Ieoh Ming Pei, Doyen Modernist Master - A Tribute-Ar Asesh Sarkar & Ar Monika Arora 19 Manifestation...

REFEREED JOURNAL OF IIA | ISSN-0019-4913 2019 MAY-JUNE | VOLUME 84 | ISSUE 05-06 | 100

Ieoh Ming Pei, Doyen Modernist Master - A Tribute

Contents JIIA IS REFEREED JOURNALISSN-0019-4913

REGISTERED UNDER SOCIETIES REGISTRATION ACT, XXI OF 1860JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTSVOL-84 ISSUE 05-06 - MAY-JUNE 2019

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Printed & Published by Ar Anand Palaye on behalf of The Indian Institute of Architects and printed by Krishna Graphics, A-511, Royal Sands, A-Wing, 5th Floor, Behind Citi Mall, Shastri Nagar, Andheri (W), Mumbai-400 053 and Published at The Indian Institute of Architects, Prospect Chambers Annexe, 5th Floor, Dr D N Road, Fort, Mumbai – 400 001.

Tel.: +91.22.22046972/22818491/22884805 Fax: +91.22.22832516 Email: [email protected] / [email protected]: www.indianinstituteofarchitects.comEditor: Ar Divya Kush R.N.I. No.9469/57Email : [email protected]’s Email : [email protected]

IIA OFFICE BEARERS 2015-2017

Ar Divya Kush - President

Ar Prakash Deshmukh - Imm Past President

Ar Vilas V Avachat - Vice President

Ar Amogh Kumar Gupta - Jr Vice President

Ar Sunil R Degwekar - Hon Treasurer

Ar C. R Raju - Jt Hon Secretary

Ar Lalichan Zacharias - Jt Hon Secretary

Ar Anand Palaye - Chairman – Publication Board & Executive Editor, JIIA

Cover design by Animish Thaker

4 Editorial - Ar Anand Palaye

5 President’s Message - Ar Divya Kush

6 Ar Ieoh Ming Pei, Doyen Modernist Master - A Tribute

7 Prof. Ved Prakash Raori - A Tribute

8 IIANationalAwardsforExcellenceinArchitecture2018

10 Disaster Management - A Poem - Ar Suresh Athavale

11 AnalysingtheSafetyIndicatorsinUrbanEnvironment - Ar Asesh Sarkar & Ar Monika Arora

19 ManifestationofElementsofArchitectureasaLanguage - Ar Srushti S Pathak

26 JIIASubscriptionForm

27 IIAStudentMembershipForm

28 ComparativeInvestigationofTraditional&ModernPassiveDesignStrategies - Ar Vijay B Sambrekar & Dr Suresh V Ranade

35 IntegratingResearch-India'sArchitecturalEducationSystem - Ar B Sivashankaree

39 Evolution,RelevanceandDesignofUrbanPublicSpacesinIndia - Dr Aarti Grover & Ar Poonam Saini

May-June 2019www.indianinstituteofarchitects.com JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS4

E D I T O R I A L

Ar Anand Palaye

Ar Anand PalayeChairman-PublicationBoard&ExecutiveEditor,

JIIA

DearFellowArchitectsandreaders

Architecturalworld has lost a renowned architect IM Peiwhose contributions are verywellknownacrosstheglobe.WehavelostanothermemberinProf.VedRaorifromDelhiwhowascloselyassociatedwiththeIIA.

WearedeeplygrievedatthislossandpraytoGodtoblessthesenoblesouls.

In this issueof JIIAwehave the followingpapersandarticleswhichwillbeof interest toourreaders.

Ar. Suresh Athavale has poetically expressed his views on disaster management in a veryinterestingmanner.

Ar.AseshSarkarandAr.MonikaArorahaveadetailedpaperonvariousparametersthatmakeany urban environment safe which is aptly titled ‘Analysing the Safety Indicators in UrbanEnvironment’.

‘Manifestation of Elements of Architecture as a Language’ is another interesting article thatfocussesonrelevanceoftheseelementstoasociety’scultural,religiousandeconomicalaspectswrittenbyAr.SrushtiPathak

Ar.VijaySambrekarandDrSureshRanadeintheirpaper‘ComparativeInvestigationofTraditionalandModernPassiveDesignStrategies’highlighttherelevanceoftraditionaldesignconceptstosustainabilityinpresentdayarchitecture.

Ar.BSivashankareeinherpaper‘IntegratingResearch–India’sArchitecturalEducationsystem’hashighlightedimportanceofsystematicresearchinpresentdayeducationsystem.

Finally,wehaveanarticle thatunder lines the importanceofwell-designedpublic spacesby DrAartiGroverandAr.PoonamSainititled ‘Evolution,RelevanceandDesignofUrbanPublicSpacesinIndia’

Wearesureourreaderswillenjoythesepapersandarticles.

2019 May-June www.indianinstituteofarchitects.comJOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS 5

DearFellowArchitects,

Weall have knownAr. I.M. Pei as theDoyenofModernist style ofArchitecture right fromourstudentdays.SeveralgenerationsofArchitectsacrosstheworldhavebeeninspiredbyhisstyleofwork&philosophy.

BorninGuangzhou,Chinaon26thApril1917&raisedinHongKong,hemigratedtoUSintheyear1935tostudyArchitecture&establishhispractice.Hewasknownforhiscreativeuseofmodernistarchitectureincompleteharmonywithnaturalelements&openspaces.Centraltohisphilosophyofmodernismwashisbeliefinthetheoryof‘Formfollowsfunction’towhichheaddedhisowninterpretationthat,‘Formfollowsintention’.

Amongnumerousmasterpiecesofarchitecture,theLouvrePyramidinParisisconsideredtobethemostoutstanding.Duringhislongcareerhewasconferredvirtuallyeveryaward&recognitionwhichincludeRoyalGoldMedal,AIAgoldMedal,PresidentialMedalofFreedom,PritzkerPrize&PraemiumImperiale.

Inhispassingawayattheageof102yearson16thMay2019atManhattan,NewYork,thefraternityofArchitectshaslosttheDoyenofModernArchitecturebutwhowillcontinuetoinspirethecominggenerationsofArchitectsthroughhiswork&philosophy.

Earlier on 22nd February 2019 in the passing away of Prof. V.P. Raori, we lost a distinguishededucationist,philosopher&guidetothousandsofstudentsofArchitecturenotonlyinDelhibutacrossthecountry.

Bornin1935,Prof.RaorigraduatedfromtheDelhiPolytechnic(DelhiUniversity),in1957,followedbytheDiplomainCityandRegionalPlanning,fromUniversityofRome,in1960.HeworkedunderlegendslikeWalterGropius,J.K.ChowdharyandJ.A.Stein,beforejoiningtheSchoolofPlanningandArchitecture,NewDelhi,asAssistantProfessorandeventuallyrisingtothepositionofDirectoroftheSchool.

InrecognitionofhislifelongcontributiontotheProfessionofArchitectureparticularlyinthefieldofArchitecturalEducation,hewasconferredwiththeIIAMadhavAchwalGoldMedalbytheIndianInstituteofArchitectsintheyear2003.

Mayhissoulrestinpeace.

P R E S I D E N T ' S M E S S A G E

Ar Divya KushPresident,

TheIndianInstituteofArchitects

PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE

Ar Divya Kush


Ar Ieoh Ming Pei, Doyen Modernist Master - A Tribute

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WorldofArchitecturehaslostanillustriousmasterarchitectIeohMingPeion16May 2019 at a glorious age of 102 years.

HewasborninGuangzhou,ChinabutgrewupinHongKongandShanghaiandlatermovedtotheUnitedStatesandsettledthere.

Hisnumerouscontributionsinarchitecturalworldarerecognisedandappreciatedacrosstheglobe.Hehasbeenhonouredanddecoratedwithmanyprizes.

Thoughitwilltakeseveralvolumestowriteabouthisworksandcontributions,MesaLaboratoryinColorado,BankofChinaTowerinHongKongandthePyramidinLouvreareonlyafewofhisseveralmagnificentprojectsacrosstheglobe.

WeattheIIAaredeeplygrievedatthiscolossallosstotheworldofarchitecture.

We pray to the Almighty to bless his soul that will eternally keep inspiringarchitectureonthisplanet.

Team JIIA


C O N D O L E N C E S

PROF. VED PRAKASH RAORIDistinguished Architect and Professor V. P. Raori, Born in 1935, graduated from the Delhi Polytechnic (Delhi University), in 1957, followed by the Diploma in City and Regional Planning, from University of Rome, in 1960. He worked under legends like Walter Gropius, J. K. Chowdhary and J.A. Stein, before joining the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, as Assistant Professor and eventually rising to the position of Director of the School.

He has many books and articles to his credit. He was honoured by the National Press of India in 1993 for his outstanding contribution to Architectural education and profession.

He was a dedicated professional who passionately devoted himself in reshaping, promoting and developing the field of Architectural Education and Research at undergraduate, post graduate and doctoral levels. His career as an educationist spanned over four decades.

Professor Raori’s contribution to the field of Architectural profession was equally impressive. He had won several design awards . He had various prestigious projects to his credit. He strongly advocated that Architecture is an ever evolving discipline and requires an academician to be in close touch with the professional world.

He was a distinguished Fellow member of the Institute since 1974. In his long association with The Indian Institute of Architects he served the Institute in various capacities both at the National and Chapter levels.

In recognition of his life long contribution to the Profession of Architecture particularly in the field of Architectural Education, he was conferred with the IIA Madhav Achwal Gold Medal by the Indian Institute of Architects in the year 2003.

In his passing away on 22nd February, 2019, the profession has lost a distinguished Architect & Academician whose absence amongst us will be felt long after he has left for his long journey into eternity.

Ar Divya KushPresident,

TheIndianInstituteofArchitects


IIA NATIONAL AWARDSfor Excellence in Architecture 2018

Organized by THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS Hosted by IIA TRIVANDRUM CHAPTER

CALL FOR ENTRIESTheobjectiveoftheIIANationalAwardsistoencourage,acknowledge,appreciateandhonourthecreativecontributionoftheIIAmembersinthefieldofArchitecture.TheAwardsarepresentedannuallyandcarryaandPlaqueandcitationineachcategory.The submission of entries for the IIA NATIONAL AAWARDS will be ONLINE AT www.iiaawards.comAward Categories1. Residential Projects - ASingleFamilyDwellings,Bungalows,Villas,Mansions,Farmhousesetc.2. Residential Projects - BMulti-Family Dwellings, Group Housing, Multi-Storied ApartmentsGatedCommunitiesetc.3. Commercial ProjectsCorporate/Office Buildings, Business and Commercial! Centres,ShoppingCentres,Maltsetc.4. Public / Institutional ProjectsEducatinal/InstitutionalBuildings,HealthcareProjects,PublicBuildings,SportsComplexes,ReligiousBuildings,Art&Culturalcentresetc.5. Industrail/ In Frastructure ProjectsFactory Buildings/Structures, Worships, Transport Terminals, Plazasetc.6. Interior Projects - Residential7. Interior Projects - Non Residential8. Hospitality & Recreation ProjectsHotels&Resorts,AmusementParis&Multiplexes9. Conservation ProjectAdaptive Reuse, Retrofitting/Restoration of Old and Heritage sites/structures.10. Architecture UnBuilt ProjectsDesignedbutnotbuiltasondate-(1to8categories)11. Landscate ProjectsAllLandscapeProjects12. Socially Responsible ArchitectureSustainable Low Cost Regeneration of existing Social Housing andCommunity,DisasterRiskReductionandDisasterPost-Construction.13. Research ProjectsOriginalconciseArchitecturalResearchworks.PERIODTheIIANationalAwardsforExcellenceinArchitecture2018shallcoverporjects completed between 1st January, 2014 and 31st December,2018.ElGIBIlITyIIA members having paid subscription up to 2017-2018 or LifetimesubscribersareeligibletoparticipateintheAwards.IIAOfficeBearers,Council Members, Chapter Chairmen, Publication Chairman/Editor;AwardCommitteeMembersareNOTeligibleforparticipation.ENTRy DoCuMENTS (uP To 30 MB)The submission process is entirely ONLINE, through the dedicatedwebsite-www.iiaawards.comENTRy FEEThefeesperEntrywillbeof5000/-plus18%GSTENTRy DATESThelastdateforuploadingallthedocumentsintothewebsiteis30th July 2019. The last date for receiving the cheque/transaction slip atMumbai is 5th Aug 2019EvAluATIoN AND JuRyAdistinguishedPanelof Jurywill assessall theentries. The Jurywill

