder–organthatstoresurinebeforeitisreleased

urinarysystem–groupoforgansthatremoveurinewastefromthebody

urine–combinationofwaterandliquidwastesinthebody

USDA‐UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture.

vector–Organismthattransfersdisease

vegetables‐Anyvegetableor100%vegetablejuicecountsasamemberofthevegetablegroup.Vegetablesmayberaworcooked;fresh,frozen,canned,ordried/dehydrated;andmaybewhole,cut‐up,ormashed.

vein–Bloodvesselthatbringsbloodbacktotheheart

ventricle–Oneofthetwochambersatthebottomoftheheartthatpumpsbloodtootherpartsofthebody

vertebrae–Bonesthatprotectthespinalcord

virus–Non‐livingpathogenthattakesovercellsbyinjectinggeneticmaterial

vitamins‐Substancesthatthebodyneedsinsmallamountstofunctionproperly.

voluntarymuscle‐Amusclethatapersoncanconsciouslycontrol;skeletalmuscleisvoluntary.

water‐Oneoftheessentialnutrientsneededbythebody.

whitebloodcell–Bloodcellthatprotectsthebodyfromdisease

yellowmarrow‐Thebonemarrowthatmakeswhitebloodcells.

IFE C IENCE · 2015-06-15 · (which you should expect to do because you are learning), the...

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