The illustration above shows a student about to throw a ball while standing on a skateboard. Which illustration below correctly shows the skateboard’s direction of motion after the student releases theball?

If she releases it forward, Newton’s law says that she will move in the opposite direction.

1

The ingredients described above are used to make a bonding agent. The most important safety precaution to take when applying this bonding agent is to —F dry it with a small flameG work in a well-ventilated areaH cover the work area with newspaperJ wear a lab coat

2

Which bike rider has the greatest momentum?A A 40 kg person riding at 45 km/hB A 50 kg person riding at 35 km/hC A 60 kg person riding at 25 km/hD A 70 kg person riding at 15 km/h

40 x 45 = 180050 x 35 = 175060 x 25 = 150070 x 15 = 1050

3

Observing an approaching thunderstorm andusing a stopwatch, a student finds that ittakes 8.40 seconds for thunder to be heardafter a lightning bolt strikes. The student haslearned that it takes 3.0 seconds for sound totravel 1000 m. How far away is the storm?F 119 mG 185 mH 2800 mJ 8400 m

Speed = distance/timeKnown speed = 1000/3 = 333.33

333.33 = unknown distance ÷ 8.4333.33 x 8.4 = unknown distance

4

Which lab setup would be appropriate to usein heating 100 mL of water to the boilingpoint?A A 10 mL test tube held above a Bunsen burnerB A 200 mL beaker placed on a hot plateC A thermal coil inside a 100 mL cylinderD A sealed 300 mL flask in a warm-water bath

Rule: at least double the size of the container for the amount of liquid boiling.Rule: don’t seal or close a container when boiling.

5

Which of the following is directly caused bymuscle action?F Regeneration of nervesG Healing of woundsH Release of hormonesJ Extension of limbs

Your arms and legs are limbs.You extend (move) your limbs when your muscles contract.

6

A person living near this pond wants to reduce the mosquito population. The mosquito populationincluded in this food web could be reduced by —A planting more duckweedB catching more minnowsC removing some martin housesD adding more shelter for frogs

To kill mosquitoes, you get more mosquito predators.

7

Food provides the human body with all of thefollowing except —F caloriesG amino acidH hydrochloric acidJ lipids

Amino acids are the units of proteins,Lipids are fats. Your stomach adds the HCl to the food.

8

As a scuba diver goes deeper underwater, thediver must be aware that the increasedpressure affects the human body by increasingthe —A body’s temperatureB amount of dissolved gases in the bodyC amount of suspended solids in the bodyD concentration of minerals in the body

9

Going deeper under water, the gasses of the blood become more condensed and “dissolved”.Coming up too fast,

is like shaking a can of coke and then opening up.The body doesn’t like it. It’s called the ‘bends’.

An oakworm caterpillar feeds on the leaves ofan oak tree. This type of interaction is —F mutualisticG commensalisticH competitiveJ parasitic

10

The diagram above represents a virus with its surface markers. The diagrams below show various animal cells with receptor sites. Which of the following cells is most likely affected by this virus?

11

The maps below show the geographic ranges of four species of the order Lagomorpha, which includes rabbits and hares. In which range would developing white fur in winter most likely not be an advantage for a member of this order?

12

There’s never any snow here.

In experiments, a benefit of larger samplesizes would be more —A variablesB representative dataC time per groupD control groups

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A good experiment has:A large sample group for lots of data.One variable being tested.One control group not getting the variable.

Some antibiotics cause patients to exhibitdigestive side effects. These side effects are most often the result of —F bacteria being killed in the digestive tractG the antibiotics being converted into stomach acidsH too much water being drawn into the digestive tractJ the stomach wall being torn

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If you lose your intestinal bacteria friends, you don’t feel too good.

The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory has created an experimental marine fuel cell that could produce enough electricity to power ocean-monitoring devices. This fuel cell runs on seawater and sediment, with the help of plankton. Some plankton on the surface of ocean sediments use dissolved oxygen to break down organic matter, releasing energy; this is an aerobic process. The plankton in the deeper sediments break down organic matter without using oxygen; this is an anaerobic process. These two processes create a difference in voltage between the surface of the sediment and the sediment farther down in the seabed. The voltage difference can be used to produce electricity—up to 5.0 × 10 – 2 watts of power. Energy supplied by this type of fuel cell can be obtained as long as there is organic matter in the sediment.

Which safety precaution should be observedwhile analyzing sediment from a marineaquarium?A Wear rubber glovesB Use a fume hoodC Avoid using glasswareD Have a fire extinguisher nearby 15

Assume all unknown materials are toxic until finding out differently.