compriseofthePresidentofIIAorhisnomineeandaPanelofEminentSeniorArchitects.(NamesoftheJuryPanelwillbeannouncedshortly).TheJurywillbeatwostageprocess.Fromalltheentriesreceived,theJurywilldoaninitialshortlistofprojectswhichwillhavetobepresentedliveduringthesecondstageJuryatAwardfunctionvenueatTrivandrumon the3rd,4th&5thOct2019.Thefinal Juryevaluationwill alsobebasedontheselivepresentations.PRESENTATION OF AWARDSAll the shortlisted entries will have to be presented live duringthe awards presentation program and also will be displayed forthe exhibition. The shortlisted participants shall prepare their Presentation in PowerPoint format, which will be used for the livepresentations. Further details will be intimated to the shortlistedparticipants.Forclarification/queries,pleasemailusat [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] live presentation of all shortlisted entries by its architects,presentationofworksbyselectJury,ArchitectandtheawardceremonywillbeheldatTrivandrumon3,4, 5th Oct 2019. As the host, IIA Trivandrum Centre invites Architects and Students ofArchitecture fromallover India toparticipate in thiseventandgetaninsight on the various projects pan India. The registration forms [email protected] from 20th July 2019.ForRegistrationtoattendtheeventLastdateforregistrationtoparticipateis15th Sept 2019. Early Bird offer closes on 20th Aug 2019

PRoGRAMME SCHEDulE -03.10.2019Closed door jury and Inauguration 04.10.20190830 HRS-Registration0900 HRS - Shortlisted project presentations interlaced with sponsorpresentationwillhappenssimultaneouslyinTHREEscreens1130 HRS-Tea;1200 HRS -Presentationcontinuedwithsponsor.1330 HRS-Lunch;1430 HRS -Presentationcontinuedwithsponsor.1600 HRS - Tea; 1630 HRS - Presentation of works by select Jurymembers.;1800 HRS - EntertainmentEVENT VENUEKOVALAM, TRIVANDRUMConvention center05.10.20191000 HRS -KeyNote,1130 HRS - Tea, 1200 HRS-KeyNote,1330 HRS-Lunch,1430 HRS-KeyNote,1600 HRS - Tea, 1800 HRS - Entertainment, 1830 HRS -ImpressionsoftheJury,1900 HRS-AwardsCeremony,2000 HRS - Dinner

IIA NATIONAL AWARDS 2018OrganisingcommitteeAr. Parekh Kapadia-Charman; Ar. N Mahesh-Convenor;Ar. Saiju Mohamed Basheer-WorkingChairman-IIA,TrivandrumCentre;Ar. Varghese Panicker-Co-Convenor; Ar. Jayakrishnan K B-Co-Convenor; Ar. Dharma Keerthi A.-Co-Convenor; Ar. B. Sudhir-Co-Convenor

HostedbyTheIndianInstitueofArchitects,TrivandrumCentreKarimpanalStatueAvenue,5thFloor,Trivandrum,695001Phone: +91 858 999 4000 | Email: [email protected]:www.iiaawards.com


Ar Asesh Sarkar-Email:[email protected]

CurrentlyPh.D.ResearchScholaratArchitectureandPlanningdepartment,IITRoorkee.

Educational qualifications:SpecializationinUrbanPlanning(M.Plan)fromSchoolofPlanningandArchitecture,NewDelhi,(2015-17),GraduatedB.Arch.fromPilooModyCollegeofArchitecture(2009-14).

Interests:UrbanDesignandMentalHealth,Smartcitiesandsmarttechnologies,SustainableurbanPlanning,safetyand security andurbanplanning InformationandCommunicationTechnology,CitizenDesign science,InformationArchitecture,TechnologyInnovationsandUrbanPlanning.

Ar Monika Arora-Email:[email protected]

AccomplishedasanAssistantDirector,PlanningPresentlyoffering7monthsofIndustrialExperienceinISPER,Panchkula.

DevelopedskillsinMastersinPlanningInfrastructurefromGNDU,Amritsar(2016-2018)withPostGraduationDiplomainGISandRemoteSensingfromNPTI,Faridabad(2015)andGraduatedinBachelorsinPlanningfromAmity,Manesar(2011-2015).

Potential Conflict of Interest in field of Rural Development, Sustainable Development, Smart City Planning,UrbanDevelopment,InfrastructurePlanning.

Analysing the Safety Indicators in Urban Environment

1. IntroductionCities in India arewitnessing tremendousgrowth inurbanpopulation. This fast treadurbanization is pressurizing theexistinginfrastructureleadingtoacompetitionandchallengeoverscarceresourcesinthecities.Ontheotherhand,poorurbanplanninganddesignoftenleadstothefailureofcitymanagementandthusincreasingthecrimerates.ButUnited

Nations in itsreport2009hasdefinedthreemajoraspectswhichdefines a safe city.A city is safe if, it is safe from i)Disasters,ii)crimeandViolence,iii)forcedevictionofslumsorinsecurityoftenure.Globalreportsaysthatthereishugeamountofdeathduetothisfactoranditvarieswithcitytocitywithdifferentcontext.Forexample,thebuiltenvironmenthas a direct relationwith thenumber of crime cases. The

ABSTRACTOver the years the urban population in India has been increasing. This fast trend urbanization is pressurizing the existing infrastructure leading to a competition over scarce resources in the cities. On the other hand, poor urban planning and design often leads to the failure of city management and thus increasing the crime rates. But United Nations in its report 2009 has defined different aspects which defines a safe city. How safe a city is, can be categorized into two- one that already has a high density of urban population like Delhi, Mumbai, etc. and another that is witnessing a rapid growth in terms of urbanization like New town Kolkata, Bhubaneswar etc. The paper aims to identify the indicators which are responsible for a city to be safe in terms of both spatial factors and social factors. The paper will also discuss the components and subcomponents of the indicators (Land use character, Design of a space, activities involved, Infrastructures, Social behavior/interaction and Environment. Lastly to formulate strategies for the city based on urban planning, urban design and Governance system. The entire paper will help us to take away the indicators to assess the safety and security pattern of a city.

“The pseudoscience of planning seems almost neurotic in its determination to imitate empiric failure and ignore Empiric success.”

- Jane Jacob

Key Words: Safe Cities, safe neighbourhood, planning and design, safety indicators


cityhavinghighercrimeratewillhavehigherrateoffearofcrimewhichunintentionallydiscouragetheusageofaspace.Poor planning gives a scope to stimulate and encouragemorecrime.Thethreecomponentsofcrimearethevictim,offender and opportunity. Good planning and design willreducethescopeofopportunityfortheoffendertoexecutethecrime.Similarly,withoutpropersafetymanagementplanfordisasterorwithoutanyapproachtomakethecityslumfree, itwillcosthugehumanlife loses.Thesethreefactorscanbecategorizedunder twobroad factors,SpatialFactorandSocialfactor.ForaNeighbourhoodoracommunitylevelthesecanbefurtherdetailedout.

The spatial factors includes LanduseandDesignof space,Infrastructure, EnvironmentandSocial factors areaffectedbybothendogenousandexogenousfactorswhichincludesUsage of space, Social interaction and Behaviours, LawenforcementandManagement.Allthesesix indicatorscandeterminethesafetypatternofaNeighbourhood level.Tosolvetheseissuesthreedifferentstrategiescanbefollowedatdifferentstages,planningstrategies,DesignstrategiesandManagementstrategies.Therearetwocategories;onethatalready has a high density of urban population like Delhi,Mumbai,Kolkata,Chennaietc.andanotherthatiswitnessingarapidgrowthintermsofurbanizationlikeBhubaneswar.Thecities that arehaving rapid urbanization are theones thatneedimmediatemeasuresfortransformationandthosethatarerapidlygrowingcanhaveawell-plannedsafecityprojectimplementedattheinitialstagesoftheirdevelopmentitselfinordertosustaintheirlong-termsecurityneeds.

2. Global ScenarioTherapidpaceofurbanizationattachedwiththegrowthofthe city and its density is associatedwith increased crimeandviolence.Poorurbanplanning,designandmanagementplayarole in thedeterminingtheurbanenvironmentthatputcitizensandpropertyathighrisk.FromtheUNreport,Globaltrendsindicatethat,crimerateshavebeenincreasingday by day. In the period of 1980 to 2000, total recordedcrimesincreasedfrom2300to3000crimesforevery100,000people1.

Other incidents reported to an international non-governmental organization (NGO), aminimumof 2millionpeople intheworldareforciblyevictedeveryyear.Ontheotherhandbetween1974and2003,6367naturaldisastersoccurredglobally,whichhasresultadeathof2millionpeopleandaffecting5.1billionpeople.Payingspecialattentiontourbanvulnerabilitiesandviolenceshallreducetheprobabilityof crime and ensure a secure and safe city environment.Buildingurbansafetythroughurbanplanning,urbandesign,management and governance will promote institutional

and organizational development, resource planning andmanagementinordertoenhanceefficiencyingovernance.Enhancing safety and social cohesion are issues of goodurbangovernanceatbothcityandcommunitylevel.Theseareprudentaspectswhichcreateanenablingenvironmentfortheinhabitantsofthecity,allowingimprovedqualityoflifeandfosteringeconomicdevelopment.

3. Indian ScenarioAccordingtoUnitedNationsEnvironmentprogrammereport2011, India is rankedsecond in thenumberofdeathsdueto natural disaster after china. More than 10% growth incrimeratesinTamilNadu,Bihar,Odisha,Lakshadweep,WestBengal,ArunachalPradesh,Assam,Jharkhand,andManipur.2.4 increase in the rate of cognisable crimes from 2012 to 20132.

TheMinistryofHomeAffairs (MHA)assessesandmonitorstheinternalsecuritysituation,issuesappropriateadvisories,sharesintelligenceinputs,extendsmanpowerandfinancialsupport, offers guidance and expertise to the stategovernments though as per the Seventh Schedule to theConstitution of India, ‘police’ and ‘public order’ are statesubjects. The data collected by Housing and Land RightsNetwork India (HLRN) in 2017, government authorities, atboth the central and state levels, demolished over 53,700homes, thereby forcefullyevictingmore than260,000 (2.6lakh) people across urban and rural India, including thehomeless3.

4. Safety pattern in cities4.1. land use and Design of Space:AwellanalysedLanduseplananditsdesignofspaceisthetopmostfactorsresponsibleforthesafetypattern.WithoutaproperLanduseandwithoutaproperlayoutitwillaffecttherestoftheparameters.Forexampleamixeduseinsidethe residential areas will involve more people activity.

A N A ly S I N G T H E S A F E T y I N D I C ATo R S I N u R B A N E N v I R o N M E N T

Source: Force Eviction in India, 2017

Figure1ClassificationofVarioustypesofEvictioninIndiain2017

1 United Nations (U N Report 1980-2000); 2 United Nations Environment programme UNEP 2011; 3 Housing and Land Rights Network (HLRN 2017)


Shops,cafeterias,foodcourtswillkeepahealthyinteractionbetweenthepeople.Thestreetwillbesaferthananyotherstreets.Peoplewillfeelmoresecureandtherewouldbenofearofcrime.Itcansolvemultipleissuesatonce.AproperLandusewillalsotakecareofthedisasterssothatifthereisanychanceofoccurrenceitwouldreducethelossoflifeandreducetheamountofdamageoftheproperty.Forexamplearequiredamountofopenspaceisrequired14Sqmt/person,aneighbourhoodlevelparkoracommunityparkactsasanevacuation space if there is anykindofearthquakeorfirehazards. Itwill reduce theamountofdamageof structureand loss of life4.

4.1.1. Land use CharacterA Land use having more commercial areas and mixeduse areas promotes more opportunities for more socialinteraction in that particular area. The person using thisspace acts as a natural surveillance and encourages thefeelingofsafetyintheentireenvironment.

4.1.2. LayoutAresidentialcommunityoraneighbourhoodhavingproperservice road and less cross interactions minimise thenumber of accidents. Intersections with intelligent trafficmanagement system will reduce the number of signaljumpingandroadaccidents.

4.1.3. DistanceEnsuring safety and sense of security are amongst one ofthemajorfactorswhenitcomestochoosesplaceforlivingor sending children to school, Institutions, Jobs, or publicPlaces.Withtheincreasingpopulation,demandforfacilitiesisalsoincreasing.Soastomaintainthedemandandsafetyinproportionalmanner,facilitiesshouldbeprovidedatwalkabledistanceandeasytomovearound.

4.1.4. Hierarchy of RoadsHierarchy of roads are categorized on the basis offunctionalityandcapacities.ThesearemaintainedinordertomaintainsafetythoughflowingvehicleshavingdifferentPCUspeed.Italsohelpspeopletomovearoundfreelywhenthe roadsaredivided intoNationalHighways,arterial, subarterial,Collectorroads,localroads,pedestrianfootpaths,cycletracks.Thisreducesthelevelofaccidentsandensuressafety.

4.2. InfrastructureA definite number of infrastructures are required for acertainnumberofpeopleorspaceataminimumdistancesothatpeoplecaneasilyavailthem.Italsoplaysanimportantrole in safety pattern, solving all the three factors. Forexample, if the optimum number of infrastructure is notavailable in an area, it will put an additional load to the

existinginfrastructure-itbeaschool,ahospitalorabusstopand itwill thoroughly affect the entire system.Distance isanotherfactor.Ifit’snotintheminimumproximityitwillbeofnouse.Notonlytherequirednumberbuttheconditionofthestructureshouldbetakencareof.Whenthebuildingissafepeoplearesafe.Thestructuralconditionofbuildingwillalsosavelives.Forexampleanearthquakeresistantbuildingwill save lifeduringearthquakeandafiresafetymeasureslikefireexitsandevacuationbalconiesandsprinklersystemwill reducethe lossof lifeduringanyfirehazards.Thesubcomponentsarediscussedindetailsinthelaterchapter.

4.2.1. Social InfrastructureA definite number of infrastructures such as (Schools ,Institutes ,parks ,open spaces ,hospitals ,nursinghome ,community centres and such) , are required for a certainnumberofpeopleorspaceataminimumdistancesothatpeoplecaneasilyavail them.Forexample, if theoptimumnumberof infrastructure isnotavailable inanarea, itwillputanadditionalloadtotheexistinginfrastructureandwilldirecteffectthesafetysystem.Lackofsocial infrastructureis directly associated with the community safety andsecurity,creatingafearofcrime,issueswiththecommunitycohesion,senseofbelongingnessasthenewcommunitiestaketimetodevelopasenseoflocalidentityandforstrongsocialnetworkstoflourish.

4.2.2. Fire stationItisnecessarytoprovidefirestationforevery2lakhswithin1-3kmandsubstationsaccordinglysoastoprovidesafetyespecially in Urban Areas as they have high density. HighDensityandMixLanduseareashavemajorchancesofbeencaught in situations suchasopenwire cables that catchesfires, industrial areas with high voltage workingmachinesandsimilarlyforeveryLanduse.Soitisimportanttoprovidesafety pattern to avoid hazardous conditions. Moreover,disaster management and rehabilitation centres will beencouragedfromsuchsafetymeasures.

4.2.3. Police stationAscrimerates,violence,eveteasingandsuchawfulactivitiesare increasing now a days. So it is necessary to provide1 police station for every 90,000populations and 1 policepost for every 0.4-0.5 lakh population. Vitality of streetsandpublicareaswithpatrolling isamajor factor forcrimeprevention.Becauseinmixedlandusecrimeratesgenerallyoccursat thedeadendpointsorwheredifferentactivitiesoccursimplywithdifferentusersrequiremoresurveillance5.

4.2.4. Street lightsStreetlightsareprimarilyintendedtoenableroaduserstosee accurately and easily the carriageway and immediate

4 Welle, 2015; 5 URDPFI Guidlines



surroundings in thedarkness.Tocontrol trafficon roads itis highly important to provide street lights as to promotesafety,smoothnessandharmoniousflowoftraffic.

4.3. usage of space: Proper Land use and required number of infrastructuresalonewillnothelptomaintainsafety,iftheusageofspaceis not maintained by the people for whom what it wasintended. The space should be rightly used for what it isdesignedfor.Itwillhelpbringpeopleclosertooneanother,provideahealthierlifestyleandenhancesafetyamongthesociety.As thegatheringofpeople in aparticular space isdependenton theusageof space, it’s an important factorregardingthesafetypatterninthecommunity.

Forexample, a street vendor sits inadefined spaceeveryday and night. He knows every people in his community.Andduetohispresenceitbecomesdifficultforthecriminalto act. Similarly, a park should bewellmaintained by thecommunityortheULBssothatpeoplegatherand interactondailybasisorweekly.EveryspacedesignatedinLanduseshould be rightly followed to maintain a safe and secureenvironmentinthesociety.

4.3.1. ActivityUrbanareasareplaceswhereindividualsmeet,wheresociallife is more extraordinary and complex, where culture isdelivered, where monetary advancement together withspecializedandlogicalchangesaremoreobvious.So,Safetyandsecurityareamongstthemostimportantfactorswhileyouarechoosingtheplacetoliveandwork.Somecitiesareworkingsowellthattheyprovideagoodqualityoflifeandmaintaingoodliving.Whereasotherhaveproblemssuchaspollution,crime,healthproblems.

Lackofsafetydirectlyaffectsthefunctionalityoftheurbanareasandtheaestheticsaswell.Whenpeopledonot feelsafe, they try to change their life style and their differentwaystoadoptsocialnetworking.Peopletrytoavoideveningworkandtrytobebackhomebeforethesunset.Peopletrynottousepublictransport in inactivehours,avoidparkingvehiclesintheunderground.

Theydonotsocializeanddonotusepublicspacessuchasparksetc.It’scompulsoryforthesocietytopromotepublicgatheringasnowaday’speoplearegettinganti-socialandthis isnotgoodforthesocietysoastodecline localcrimeproblems and make business activities and life in publicspacesmorehappening.

4.3.2. Public placesShockingly, we live in a period when individuals arebecomingprogressivelyfrightfulabouttheirsecurityout in

theopenspaces.Asdreadassaultsovertheglobestandoutas truly newsworthy, nationals are enthusiastically lookingforwellbeing and securitywhen they are out in the openspaces.Thesignificanceofgivingasuspicionthatalliswelland good among individuals out in the open spaces can'tbe thought little of. Other than being an essential humanneed,neglecting tohavea feeling that all iswellwith theworldinone'sregularconditioncanhavedifferentnegativeoutcomes. The expenses of adapting to fear or differentsentiments of weakness can incorporate enemy of socialconductandmentalitiesandmayevenhavepressurerelatedresults6.

Public spaces should be provided in an ample amount asweknowthatsocialgatheringhasstoppedsobyprovidingpublic open spaceswe canmake that area to life insteadofmaking that area dead. In high Density areas, planningschemesshould followadequatepublic spaces in termsoflocation, quality and such as insufficient spaces increasespotentialconflicts.

This should be taken care of not to provide excessive ofopenlandthatultimatelyturn’sintono-man’sland.Planningspacesshouldbeplannedavoidingemptyplaces.

4.3.3. MobilityPeoplewalkingonroadsdon’thaveproperwalkingfacilitieslike proper footpaths, and even if footpaths are providedthenthereisnoconnectivitybetweentwofootpathsatthejunctionwhenpeopletrytocrosstheroadsaccidentsoccur.

4.4. Social Behaviour/ Interaction: Finally, it comes into the form of public interaction andbehaviourbothwithinthelocalityandoutsideonthestreet.AtthetimeofneedpeopleshouldhelpeachothertomaintainbalanceandhealthyatmosphereintheCommunity.

Source : Google, Social Interaction among People

Figure2SocialBehaviouramongpeople

6 Shehayeb, 2018



Indiahasadiversecultureandreligionsopeople in Indiancontexthavedifferentoccasionsandcelebrationsthroughoutthe year. Apart from this our community has associationswherepeoplecangathertogethertodiscusstheirproblems.Weshouldalwaysencouragethistypeofactivitiestoinvolvemore and more people, that is what we call in technicalterms- community participation. It will help in reducingcrime.Peoplewillbemoreactivehelpingeachotherduringanyeventofdisasterandeventuallywithtime,Itwillnarrowdownthegapbetweenthepeople’ssocio-economicstatus.

4.4.1. Residential areasSafetyandSecurityintheresidentialenvironmentisabasicneedofhumanandmaybeprerequisiteforhealth.Adequatehousingisahumanrightandtohaveasecurehometolivein isoneof the fundamentaldignity,physical fundamentalhealth7.

4.4.2. Social spacesSocial Integration and social ties are additionally essentialfordiminishingpotentialclashesbetweentheinhabitantandtheusers,forexampleregardingcohabitationbetweenthenewinhabitantandtheuser.Theycanalsohelppeopletobeconcernedaboutneighboursand thusgenerate sociability,involvementoftheinhabitantswithlocallife.Peopleinbadsocio-economicconditioncanthusbesupportedbyothersand prevent their life from falling into crime and socialbehaviour.

Social gathering points should be engaged with differentactivities going around so that area should be alive andpeople should feel safe to roam around. Social spacesencourage local sociability, which in a neighbourhood isessentialtoinducespontaneoussurveillance.

4.5. EnvironmentWe cannot avoid natural disasters directly or indirectlyalthough we human beings are responsible for any kind

of act. We call it an act of God but somehow we areresponsible for it. So there should be CBOs and NGOs tohelp out the vulnerable population. Although governmentshould take initiatives to mitigate this kind of problems.Forexample,a cycloneprone areas shouldhaveaproperearlywarning system, a flood prone areas should have allallthedataandmapson5yearsortenyears’basis. Itwillhelptoreducethelossoflifeanddamageofproperty.Oftenslumsarevulnerabletothis,duetoinstabilityofstructures.Governmentshould take initiatives tohelpout thispeopleconsidering themtobeapart inoursociety.Forexample,various stepshavebeen taken like IHSDP.BSUP,RAY, PMAYandslumfreecityactiontomakeoursocietyandcityfreefrom slums.

4.5.1. Natural DisastersExperiencing the dangerous or violent natural disasterssuch as floods, tsunami, earthquake and many more canbe traumatic forboth childrenand young anddevastationto the familiar environment and surrounding can be longlastinganddistressing.