Fuel cells powered by plankton from theseabed can be used to operate instrumentsthat monitor ocean currents and watertemperature. These fuel cells get their energyby converting —F chemical energy to electrical energyG electrical energy to mechanical energyH hydroelectric energy to geothermal energyJ mechanical energy to chemical energy

16

Batteries and fuel cells change chemical energy into electrical energy.

Some zooplankton belong to the kingdomProtista. Members of this kingdom arecharacterized as —

A having segmented bodies with jointedappendagesB containing one or more eukaryotic cellsC laying eggs with a leathery protective shellD having a four-chambered heart

17

Kingdom Protista is mostly unicellular eukaryotes, with some multicellular plantlike organisms.

What is the mass of a 500.00 mL sample ofseawater with a density of 1.025 g/mL?F 487.8 gG 500.0 gH 512.5 gJ 625.0 g

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Density = mass ÷ volume1.025 = ? ÷ 500500 x 1.025 = ?

After being introduced in the 1930s, thefire ant (Solenopsis invicta) becameestablished throughout much of the southernUnited States. One biological way to controlfire ants might be to introduce organismsthat are —A mutualistic with fire ant queensB nurtured by fire ant workersC preyed on by fire ant dronesD parasitic to fire ant larvae

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If you want to keep a population under control, allow its predators and parasites to be around the pest.

An ant crawled from Point A to Point B in4.0 seconds. To the nearest tenth, what was the ant’s speed in centimeters per second? Record and bubble in your answer on the answer document.

20

4cm ÷ 4 s = 1 cm/s

DNA molecules separate into single strands, which are then used to construct two identical strands of DNA. This process ensures that the —A cytoplasm is in equilibriumB mitochondria are genetically identical tothe chloroplastsC parent cells use little ATPD daughter cells are genetically identical tothe parent cells

21

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?F Ice crackingG Sugar dissolvingH Milk souringJ Lead melting

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Physical changes:Getting smallerDissolvingChanging phases…solid,liquid,gas

Chemical changes:Bonding partners are changed. Milk sugar + proteins → carbon dioxide + water + other chemicals

From 1942 to 1945, U.S. nickels were made of an alloy that contained 35% silver, 9.0%manganese, and the rest copper, by mass. If one of these nickels has a mass of 5.0 grams, what is the mass of the copper?A 0.5 gB 1.8 gC 2.2 gD 2.8 g

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Silver + manganese + copper = 100% Copper = 100 - 35- 9 Copper = 56% or 56/100 or .56

÷ 56 / 100 x 5 grams = 2.8 grams

or .56 x 5 = 2.8

Which factor makes water an effectivesolvent?F The presence of molecular oxygenG Its lack of covalent bondsH The polar nature of its moleculesJ Its abundance on Earth’s surface

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What is polarity?

polarity: a compound’s uneven distribution of electrons.

Polarity acts like magnets.

polarity: a compound’s uneven distribution of electrons.

The hydrogens are attracted to the oxygens of another molecule.

polarity: a compound’s uneven distribution of electrons.

What does polarity do?Causes water to expand when it freezes.

ice

Salt ions being separated by collisions of water molecules during “dissolving.”

Which of the following procedures should be used in finding the mass of crystals?A Pour the excess crystals back into theoriginal containerB Put the crystals on the outer part of thebalance pan for massingC Pour wastes down the sink with plenty ofwaterD Use weighing paper on the balance pan

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Never put chemicals back into the original container. They might be contaminated.

Put crystals in the center of the pan not “outer”.

Unrelated to the question of massing.

Ultraviolet radiation can cause mutations inthe DNA of skin cells that have beenoverexposed to the sun. This mutated DNAhas no effect on future offspring because —

F changes in skin cell DNA are homozygous recessiveG mutations must occur within the RNAcodonsH offspring reject parental skin cellsJ only changes to gamete DNA can beinherited 26

Which of the following objects will float on water?

27

Density greater than “1” sinks.Density less than “1” floats.

45/40 = greater than 1

50/45 = greater than 1

55/50 = greater than 1

60/65 = less than 1

According to this food web, which of these is an omnivore?F CaterpillarG MouseH AntJ Fly larva

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Omnivores eat both plants and animals.Arrows point “to” the eater.

Just eating corn.

Just eating corn and grass

Just eating corn and grass and caterpillars

Just eating birds and caterpillars

An unknown silvery powder has a constantmelting point and does not chemically orphysically separate into other substances. The unknown substance can be classified as —A an elementB a compoundC a mixtureD an alloy

29

Mixtures and alloys can be physically separated.

Compounds can be chemically separated.

Ways to separate mixtures

• Sifting

• Shaking…denser ones sink and less dense ones float.

• Spinning…denser ones sink and less dense ones float.

• Chromatography

• Electrical separation

SiftingShakingSpinning

to separate mixtures.

Water or another solvent moving up paper to separate a mixture.

Electricity zapped through a samplemay separate the mixture.

More ways to separate mixtures

• Change of state…two compounds in a mixture are not likely to have the same boiling points and freezing points.

• Distilling…separating by the different boiling points.

Distilling one liquid out of another liquid.

Ways to separate mixtures

• Sometimes one part of the mixture is soluble in water and the other isn’t.

Sand with salt and junk mixed in it.

Water carries the salt through the cloth.

Picking up nails in a parking lot.

magnets

• Sometimes one part of the mixture is affected by magnets and the other isn’t.

Sorting trash with a magnet.

The illustrations show a conservation-of-massexperiment. The solution in the beaker lost mass because —F materials have less mass at high temperaturesG the mass of the reactants and products was less than 100 gH sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) is lighter than airJ some of the water molecules turned into gas

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Before

Before(100 g)

After

After( less

than 100 g)

Some of the water evaporated because of the heat.

REACTANTS →Products The sum of the reactants = the sum of the products.

Which of these describes a pollution-producingprocess that involves only a physical change?

A Coal with a high sulfur content is burned,producing gases that cause acid rain.B Chlorofluorocarbons are released,changing ozone in the upper atmosphereinto oxygen.C Hot wastewater is discharged into a lake,lowering oxygen levels in the water.D Nitrogen oxide emissions combine withwater vapor, producing nitric acid.

31

Coal + S + Oxygen → CO2 + SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

NO2 + H2O → HNO3

O3 → O2 + O1 with the

Hot water is added to a river or lake.

WarmedOxygen O2

bubbles toatmosphere.

Decrease in dissolved oxygencauses fish kill.

Thermal pollution causes a physical change.

Normal environment

How does temperature affect solubility?

Usually, the warmer, the betterfor solids and liquids dissolvingin a liquid..

But gases dissolve better at lower temperatures.

Which of the following characteristics could help short plants survive in areas with limited sunlight?F Broad leaf surfacesG Brightly colored flowersH Thick stemsJ Shallow roots

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Rule:Arid, sunny leaves = small and waxy

Wet, shady leaves = broad and thin

A man who was sleeping wakes up because he hears the smoke alarm go off in his house. Before opening the bedroom door, the man feels the door to see whether it is warm. He is assuming that heat would be transferred through the door by —A conductionB convectionC radiationD compression

33

Rule:Conduction: solidsConvection: liquids and gasesRadiation: doesn’t need matter at all

Compression: does not apply to this question.

The difference in the size of each layer of this food pyramid is primarily the result of the difference in —

F food choices of individual nichesG oceanic zones of habitatH the amount of food energy at each trophiclevelJ the relative heights of the organisms 34

In a given area:The sum of the calories in all of the top predators’ bodies is least. The sum of the calories in all of the producers’ bodies is greatest.Units of energy are calories and joules.

A safety checklist for this activity should include the presence of a proper fire extinguisher and all the following items except a —A fire blanketB receptacle for broken glassC laboratory apronD squeeze bottle 35

Lab aprons are used when there is fire and/or chemicals in use.

Which of the following nucleotide basesequences complements the section of DNAmodeled above?F 5′UTCGCA3′GH 5′GCGATT3′J 5′TTUCGC3′

36

A’s go to T’s.C’s go to G’s.

5′TTAGCG3′

Which illustration best demonstrates compression waves?

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Transverse

Compression

Both Transverse and Compression

Not aplicable

The cell above most likely belongs to an organism of the kingdom —F AnimaliaG PlantaeH FungiJ Eubacteria

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Square cellNucleusWallsChloroplastsBig center vacuole of water.

The graph shows the distance traveled by a vehicle over a certain period of time. Which segment of the graph shows the vehicle moving with the greatest speed?A LB MC ND O

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The steeper the line, the faster the speed.Horizontal lines “M” mean “parked” or no speed.

According to the table, which of the following phenotypes would probably occur in all the offspring from the parents shown above?F Solid gray furG Striped gray furH Green eyesJ Blue eyes 40

Dad = GgBb and Mom = ggBB

Definitely mom will give all offspring a “B” for green eyes.