Current disaster planning and response emphasizes theneedonall-hazardapproach.WecannotstopsuchnaturalHazards but we can certainly avoid such hazards throughstrategies. So there is a need to focus on strategies anddisastermanagementplanbythemanagementbodiessuchas Disaster Management team. All disaster management teams must adhere to designed structure to integratesuccessfullyintotherescueeffort.

States Cyclone Floods/ Landslides

Earthquake

Cloud Burst

Andhra Pradesh 1000 53 0 0

Odisha 0 21 3 0

uttrakhand 0 4094 5 0

Tamil Nadu 65 0 0 0

Puducherry 47 0 0

Sikkim 0 0 60 0

Gujarat 0 0 13805 0

Maharashtra 0 0 7928 0

Ladakh 0 0 0 257

4.5.2. Man-made DisastersAny disturbances that disrupts a community whereinterventionisrequiredtomaintainpublicsafetyconstitutesacivildisturbance.Nomatterthetypeofworkplace,disasterSource: EMBARQ Technical note (Welle and LI 2015)

Figure3FatalityRateinIndiaper1000Population

Source: EMBARQ Technical note (Welle and LI 2015)

Table 1 Fatality Rate in India due to major Disasters

7 United Nations , 1991



planning measures should follow the all-hazard approachi.e. mobility and flexibility. Such as shelter in place andevacuationplansespeciallyinhighrisebuildingsandmedicalcarecentres.Thoughweenjoyingfuelforcarandelectricityinourhousesbuttechnologicalandindustrialprogressalsoputsnaturalenvironmentatrisk.Theresultismanyvarietyofmanmadedisasterssuchasfuelspills,disposalofhazardousmaterial.Accidentsarethemaincauseofdeath.Accidentshappen,eventopeoplewhoarecareful,butmanyaccidentsmaybeavoidableifsimpleprecautionsaretaken.

The report compiled by theministry’s Transport ResearchWingsaidroadaccidentskilled150,785peopleacrossIndiain2016—a3.3%jumpfrom2015when146,000lakhroadfatalitieswerereported—indicatingIndianroadscontinuetobeoneofthedeadliestintheworld8.

Soitisnecessarytofollowthebyelaws,preparationofplans,and regular checkof buildings that are tooold i.e. BuildingSafety.

4.6. Law Enforcement and Management Lastlytheentireprocessandsystemisdependentonasinglefactor-Law enforcement andmanagement. If there are nomanagementstrategiesandiftheinstitutionsareweak,lawenforcementwill be poor, finally resulting in collapsing oftheentiresystem.Forexampleifthecommunitypollicisingisweakor inactive itwill increase the rateof crime in thecommunity.

If there is no assurance or guarantee from the lawenforcement department people will feel more insecureandthebalanceinthesocietytomaintainsafeandsecureenvironmentinthecommunity.Similarly,ifthemanagementbodies of other department like fire department, Disastermanagement team, NGOs are not active it will delay theapproachfromthecitybeingasafecityoracommunity.

Allthesesix indicatorscandeterminethesafetypatternofaNeighbourhoodlevel.Tosolvetheseissuesthreedifferentstrategies can be followed at different stages, planningstrategies, Design strategies and Management strategies.

4.6.1. Crime rateThe principle motivation behind executing safe city is tolessenwrongdoingandinciteasentimentofsecurityamongthesubjects.It'scriticaltobeproactiveaboutyoursecurity,particularlywithregardstopickingaplacetolive.

Crimeandfearofcrimecanaffectthewayacityworksaswell as the attractiveness and functioning of some urbanareas.Whenpeoplefeelthreatened,theyaltertheirlifestyleandconsequentlythewaystheyusethecityondailybasis9.

People do not use mode of public transport in the slackhours,manydonotgooutintheevening,avoidundergroundcarparks,andchildrenarenotallowedtousepublicspacessuch as parks and shut themselves in armoured flat orgated communities. Neighbourhood wrongdoing issueslikewisemake business exercises and life out in the openspaces decrease. Hence, wellbeing influences financialimprovement.

4.6.2. Community PollicisingCommunity policing is collaboration between the police andthe community in identifying the problems and solving thecommunity problems. With the police no longer the soleguardians of law and order, Community people themselvestake active part in enhancing the safety and quality ofNeighbourhood. This will make community more active andaware of the surroundings. A foundation of trust will allowpolicetoformcloserelationshipswiththepoliceandwillhelpinachievingthebetterresultsandachievements.Becausewithoutpoliceandcommunityparticipation,policingisnotpossible.

4.6.3. Benefits of Community Policing• ImprovedImmediateEnvironment.

• AversionanddecreaseinthedreadofCrime.

• Creationofpositiveattitudetowardspolice.

• Empowerment of communities and redresses of thegrievances

4.6.4. Police patrollingPolicePatrollinghelps inensuringthesafetyandwellbeingofpeoplewithinpoliceprecincts.PolicePatrollinghelps inmonitoring suspicious or unusual activity. Police Patrollingensure no criminal activity takes place in any shift, safetytransportationofthedetainedsuspectsAndevenmaintainingthe integrity of crime scenes. Investigating abandonedvehicles, dispersing unauthorized, non-permitted crowdsandmuchmore.

Source : Crime in India 1953-2015, National Crime Records Bureau

Figure4IncidenceofCrimeinIndia(1935-2015)

8 NCRB, 2016; 9 SAFEPOLIS, 2006-2007



So, it is necessary to have police patrolling in theneighbourhoodandthecitytoensurehealthandsafetyofthecity.

4.6.5. Online complaintAll complaints and concerns regarding workplace safety,healthandwelfareissuesareimportantandshouldbetakencareof. OnlineComplaint isausefultoolsoastoconnectwiththecitizen.

Connectivityisoneoftheimportantcomponentsofthesafecityandneedcarefulattentionintheassessment,planningand implementation. It is the backbone system in whichthedata travels from the surveillance systems to thedatacentresandcontrolviewingcentres.

5 Strategies 5.1. Planning Strategy 5.1.1. Crime and ViolenceProviding social infrastructures with required number andwithinawalkabledistancewhereithasalack.Amixeduseddevelopmentwithinthecommunityorlocalstreetcanmakeplacesmoreeconomicallyandsociallysuccessful,aswellassafer. (Minimumof10%ofmixeduse in the Landuse canbringaneffectivechangeinminimizingthefearofthreatorcrime.Developmentofcommunityspacesandparks(underAMRUTscheme)bringsasocietymoreclosely.Publiczonestobenormallyaccessible toeveryoneatalltimeswithnoautomaticabilitytoimposeaccesscontrolmeasures.

5.1.2. Disaster ManagementWard level or at micro level disaster managementplan should be prepared by the involving communityparticipation. Volunteers and trainers should maintain aschedule accordingly. Various forms public awareness andeducationusinglocaldialects,values,culture,stakeholders,community leaders, and local government’s high levelgovernments should be promoted. Good practices to beintroducedinthecommunitybasedapproachestodisastermitigation.Throughroadsandcrossjunctionstobeavoidedinsidetheresidentialneighborhoodarea.

Minimum access and circulation route standards may beinsufficient.MinimumRoadwidthalongwithpedestrian laneshouldbedesignedforcollectorroadsinsidetheneighborhood.Designfordifferentlyabledpeopleshouldbeexecuted.

5.1.3. Slums and forced Evictions:Slumpopulationishighlyvulnerable.Tomakeaslumfreecityandforcedevictions,theULBsshouldfollowPMAYscheme.Providingfacilitiesthatmatchtheneedsofthecommunitywillgenerallyincreasethelevelofactivityinacommunity.

5.2. Design Strategy 5.2.1. Crime and Violence

Shading of public realm space will encourage activity likein bus stops auto stands. Activities to be added at deadspacewherepeoplerarelyinteract.Goodlandscapedesignwill enablepeople to seewhat is happening around themandempowers themasobserversover space.Signagecansupplement cues from thebuilt environment that supportwayfindingbypedestriansanddrivers."Openingsinfacadesare a popular point of unauthorized entry to a building.Accessmay be gained either by breaking through a door,windoworotheraperture.

5.3. Management Strategy5.3.1. Crime and ViolenceBy empoweringmembers of the community as observers,people are more comfortable and encouraged to reportsuspicious behavior,misuse and crime. Active surveillancesystems can afford a number of additional benefits tomanagement and enforcing authorities. Management andmaintenance of vacant plots, construction and demolitionsitesoffersEnvironmental,Health&Safetybenefitsaswellasa reduction incrimeand inappropriateuseofspace.Agoodsafetyandsecurityplanwillincorporateelementsthatsupporteffectiveoperationsandtheworkoftheemergencyservices.

CCTVcamerascanoneofthepartsforsolutioninreducingcrimerates.ThroughtheuseoftechnologysuchasGISwithamobileapplicationarenowbeingusedinmanycitiesforcrimemapping.Acrimemapwouldbegenerated throughwhichpotentialthreatsareascanbeidentified.Theauthoritycantakeactionsthroughspatialanalysisorthroughthecrimemapping(intermsofinfrastructure,Patrolling).

Themapcanbegeneratedwithanytimeframe(days,week,months and years.) People feeling unsafe can generate amessagewithin fewseconds.Theconcernedauthoritycandirectlyresponseandcantakenecessarystepsatrealtime.Throughthisappitwillbringcouragetotheusertofeelsafeeverywhere.Theimplementationitselfwouldreducecrimebecauseoffearincriminal’smind.Itcanbeimplementedatanycitiesortown.

5.3.2. Disaster ManagementTo consider all classes of people as a part of our societyGovernment should take more steps to encourage publicParticipation.Peopleshouldactivelysupportandparticipateincommunitywelfareorganizations.

ThroughCommunitybaseddisastermanagementvulnerablegroups and communities can be transformed into disasterresilient communities which can withstand and recoverfromthestressandshocksfromthesocioeconomicpoliticalenvironment. Knowledge of prevention, mitigation andpreparedness should be shared among the community.



National hazards may not be prevented, human hazards,technologicalfailures;pollutioncivicstrikecanbeprevented.Preventionwillsprovidepermanentprotectionfromdisastersorreducetheintensityofadisasterortocompletelyavoida disaster.

5.3.3. Information, Education and CommunicationChildren should be made aware of Guidelines such asNational School Safety Policywhere all children, teachersand stakeholders are safe from Natural Hazard as theyaccess their right to education. Capacity Building ofChildren, teachers, stake holders, school personnel, stateand district education machinery on school safety anddisasterpreparedness.

NationalDisasterManagementAuthorityequipsandtrainsotherGovernmentofficials,institutionsandthecommunityinmitigationforandresponseduringacrisissituationoradisaster. Soevery state shouldhavedisastermanagementplansoastorescueatthetimeofdisaster.

Alldisastermanagementteamsmustadheretothestructuretointegratesuccessfullyintotherescueeffort.Increasingly,medicalspecialistsaredetermininghowbesttoincorporatetheir medical expertise into disaster management teamsthat meet the functional requirements of the incidentcommandsystem.

6. ConclusionLocal/community planning gives communities directpowertodevelopasharedvision for theirneighborhood/communityandshapethedevelopmentandgrowthoftheirlocalarea.Peoplecanchoosewheretheywanttheirhome,heirbusinesstosetupsuchasshopsandofficestobebuilt,have their opinion on what those upcoming structuresshould look like and what infrastructure facilities shouldbe provided, and permit permission on planning for thenewbuildingstheywanttoseemovingahead.Communityplanningprovidesapowerful setof tools for localpeopletoensurethattheygettherighttypesofdevelopmentfortheircommunitywheretheambitionoftheneighborhoodisalignedwiththestrategicneedsandprioritiesofthewiderlocalarea.Thisenablescommunitiestoplayamuchstrongerroleindevelopingtheareasinwhichtheyprefertoliveandworkandinsupportingnewdevelopmentproposals.