Which system of the body would be directlyaffected if a large number of T cells wereattacked by a virus?A Cardiovascular systemB Immune systemC Endocrine systemD Respiratory system

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Blood and heartWhite blood cellsHormonesBreathing/lungs

In a movie, meteoroids make several microscopic holes in a pressurized cabin in the weightless environment of a spaceship. The astronauts search for the holes by spraying water droplets from a container. If this werean actual situation, what effect should be expected?

F The drifting water droplets float to the location of the holes.G After falling to the floor, the water forms a stream leading to the holes.H The water droplets form a large sphere of water that moves away from the holes.J Pumping the trigger on the spray container increases the air pressure in the cabin.

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http://lessons.harveyproject.org/development/general/diffusion/diffnomemb/diffnomemb.html The sprayed water will go fromhigh concentration in the pressurized cabin to the place of ‘no’ molecules…vacuum of space.

The following boxes represent a field. Which pattern for collecting 10 samples would provide the bestdata for identifying the types of plants in a field?

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Rule:Samples should be collected as randomly as possible, with no chance of bias.

A hummingbird feeds on the nectar of aflowering plant. In this process the bird gains nutrition while spreading the plant’s pollen to other flowers. The relationship between hummingbirds and flowering plants can be described as —

F commensalG predatoryH parasiticJ mutualistic

44

Flower gets pollinated, bird gets food. Neither is harmed.

Commensal means

neither are harmed but

only one gets a

benefit.

The cloud conditions above are typical of locations near a warm front. According to these data, what arethe most likely sky conditions for Waco?

A Cirrus cloudsB Altostratus cloudsC Stratus cloudsD Clear skies 45

200 km

200

200

100

A pea plant with the genotype TtWW iscrossed with a pea plant with the genotypettWw. How many different genotypes can beexpressed in the offspring?F 1G 2H 3J 4

46

TW tW

tW

tw

TTWW ttWW

TtWw ttWw

How much current is flowing through thiscircuit?A 0.32 AB 3.1 AC 4.0 AD 12.5 A

47

Current = 4 ÷ 12.5

An engineer has created a new engine for race cars. It is necessary to know which fuel mixture will allow the engine to run at its peak performance. Which experimental design is best for this investigation?F Use one fuel mixture on the engine and measure its performanceG Use one fuel mixture on many types of engines and measure their performanceH Use various fuel mixtures on the engine and measure its performanceJ Use various fuel mixtures on many types of engines and measure their performance 48

This statement is a poor hypothesis because itis not —A a questionB testableC observableD a comparison

49

Beauty is a qualitative observation that is very opinionated.Science considers qualitative observations and opinions as invalid.

A cold front moves from Abilene to College Station in 6.0 hours. What is its average speed in km/h?F 0.018 km/hG 16 km/hH 58 km/hJ 67 km/h

50

400 km ÷ 6 hours = 58 km/h

200

200

In the diagram above, one cell creates andreleases chemicals that travel to a second celland quickly induce that cell into action. Thisdiagram represents part of the —A endocrine systemB skeletal systemC muscular systemD nervous system 51

Endocrine cells of a glandskeletal cells in a bone

Muscle cells on a bone

The table shows the atomic radii of some elements in Periods 1 through 4 of the periodic table. Whichinference can be made from this information?F Atomic radii decrease from left to right.G Atomic radii increase from bottom to top.H Atomic radii decrease from right to left.J Atomic radii double from top to bottom. 52

Numbers aredecreasingIn size.

Numbers increasefrom tom to bottombut don’t double.

What is the most common threat to a hostorganism posed by an invading virus?A Production of viral fluids in thebloodstreamB Fermentation of acids in the digestivesystemC Destruction of cells by viral reproductionD Stimulation of muscle tone in the heart

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Which circuit is built so that if one lightbulb goes out, the other three lightbulbs will continue to glow?

54

If thisone goesout

The othersgo out.

If thisone goesout

The othersgo out.

If thisone goesout

The othersgo out.

If thisone goesoutThe other three bulbs will continue to glow.

This is a parallel circuit.F, G, H above are series circuits.

The graph shows the percentage of hemoglobin that combines with carbon monoxide (CO) at various concentrations. Exposure to 400 parts per million of CO in air can cause people to experience nausea and a throbbing headache. According to the graph, about what percentage of hemoglobin is bound to CO at a CO concentration of 400 parts per million?A 25%B 35%C 40%D 55% 55