Thisisbecauseunliketheparish,villageortownplansthatcommunities may have prepared, a neighborhood planforms part of the development plan and sits alongsidethe Local Plan prepared by the local planning authority.Decisionsonplanningapplicationswillbemadeusingboththe LocalPlanand theneighborhoodplan, andanyothermaterialconsiderations.

BIBloGRAPHy

Book:

•Alexander,D.(1993).NaturalDisasters,UCLPress,London,UnitedKingdom.

Book chapter:

•Adams,A.(2001).TacticalDecisionMakinginEmergencyManagement. InE.Jones&G.A.Smith (Eds.).EmergencyManagementExpertiseandDecisionMaking,p.000-000.Mahwah,NJ:Earlbaum.

Journal Article:

•Brown,B.(2002).AnIntegratedFrameworkforEmergencyManagement.Int.J.EmergencyManagement,Vol.1,No.2,pp.000-000.Inderscience,UnitedKingdom.

Conference paper:

•Charles, C. (2001). Formal Representations of ComplexJoint Human - Machine Systems: Operational LevelApplications.InProceedingsofTheAdvancedEmergencyManagement Conference (AEMC 2001), San Diego, CA,USA.

Websites:

•CRED.(2002).EM-DAT:OFDA/CREDInternationalDatabase.CentreforResearchandEpidemiologyofDisasters,Brussels,Belgium. http://www.cred.be. emdat. Last Accessed 15 May 2002.

References

•Adams,A.(2001).TacticalDecisionMakinginEmergencyManagement. InE.Jones&G.A.Smith (Eds.).EmergencyManagementExpertiseandDecisionMaking,p.000-000.Mahwah,NJ:Earlbaum.

•Alexander,D.(1993).NaturalDisasters,UCLPress,London,UnitedKingdom.

•Brown,B.(2002).AnIntegratedFrameworkforEmergencyManagement.Int.J.EmergencyManagement,Vol.1,No.2,pp.000-000.Inderscience,UnitedKingdom.

•Charles, C. (2001). Formal Representations of ComplexJoint Human - Machine Systems: Operational LevelApplications. InProceedingsof theAdvancedEmergencyManagement Conference (AEMC 2001), San Diego, CA,USA.

•CRED.(2002).EM-DAT:OFDA/CREDInternationalDatabase.CentreforResearchandEpidemiologyofDisasters,Brussels,Belgium. http://www.cred.be.emdat. Last Accessed 15 May 2002.



Ar Srushti S Pathak -Email:[email protected] Srushti PathakcompletedherB.ArchfromSardarVallabhbhaiPatelInstituteofTechnology(S.V.I.T),Gujarat,(2016)andMasterofInteriorDesignfromArvindbhaiPatelInstituteofEnvironmentalDesign(A.P.I.E.D.),VallabhaVidhyanagar,Gujarat,SardarPatelUniversityintheyear2018.CurrentlyworkingatAhmedabad,GujaratinaPrivateDesigningFirmfromJuly,2018tilldateandhavebeenworkingonAdaptiveReuseProjectsandExhibitionspacesaswellasprivateprojectsasanArchitectandInteriorDesigner.HerworkspecializationincludesMuseumExhibit Planning, Spatial Designing and Restoration Works. She has keen interest in Architectural History,ArcheologyandAncientIndianArchitecture.

Manifestation of Elements of Architecture as a language

Anylanguagehasitsownspecificstructure.Itcomprisesofsymbolswhicharesounds,gesturesorwrittencharactersthat represent objects, actions, events or ideas. In thelanguage of Architecture, these elements of the builtmass (buildings andmonuments) depend on the distinctstyle of the particular region, its historical background,climateandtopography.Thesecombinationandsystematicarrangement of the elements communicates about thepeopleandtheirculturalaspects,whichformstheLanguageof Architecture. The language of Architecture is anothermeansof communication thatassociatesvalues, conjures

notionsandcreatesvisualclues.JuliaMorgan,anAmericanArchitectsupportsthisnotionbyherquote,"Architectureisavisualart,andthebuildingsspeakforthemselves."Shealsobelievesthat,"Mybuildingswillbemylegacy,theywillspeakformelongafterI'mgone."

Asweknow,thecountrywhichisenrichedbytraditionandfolklore, almost every aspect of Indian life has a specialsignificance,which istranslated intosymbolicexpressionsthroughitsArchitecturalWork.Thedetailrelatedtothishasbeengiveninthetablebelow:

ABSTRACTLanguage is the medium of communication for each and every discipline. One of the important traits of any language is that, it provides a system that can convey meaning. Also it reflects other variety of aspects of culture. That is the beauty and identity of language of any discipline.

Architecture as a language has its own major features. It communicates about the people and their cultural aspects like life style, art and literature, aesthetic sense, climate and topography of region through its distinct style, elements and its place in the timeline of human history in a tangible and intangible way.

In India the journey of Architectural evolution dates back from Indus valley civilization till today's contemporary designs which are an amalgamation of different architectural styles spread through the migration of people, imperialism and globalization. A panoramic view of this journey along with preservation, transmission and reinterpretation of the architectural work can be deciphered with the help of language of architecture.

Architectural language is both, profound and open ended which can be interpreted as per individual's perception. For example, the ancient monuments of the country acknowledges one about the rich and varied cultural heritage, also the skill of the craftsmen of freezing the time in the stones by carving the day to day life and their natural surroundings for the communication with the next upcoming generation.

The present paper unfolds and exemplifies the elements of the Architectural language and their significance for social, cultural, religious, spiritual, historical, economical elevation of the society.


M A N I F E S TAT I o N o F E l E M E N T S o F A R C H I T E C T u R E A S A l A N G uA G E

Cultural interference in the development of the Architectural LanguageThe study has been taken that how the differentarchitectural styleswere developed by themixing of thetwo or more original styles because of the migration ofpeople,imperialismandglobalization.Theaimistorealizethe change in the nature of architectural language withculturalinterferenceandadaptability.

Indo-Islamic Architecture is one of the best examplesof transmission of architectural language between thetwo religions. Ifwe take theexampleof regionalMughal

architecture,evenifitwasbuiltbytheMughalemperors,the influence of Hindu motifs and craftsmanship canbe seen in the Islamic Monuments because of the localcraftsmanship.ItcommunicatesabouthowtheHinduandIslamicinfluenceswerefusedtogether.

Hindu craftsmanship seen in the form of a Trabeatedstructural system in sandstone with corbelled domesand non-structural arched panels for the stylization andconstruction were overlaid upon the Islamic sense ofgeometry scale and rectilinear structural grid decoratedwithfloralfiligree.Itclearlyshowstheoverlappingoftwo

Architectural Work communicates about.........

Sr. No. Architectural Work Historical

Timeline Style Value Culture / religion

1.

One of the water reservoirs, with steps, atDholavira,Gujarat

Indus Valley Civilization(3300BCE–1700BCE)

- Historical,Utilityvalue -

2.

KhajurahoTemple,MP

Early Common Era—High

MiddleAges(200CE—1200CE)

HinduTempleArchitecture

Historical,Religious, Aesthetical Hinduism

3.

TheStupaatSanchi,MP

Post Maha Janapadasperiod(600BCE—200CE)

BuddhistArchitecture

Historical,Religious, Buddhism

4.

Taj Mahal, Agra Early Modern

Mughalperiod(1500CE—1947

CE)

Indo-IslamicArchitecture

Historical,Economical,

Islamicculturalinterference

5.

RashtrapatiBhavan,Delhi

BritishColonialEra:1615to1947

Indo-Saracenicarchitecture Political Britishcultural

interference


architecturallanguagesduetotheculturalinferences.Theabovediscussedaspect is furtherelaborated in thegivenexample of one element (Jali) prominently used in Indo-IslamicArchitecture.

Jali (Stonecarvedscreens)asanArchitecturalelement isused in IndianTraditionalArchitecture.Beforethe IslamicEra, the motifs and patterns were nature inspired andorganic.InMughalmonumentstheuseofJaliretainedbut,

Jali (Carved stone screen), Jaipur City Palace: (Fig 01)

Elements of Hindu Temple facade : (Fig 03)

Jali in Mughal Architecture with geometric patterns Sidi Saiyad Mosque: (Fig 02)



thelanguagechangedastheystartedusingthegeometricpatterns in some regions. The basic Idea of using thesescreenswas to admitmellow light into the space and toallow the cool breeze in the interiors but not the harshsunlight.Thesescreenscasttheshadowandpreventheatto enter the spaces to maintain comfort against Indianextremeclimaticconditions.

Architectural language : Interpretation of Hindu Mythology and Philosophy The Architectural language is both, profound and openended. According to the perception, it unfolds differentaspects.Thebuiltformitselfasculpture;TheHindutemplesboastthemostperfectexampleofArchitectural languagethatconveytheHindumythology,philosophyanditsdivineecstasy.TempleasanArchitecturalbuiltform,hasdifferentelementsthatcommunicatesthefollowingaspects:

Itclearlyreflectsthereligiousbeliefsofthepeopleandthejourneyofindividualsfromthematerialisticworldtomortalanddivineworldtowardsthe"Moksha".Fromtheprofanegroup activities to singular oneness depicted throughstronghierarchy.Eachpartwithintheentireschemeseenasacomprehensivecompositionandasingleintegralunit.In the philosophy of Hinduism, Five (05) types of livingorganismsaredescribed.(1)AnnamayaKosha,(2)PranmayaKosha, (3) Manomaya Kosha, (4) Gyanmaya Kosha (5)AnandmayKosha.TakingtheexampleoftheArchitecturallanguageoftraditionalstonecarvedHindutempleswhichrepresentsthisconcept.Ontheouterfacade,startingfromthebottom,theplinthcarvingdepictsthedailyliferelationsofhumanandnature(Annamaykosha).Aswegoupwardsfromthegroundlevel,accessedbyanarrowflightofstairs,it articulates another variation in the understanding of acomplex-atransitionfromhumantosacred.Thephysicalactofclimbingallegoricallyemphasizestheascentstotheheavens.Abovetheplinthlevel,weseethehumanfigures

withdifferentposturesincommunicativewayafterthatthecarvedfiguresofApsaraandGandharva,thatisthedepictionof the Pranmay andManomaya Kosha respectively. ThencomesthesculpturesofDeitiesandGods,whoarebelievedtobegiverof theknowledgeandultimatesuperpowers.ThatcarvedfringerepresentstheGyanmayaKosha.Aboveall of these the 'Shikhara' - the pyramidal steeple formcappingtheinnermostsanctumoftheshrinedenotingandestablishingtheconnectiontothedivine.MergingwiththeParabrahma is theultimategoalandhappinessdescribedinthemythologicalreferences.Thus'Shikhara'depictstheAnandmayaKosha,whichcanbeseenfromtheFigure03.

All these manifested elements of the Hindu TempleArchitecture elaborated above communicates about thebelief of people, their culture, religion, spirituality andhistory,thatformsalanguageinwhichallthetempleswereconstructed.ThishierarchyoftheTempleArchitecturecanbecomparedtotheMaslow'shierarchyofneedsproposedbyAbrahamMaslowinPsychology(Figure04).

Socio – cultural context in Architectural LanguageA case study has been taken to study the socio-culturalcontext in Architectural language by understanding theelementsofverycommonlyseenbuildingtypologyinthewesternhotandaridpartsof India -Thestepwell (Vav).It is exalted to become a socio-religious institution the.Assubterraneanarchitecture, itprovideseffectivenaturalinsulationthroughearthmass inthehotanddryclimate.TheexcellentexampleofthisbuildingtypologyisRudabaistepwell in Adalaj (Gujarat -India). This five storeyedstructure is braced with cross beams all along its lengthto retain earth. This construction methodology developsitsownlanguageintermsofitsspatialorganization.Heretheonlyvisibleclueabovethegroundisthepairof largepilastersflankingawideflightof steps.Theybecometheinviting portal to climb the steps leading to a platform.

Comparison of Hindu Temple Architecture with Maslow's Hierarchy of needs : (Fig 04)



Althoughthereisastraightlinearsymmetricalorganizationofelementsalongthehorizontalaxis,thevisualreferencescontinuously change due to inclinedmovement at everystep.Whilethesightlinesextentthroughtheentirelengthof thewell, thevisual frameconstantly changeswith thechanging eye levels, perspectival alignments and theresultantvisualcompositionsallalong itsdepth. (Pandya,Y.(2013).

ThesequentialframesateveryflooralongthepathtothewaterportraytheimageofLordVishnuunderthehoodofSheshnaga - the serpent god as a consistent visual focusand a reminder of a journey of the Patal Lok - the nether world.AnotherinterpretationleadstocompareitwiththewombofMotherEarth-thejourneyconjuresthesenseofablution. Developed language and associated mythologywith its perceptions elevate a simple utilitarian device tothestatusofasocialaswellasareligiousnode.

Here the gradual unfolding of spaces creates a sense ofcuriosity. A dialogue is established between the subjectandtheperceiverthroughthemutualprocessofencodinganddecodingofmessages,thusmakingtheentireprocessinteractive as well as the discovery very personal andintuitive.Weunderstood thecommunication through theelements of historical monuments and their styles but,the common people of any country has developed theirown Architectural language according to the climaticconditionsandtopographyoftheregion.ThisisknownastheVernacularArchitecture.

Architectural language : vernacular and climate responsive methods India is a countrywhich faces different extreme climatesallovertheexpanse.Securityandprotectionfromclimaticelements have been the prime considerations in man'sefforts to create shelter for himself using the techniquesofconstructiondeveloped.Vernacularbuildformsevolvedtrialanderror toprovideaharmoniousbalancebetweenbuildings, climate and life style. These techniques andformsdevelopedadistinctivestyleofarchitectureforeachclimaticzoneofthecountry.

Forexample,"Haveli"isaverytraditionalIndiandwelling.It'sarchitecturalplanningcomprisesofthespatialarrangementof theactivitiesaroundcourtyard (chowkoraangan)andthis courtyard is intensivelyusedasa setting forawholerangeofdailyrituals,butclimaticallythecourtyardswerecreatedforthebetterventilationsysteminthehousesofhotandhumidclimateandcreatedthecoolerconditionsinthetraditionalhousesthroughgivingescapetothehotair.Also the heavierwall construction and shading producedbythedensesettlementaretheelementsofarchitecturallanguagedevelopedinindigenousmanner.

Sequence of frames at Adalaj Vav, inclined movement: (Fig 05)

Architectural drawing showing Ahmedabad: (Fig 06)

Typical Plan and Section of a Wooden constructed Haveli or Pol house with a central courtyard (Chowk) : (Fig 07)



Vernaculararchitecturecanbesaidtobe'thearchitecturallanguageofthepeople'withitsethnic,regionalandlocal'dialects,'"writesPaulOliver,authorofTheEncyclopediaofVernacularArchitectureofTheWorld’.Theneedforshelterisbasictoman.Buttranscendingthisisasetofoverridingvalues,intrinsictothehumancondition;aconcernforlife,forcommunity,forbeauty.

Throughthecenturies,manhascreatedhishabitatthroughanintuitiveandinstinctiveprocess.InIndiathevillagesofBanniinKutch(Gujarat),aPolinAhmedanad(Gujarat),ThedesertcityofJaisalmer(Rajasthan)andBamboohousingintheAssamregionaresomeofthemajorexamplesofthesame.

The villagers of Banni, Kutchh build circular houses ofmud, roofed with thatch. Materials eminently suited totheir hostile desert environment. Clustering of huts andthearrangementofopenspacescommunicateabouttheirlifestyle,art,aestheticsenseaswellastheutilityvalueoflocallyavailablematerials.

Present scenario and ImplementationsUnfortunately, there has been a growing disregard fortraditional architectural language around the worlddue to modern building technology quickly spreadinga “loss of identity and cultural vibrancy” through whatthe Architectural Review recently described as “a globalpandemicofgenericbuildings.”Peoplehavecometoseesteel, concrete and glass as architecture of high quality,whereasalotofvernacularmethodsincludingadobe,reedorpeatmossareoftenassociatedwithunderdevelopment.Ironically,theselocalmethodsarefarmoresustainableandcontextuallyaware thanmuchcontemporaryarchitectureseen today, despite ongoing talks and debates about theimportance of sustainability. As a result of these trends,a tremendous amount of architectural and cultural

knowledgeisbeinglost.ButstillwecanseearayofhopeassomeArchitectsandDesignersare tryingtorevivethetraditional Architecture adopting such methods. CharlesCorrea (IndianArchitect)designed 'JaipurKalaKendra', inwhich he took the inspiration from the Indian traditionalstep well Architecture and continued the ArchitecturalLanguageoftheancientRajasthaniStepwells(Baori)anddeveloped the planning of the central court using theprominentelement-'Steps'inmodernizeformseeninthefigures.

Ancient Stepwell (Baori) from Rajasthan : (Fig 09)

Central open court from Jaipur Kala Kendra, Designed by Architect Charles Correa. Repetative arrangement of the steps (the element taken from traditional architecture of stepwells): (Fig 10)

Circular forms of Bhunga (The Traditional Dwelling) and its decorated interiors : (Fig 08)



REFERENCES

• Pandya,Y. (2013).ConceptsofSpace inTraditional IndianArchitecture.USA,MapinPublishingPvt.Ltd.

• Bhatiya,G. (1994).PunjabiBaroque. India,PenguinBooksIndia(P)Ltd.

• Simitch, A. (2014). The language of architecture. USA,RockportPublishers.

• Nayak,J.et.al.(1999).ManualonSolarPassiveArchitecture.India,SolarEnergyCentre,MNES,GovernmentofIndia.

• http://www.archdaily.com/805415/11-vernacular-building-techniques-that-are-disappearing

• Julia Morgan Quotes. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. RetrievedSeptember 25, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/j/juliamorga193132.html.

ConclusionThe research and relevant case studies emphasize onthe justification that Architecture as a language conveysvariousaspectselaboratedabove.Perhapswiththecarefulanalysis,onemaybeabletoidentifysuchotherelementsandmeaningsuniquetoeachculturalgroup.

Anattempt tobring theunderstandingof the conceptoftraditional IndianArchitecturalworksandtorevitalizationof the same which will help to preserve local traditionsand other social, cultural, religious, spiritual, historical,economicalandphilosophicalvalues.

Therefore it is recommended that the need to adopt aculture - sensitive approach to enhance theArchitecturallanguagethroughthemanifestationandunderstandingoftheelementsusedinancientarchitecturalworksandtocarryforwarditintothepresentandfuturisticdevelopments.



ABSTRACTIn India, traditional values as well as the timeless way of building compact residential environments is now threatened by new and foreign influences .These influences are incompatible with the climate of the country and traditional culture of its people. In the context of the worldwide concern for global warming and a need for reduced carbon emissions, increased energy efficiency, reduced waste and need for alternative sources of energy, this paper reviews passive design strategies that were used in the traditional buildings across India and assess their potential in modern design. This study offers a classification of vernacular environmental design traditions based on West Maharashtra climatic regions and a detailed study of thermal comfort in traditional and modern dwellings using environmental performance modeling. The results show that traditional passive techniques provide a high degree of comfort for a longer part of the day while potentially minimizing energy use. Some problems were identified specifically in West Maharashtra region in adopting the passive strategies to the present context. For example, there are limitations in the use of traditional building materials, such as earth, but suitable alternatives with similar properties can be readily adapted to the same effect.

Sustainability in Indian settlements is static and is based on the living practices. India has got diversified climatic, topological and vast socio conditions due to which each region has its own unique identity with climate base responsive building designs and its knowledge in the form of vernacular architecture. This traditional wisdom of building human habitats is known to be tested by time for its sustainability in various settlements. This paper talks about West Maharashtra settlement , achieving sustainability through planning, orientation, materials and architectural practices evolved from long time due to socio, economic and environmental factors. Factors results in two levels i.e. macro and micro level. Macro level broadly focuses on planning & architecture aspects .Micro level describes art, architectural details and socio practice affecting built habitat. Trained designers of modern era have mostly ignored it .The study of passive design traditional strategies with local vernacular architecture and lessons about climate responsive planning, techniques can be helpful to generate an approach towards energy reduce and climate responsive building design in West Maharashtra corridor.

Key Words: Passive Design, sustainable Architecture ,tropical, vernacular, thermal comfort, Climate responsive design.

Ar Vijay B Sambrekar -Email:[email protected]

VijayB.SambrekarisanArchitectworkingasI/CPrincipalandAssociateProfessoratAppasahebBirnaleCollegeofArchitecture,Sangli,Maharashtra.HeiscurrentlyperceivinghisPh.D.fromShivajiUniversity,Kolhapur.

Dr Suresh V Ranade -Email:[email protected]

DrSureshVRanadeiscurrentlygivinghisguidancetoPh.D.researchstudentsasaShivajiUniversitySupervisor.

UnderhisguidanceProf.Vijay.B.Sambrekardoinghisresearch.HehasgotTeachingexperienceofmorethan 35yrs.HehasEstablishedDnyandeepEducation&ResearchFoundationtopromoteResearchinIndia.

Comparative Investigation of Traditional & Modern Passive Design Strategies Residential Building - Western Maharashtra


Introduction :Forcenturies, Indiahasuphelda traditionofbuildingwithnatureanditisonlypostindependencethattherehasbeenasurgeinatactlessfollowingthesocalled‘globaltrend’.InanattempttobreakfreefromtheBritishruleof200years,independent India, instead of evolving on its traditionalroots, started blindly following the trend in thewest. Thearchitectureofcenturiesof trialanderrorwasabandonedinamoment.Notonlymodernismbutglobalizationaswellhasmuch influenced the Indianbuilding industry. The lastfewdecadeshaveseenanincredibleincreaseintheamountofmasshousingandglasstowers,inaclimatewherethesunisnotanassetbutaninconvenience.Tallapartmentblocks,with concrete structure and thin filler walls, generouslyadornedwithglazingandanarrayofair-conditioningunitsstickingoutofthewindowsblotthelandscape.

InWest Maharashtra context, this study is an attempt torediscover those vanishing passive design strategies thatwerethearchitecturalstatementof theWestMaharashtraregionsforcenturiesandservedthepurposewellandtoseeiftheycanbeemployedinthecurrentarchitecturalstatementthatcompletelylackstheempathytoenvironment.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatthisstudydoesnotadvocaterevertingback to the traditional vernacular architecture of WestMaharashtra,buttoacknowledgetheingenioustraditionalarchitecturethatwasaresultofcenturiesoftrialanderrortofindthatharmonywiththeforcesofnature.Itcannotbedeniedthatthechangedscenariodoesnotpermitonetogobacktothetraditionalvernacular.Thelifestyles,theneedsofthepeople,thematerialuse,andtheaestheticexpectationshave all changed and thus, need a different approach inresidential design. But the passive design solutions thatthe traditional vernacular architecture offered cannot beignored, considering thepotential theyoffer.Hence, therearisesaneedtoexplorethesetraditionaldesignstrategiesandreinterprettheknowledgeofthepasttosuittheenergyneedsofthepresentandthefuture.

West Maharashtra Climate has a major effect on theperformance of the building and its energy consumption.Reducing energy consumption, using natural resourcesandprovidingcomfortable,healthierandsustainable livingspacesaretheaimsofaclimaticallyresponsivesustainablebuilding design strategies.

Sustainable design and construction strategies are of greatimportancenowadays.Onemaysaythatsustainabilitywasalreadyadrivingforceinthepast,exhibitingitsvaliditythroughthe different forms and techniques used. Therefore, fromVitruviustill today,problemsandprecautions indesignandconstruction did not change fundamentally, althoughmanydevelopmentshavebeenseeninmaterialsandtechnology.

Moreover, these developments may have had somenegativeeffects.Thatisthereasonwhythebuildingprocessshould be discussed in a holistic way. In other words,climatically responsive design, selection of materials and

building techniques must be evaluated together and thefinal product shouldperformwell during itswhole servicelife. Sustainability, which is presented as past decades inMaharashtrian courtyardhouses concept,hasbeen in factappliedsincelongcultureandwasrealizedspontaneouslyintraditionalarchitecture

WhensustainabledesignandconstructionstrategiesofWestMaharashtra traditional architecture are under scrutiny,thenit ispossibletoobservehowtraditionalbuildingsandsettlements in this regionwere designed in harmonywiththelocalcultural,topographicalandclimaticconditionsandhow their design and construction could be integrate intoday’sdesignpractices.

Thisstudyisbasedoncomparativeinvestigationandresearchstrategies,which has been carriedout onpassive buildingtechniquesusedinthehot-dryareasWestMaharashtra.Thestudyfirstaimstoshowthesimilaritiesandthedifferencesof the traditional housing principles in climate responsivedesign point of view. Secondly, contemporary buildings itaimstoputforwardthebasicprinciplesandtheirmeaningfulchanges inusage thatcanbeused for sustainablehousingdesignsoftheWestMaharashtraregion.Inthisstudy,designstrategiesinhotanddryclimatewereexaminedandmodernand traditional houses were evaluated in terms of designstrategies , such as selection of the area of the dwelling,distancebetweenbuildings, orientation, building envelopeandbuildingformendingwithpassivedesignprinciples.

Though themodeling analysiswas limited to the effect ofthermalmass,materialpropertiesandurbanlayout,anddidnot consider specifics of evaporative or ground-temperedcooling which is used in the regions as an aid to cooling;it nevertheless gives an inkling to the effect of passivestrategies in the traditionalbuildingsofWestMaharashtrawhencomparedwiththemodernconstructionofthisregion. Itthus,pointsouttocertain lessonsthataretobelearntfromvernaculararchitectureandwhichcanbeincorporatedin modern architecture to make it more efficient energyresponsive buildings . The comparative investigation of

Traditional to Contemporary transformation of house form

C o M PA R AT I v E I N v E S T I G AT I o N o F T R A D I T I o N A l & M o D E R N PA S S I v E D E S I G N S T R AT E G I E S


features and results from the modeling a analysis are presented in thisarticle thatcanbedecipheredfromtheanalyticalstudyandthermalanalysiscanbepointoutandhowthesecanpossiblybeincorporatedinModernbuildingdesign specifically West Maharashtra settlements andsupportresidentialregion.Thresholdandmodelanalysis isasuggestedmodeofanalysisasperresearchmethodologiesareconcern.

Climate / Environment Climate had a major effect on the performance of thetraditionalbuildingarchitectureanditsenergyconsumptioninhotdryareaofIran.Lackofwaterandenergysourcesintheseareasforcedpeopletobuildtheirhouseswithsomestrategiesbasedonminimumenergyconsumption.Heatingandcoolingusuallyuselargestportionofenergyinbuildings.Therefore, builders tried

to use natural climatic strategies for coping with harshconditions. These strategies include: layout orientation,distance between buildings, building orientation & form,climaticelements such asVarandhawind catchers, centralcourtyard,andsoon.

The first aims to introduce these strategies and then, tocategorizethesecharacteristicsatthreelevelsa)Macroscaleb)Mediumscalec)Microscale

In addition, thementioned strategies will be explained intheir level of performance and the relevant elements inother levels. Furthermore, this aims to put forward basicprinciplesandchangesintheirusagethatmaybeofbenefitin sustainable housing designs in the future. In this study, the cited design strategies will be examined and modernandtraditionalhouseswillbeevaluatedintermsofdesigncriteria - such as, selection of the area, distance betweenbuildings,orientation,buildingenvelopeandbuildingform.Its a simplified evaluation and comparison of a traditionalhousewithacontemporaryhousewillbegiven.

The most important design parameters affecting indoorthermal comfortandenergyconservation inbuilding scaleare distances between buildings, building form, buildingenvelope design, self efficiency in building materials andoptical and thermo-physical properties of the buildingenvelope. Among these parameters, building envelopedesign,asitseparatestheoutdoorandindoorenvironment,is themost important.Allof theseparametersare relatedto each other and the optimum values of each should bedetermineddependingonthevaluesoftheothersandtheiroptimum combination should be determined according totheclimaticcharacteristicsoftheWestMaharashtraregion.

orientation and urban form: The orientation in traditional residential planning wasdesignedtotakeadvantageoftheprevailingwinddirectionandtominimizethesolarinsulationinthebuilding.Thereisno reasonwhy thesameprinciplescannot be followed inmoderndayplanning,evenwhenusingcourtplanning.Thehouseforminmodernplanningisdictatedbytheeconomicstatus and multilevel planning are finding preference asagainst the traditional linear layouts. Yet, considering thebenefitsoforientingtoreduceinsulationandincreasewindmovement inplanning shouldbe consideredbydesigners.Buildingdepthshouldalsobekeptwithinthelimitrequiredtoprovidegoodventilationandlightingindifferentspaces.

Typology ( Courtyard / Non courtyard ):The lack of space and the westernized design trend havesteeredhouseplannersawayfromadaptingthecourtyardin house design, along with the changes in lifestyles ofWest Maharashtrain people, such that they no longerrequire a semi-enclosed space to do household chores.Thebox-likedesignmakes themodernhousedeeper thancan be efficiently serviced by natural ventilation. The useofcourtyardtypologyallowedforventilationthroughwell-shadedopenings anda store for cooler air from thenightventilation. But similar effect, to a lesser degree, cabeachievedbydesigninganmultilevelcourtspacewithhigh-levelventilatorsandprovisionfornightcooling.

Micro scale character-court being active element for ventilation Traditional non courtyard house typology



Building form:WestMaharashtraregioninahotanddryclimate,themostpreferred house plan is onewith a courtyard. In order tominimizetheareaaffectedbythesolarradiation,compactformsarechosen.Byarrangingthoseformswithcourtyards,shady areas can beobtained. In courtyards,with the helpof water and plants for evaporative cooling, the floortemperaturecanbeminimized

bythehighwallssurroundingthecourtyard,shadyareascanbeobtainedandtheopenareascanbeusedduringtheday.Channelsforwaterpouredoutfromthepoolareimportantelementsforcooling.Water isoftenspreadbychannelstothefloorsofthecourtyardandevaporativecoolingfromthesurface of the courtyard floorswhich aremade of porousstone contributes to that effect. Courtyards are always onthegroundfloorandhavedifferentformsdependingonthelandscapeofthehouse.

Evaporative cooling.In West Maharashtra regions with scarcity of water, thistechniquewaslimitedforitswantofwaterfeaturesortherequirementofkeepinggunnybagsorearthenpotswet,butwith the advent of fine-spray sprinklers, the strategy canbe successfully adapted much more efficiently in moderndesignbymakingpassivewatersprinklersystems inhousebymeansofwatercurtainsandwetlandscapes.

Shading/Jali work windows. Jali windowsmake a distinct aesthetic expression but area concern for safety and pest control along with beingexpensive in both time andmoney. They can be designedtobeusedasthesafetyguardsbetweentheglassandpestscreenshuttersinawindow,ormoreappropriatelybeusedinhigh-level openingswithpest screens.Alternatively, theuseoflouvers/blindsandtintedorheat-reflectivewindowsinsteadofclearfloatglasswindowswillalsohelpinincreasingtheefficiencyofthewindows.Shadesmustbedesignedtokeepthesolarinsulationoutwhilelettingthelightin,assuchlightshelvescanbeusedforbetterperformanceofwindows.Deepoverhangsandverandahsarealsoloosingimportanceindesignbutareanefficientwayofshadingwindowsaswellaswallsandreducingthesol-airtemperaturewhileprovidingausablesemi-enclosedspace.

Fenestration design. Vernacular architecture features fenestration design

variation in the different climate zones to eitherminimizesolargainsortakeadvantageoftheairmovement,whichisoften ignored in themodern residentialdesignandcanbeeasily adapted to increase thermal comfort. The modernhousehas largeglazedareasnotwell-shadedfromthesunand oriented in all directions. The use of different typesof openings for differentpurposes in a dwelling shouldbeincorporatedindesignaspertheclimaterequirement.

Building envelope:Sustainability and energy efficiency are greatly affectedby a building's skin. The amount of surface area,materialchoiceandinsulationstrategiesarekeyelementsinbuildingslocatedinWestMaharashtraregionThebuildingsarebuiltincubic formsandarchitectstriedtominimizetheratioofoutdoorsurfacesofbuildingstothespacerequiredinsteadforhabitation.LinearCourt formshelpedbuildingstohavea lower exposure to hotweather factors thanmore linearforms of building.

optical and thermo-physical properties of the building envelope: In the hot and dry climatic areas inWestMaharashtra inexamples of traditional architecture, to benefit from thetimelagoftemperaturesinthebuildingenvelope,materialswithgreaterthermalmasshavebeenchosen.Thesekindsofthermallymassedenvelopedetails arevery convenient forcontinentalclimates,wherethesummersareveryseverewithhighswingsindailytemperaturevariations.Thisbigthermalmasswillslowdowntheheattransferthroughtheenvelopeand thus higher day-time temperatures will be reachedindoorsalthoughoutdoorairtemperatureismuchlowerandconsequentlymorestableindoorthermalconditionswillbeprovided.Ontheotherhandthis thermalmass,whichhashigher surface temperature on outer sidewill rapidly loseheatingenergy to theatmospherevia radiationatnight tostartthenextdayfromacoolerlevel.

Stack effect openings/wind towers. Modern house design often ignores the principles offenestration design for ventilation, focusing on providinglarge glazed areas for visual aesthetics. The traditional

Traditional windows and jails character to ventilation & aesthetic

Contemporary building envelop verses traditional roofing layer



principles employed for increasing thewindmovement inindoorspacescanbeefficientlyadaptedtothecurrentWestMaharashtra context, byprovidinghigh level trickle ventsor atrium spaceswith ventilators. The use ofwind towersis discouraged also due to aesthetic concerns but a well-designed wind tower can add to the aesthetic expressionand provide an efficientway to cool buildings. It can alsobe coupledwith sprinklers to provide evaporative cooling,furtherenhancingthepotential.Traditionalarchitectswereobliged to rely on natural ventilation to render the insideconditionof thebuildingsmorepleasant.Theair trapwasa common specific feature of architecture found in themajorityofhitdryregionsofWestMaharashtraregions.Airtrapswerenormallypositionedinasuitablelocationinthehouseaccordingtothesizeofthebuilding,andthenumberofairtrapsthatwerenecessarytocoolthesummer.

InoldtimesandintraditionalbuildingsinhotanddryWestMaharashtraregionstheairtrapfunctionedlikethepresentmodernairconditioningsystem.Airtrapislikeaductwhoseendisundergroundandthetopiselevatedaboveaspecificheightontheroof.Attheupperoutletmanysmallopenersorductsmaybeset.Attheendoftheairtrapatthebottomofthedoor,oftenapoolissetwhosewaterwasprovidedbywaterducts.Theheightofairtrap,thenumberofopenersandthelocationoftheairtrapsdependsonthelocationandorientationofbuilding.

The air trap operates in response to the condition of thewindandsunradiationintheregion.Theinsideandoutsidewallsabsorbalotoftemperatureduringdaytime.Asaresulttheycauseabalanceoftemperatureatnightandbestowtheattractedwarmthtothecoldnightair.Thethicknessoftheair trapwalls and thedimensionof theholes inside it aredesignedinamannertoallowenoughheattobetransferredfor better comfort. The light warm air inside the air trapascends and is sucked away at the upper elevation. As aresultcoolairflowsfromwindowsanddoorsintothehouseandcontinuesallnight.

Theairtrapoperatesaccordingtotheconditionofthewindandsunradiationintheregion.Theinsideandoutsidewallsabsorbalotoftemperatureduringdaytime.Asaresulttheycause a balance of temperature at night and bestow the

attracted warmth to the cold night air. The wind catcherfunctionsonseveralprinciples.Theyarebuiltwiththeirlongventilationshaftspositioned tocatchanyhintofapassingbreeze to channel down into the house. The interlinkingroomsofoldbuildingsweredesignedtocirculatetheairthatfluteddownthewindcatchers.

Carved exposed surfaces/ Self shading ornamentation. Traditional design took thebenefitof carvedwall surfacesto increase surfacearea for radiative loss andalso to self-shadethewall.Somemoderndesignsalsousetexturedwallfinishes or exposed brickwork in different courses to thesameeffect.

Roof design. Thethinconcreteroofcharacteristicofthemoderndwellingisthesourceofhighsolargainsandsometraditionaldesignprincipals can be successfully adapted to reduce the solargains.Theuseofdoubleroofsisanefficientwayofreducingheatgainsandcaneasilybeincorporatedinmoderndesign.Theuseofearthenpotsforinsulationintraditionalhousescanalsobeadaptedinmoderndesigntoreduceheatgains.The use of high roofs to facilitate stack effect should beincorporated in design to increase air movement. In thewarmhumidregion,theuseofalowthermalmassroofthatreciprocates the external conditions is useful for the factthatitcoolsdownfasterinthenightrestoringthedwellingto comfort conditions. Although it also heats up faster, itmightbebeneficialtoexploretheuseofmovableinsulationto prevent heat gain in the day but promote heat loss in the night.

Materials. This is perhaps the most difficult aspect to adapt, asmost traditional construction materials are outdated andunsuitable to current standards. But as demonstrated inthe analysis, they have a profound effect on the thermalperformance of the building and there is ample scope ofimprovementinthecurrentenvelopedesignspecifications.Themodern brick-concrete construction does not provide

Modern concrete roofing and traditional sloped mud tile roofing

Traditional Mangalore tile roofing with stag vent tile



the long thermal lag,and the rapidcooling in thehotandhumidclimate.Inthehotanddryzone,theheavythermalmass of the walls and the roofs of the traditional houseprovides long thermal lag ideal for a climate with highdiurnal range, keeping the house comfortable both in thedayandthenightwhileinthehotandhumidzone,thehighthermalmassofthewallsprovidessomethermallagwhilethethinroofallowsthehousetocoolrapidlyintheeveningsto maintain comfort conditions. Materials having similarthermal properties as the traditional stone or mud wallscanbefoundorcompositewallsmadetoperformsimilarlywhichfindnaturallyinabundant.Theuseofcavitywallsandinsulationcanbeappliedtothesameeffect.

Useofvernacularmaterialssuchasstone,brickandwoodis alwaysoneof the concerns in thearchitectureofWestMaharashtrian buildings. As an illustration, they usedto use excavated foundation soil from river bed in ordertomake bricks. There aremany examples like this whichare incorporated in today’s architectural concepts forsustainablebuildingdesign .Vernacularmaterial selection,compatibility, embodied energy, application of passiveenergy and design environmental strategies in waste andtechnology management concerning the impacts in theenvironment are all concepts that are part of sustainablebuilding design .

Conclusion:It can be concluded that the traditional passive strategiescanbeeffectivelyadaptedtomoderndesignconditionsandbenefitthecomfortconditions indwellings.Asperspectivestudyfromthethermalmodeling,onlythroughtheeffectsofmaterials, orientationand shading, the traditionalWestMaharashtra dwelling are comfortable for 60–65% of thetimeas against themoderndwellingwhich is comfortableonly for 35–40%of thetimeon an averagehotday.Mostof the design-based strategies are easy to adapt and thematerial-basedstrategieshavealternativesolutionsthatcanbeusedtomakethebuildingsmoreenergy-efficientinthewaysidentifiedinthisstudy.

Further exploration is required to understand theother strategies apart from the thermal performanceof materials, layout and shading; in order to fullycomprehend the combined effect of these strategies. Anexploration into finding different combination of thesestrategies in modern design might unravel a solutionfor a completely passive design approach in West Maharashtra region.

Climateresponsivepassivedesignstrategiesinhotanddryarea of West Maharashtra region were discussed in thispaperthroughthreelevels.

In the first level orientation of buildings, form ,patternof planning and traditional and contemporary settingsof plan were considered asmacro strategies. Review anddevelopment of these traditional residential patterns

should be considered in hot and dry climate of West Maharashtra region.

Medium scale strategies cover building form, buildingenvelop, self-efficiency in materials and optical andthermophysical properties of building envelop in thispaper. Sustainable architecture force us to re-think whatwedoandsynchronizetraditionalmethodsofconstructionand the use of domesticmaterials. Blending of traditionaland contemporary building technology to enlish the comfortaspect.

Finally, micro scale strategies demonstrate some morerelevantarchitecturaldesignmethodswhicharethesameascontemporarypassivesystems.Asanillustration,oldwind-catchershavebeendevelopedintoadvancedpassivecoolingsystems in recenttimetodevelopnaturalmethodofwindcoolingandchanneling.

Consequently, consideration and development of theabove passive strategies allow contemporary architectsand designers to build contemporary architecture in amoresustainable,comfortableandself sufficientway.Thiscomparative investigationofTraditional tomodernpassivestrategiesofenergyreducesystemsgetscomprehensiveandsystematicapproachofclimate responsivepanning for thefutureWestMaharashtrianresidential.

REFERENCES:

1) PeelMC, FinlaysonBL,McMahonTA.UpdatedWorldMap of the Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification.HydrologyandEarthSystemSciences

2) Cooper I, Dawson B. Traditional Buildings of India.ThamesandHudson,London,1998.

3) Mathur VK, Chand I. Climatic design for energyefficiencyinbuildings.IEJournal2003;84:33–9.

4) Schoenauer N. 6000 Years of Housing. W.W. Norton,NewYork,2000

5) AlexanderDK,LannonS.HTB2Release2.01a,Softwareand Documentation. Welsh School of Architecture,UWCC,1996,

6) Alexander DK. HTB2 Release 2.00. BEPAC Conferenceon Advanced Simulation Models, BEPAC, Leicester,1996.

7) Sharma MR, Ali S. Tropical Summer Index: a studyof thermal comfort in Indian subjects. BuildingEnvironment

8) Azami,A., "Badgir in traditional Iranianarchitecture".5th international conference on Passive and LowEnergy Cooling for the Built Environment, Santorini,Greece,2005



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Ar B Sivashankaree -Email:[email protected]

Qualification:1.B.Arch(2008–2013)-SchoolofArchitectureandPlanning,AnnaUniversity,Chennai,TamilNadu.2.M.Arch(2014–2016)–HindustanUniversity,Chennai,Tamilnadu.CoA reg no:CA/2015/69922Place of Work (in – service):MeasiAcademyofArchitecture,Chennai,Tamilnadu.Designation: Assistant Professor.

Integrating Research - India's Architectural Education System

1. Abstract:Thispaperfocusesontheneedandimportanceofresearchandself-drivenlearningbydiscoverythroughanintellectualthoughtprocessasapartofpresentarchitecturaleducationin India. It would promote the value enriched classicalmethod of teaching the subject alongwith the ability ofstudentstoquestionthemethodbyitself.

Thiscanbeagreattool forperpetuatingand illuminatingthe contemporary learning process whose outcomeswould be much more sensible. According to me, “Anyproductasanoutcomeofintellectualdesignprocesswouldhave minimal flaws”. Process oriented design approachshouldbeinculcatedinthelearnersratherthanaproductdrivenapproach.Asmallrefinement inthecontemporaryarchitecture education adopted by most of the collegeswould produce not merely architects, but intellects whocanplayasensiblepart inthefuturedevelopmentofournation.

2. Architectural education in India:2.1 History of architectural education in India:ArchitecturaleducationdatesbacktoVediceraundertheprinciples of Gurukulam system. Itwas called as ‘vaastu-shashtra’whichwasapartofVedicscripture.Itledtothedevelopmentofbuildingarchitectureandtheplanningofancient cities such as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa etc…. Butthissystemofeducationfadedoveraperiodoftime.

WhenBritishEast IndiaCompany came toour land, theybroughtalongnewconstructionmaterialsandtechnologyalongwiththeirstructurededucationsysteminarchitecture.Itwascalled ‘EcoledeBeaux’whichhad itsroots inParisandspreadacrossvariouspartsoftheworld.Thissystemincluded division of students lead by a benefactor. Eachstudiodealtwithvariousissuesinthepracticalfieldwithapracticingarchitect.Themainpedagogictoolcomprisedof

meticulouscorestudyofarchitecturewithcompetitivenessamong the students. Thenew students learned from thecritiques of theirwork by old students. As far as India isconcerned,itsroyalartisansandthearchitectsofreligiousstructureof thatperiodhavebuiltawidevarietyof theirmasterpieceswhichstillremainaninspirationtoallofus.Theknowledgeofhowthesemarvelswereexecutedisstillunknown inspiteofadvancements in technology.On theotherhand,althoughthereweremanymundaneWesterninfluences,architectslikeLouisIKhanandLeCorbusierhavegiven a sensible direction to modern Indian architectureand planning. But the common ground between thesetwo is evolution and execution of ideas through a greatunderstandingwhich is gradually declining over a periodof time. Due to advent of globalization and industrialrevolution,Indianarchitecturalpracticecontinuestoevolveinmanydirections.

2.2 Architectural education at present:The current system of architectural education in Indiastartedin1913atSirJJSchoolofArt,Bombay.During1960,therewereonly15architecture schools in thenation.Atpresentin2019,thereare477colleges.Thoughthenumberof colleges is increasing to meet the demand for morearchitects, the congested five year curriculum followedbymostof theschools lacksemphasisonresearchwhichshouldbethebackboneforteachingarchitecture.

The aim of architectural education is to teach, inspireand train students to play a sensible part in the futuredevelopment of India and equip them to meet thechallengesthattheywouldfacewhentheyareinpractice.The system of turning the architectural design probleminto a continuous sequence of episodes called stagesubmissionssuchas ‘siteanalysis’,concept, ‘sitezoning ‘,‘program analysis’ etc… is highly contentious. Since eachphaseofsubmissionisindividuallygraded,studentsarenot


I N T E G R AT I N G R E S E A R C H - I N D I A ' S A R C H I T E C T u R A l E D u C AT I o N S y S T E M

motivatedtotransferlearningfromoneepisodetoanother.Itismorelikemandatoryritualbypreparingachecklisttodrive a product rather than a process oriented outcome.Therehastobeahealthyrelationshipbetweentheidealsof students and their form of expression developedthrough a continuous process of architectural thoughtandtechniqueasapartofpedagogy.Thougharchitectureis an integrativedisciplineof variousfields such as STEM(science, technology, engineering and mathematics), thecurrentmuddlewiththecurriculumseemstobeacompletefragmentationoflearning.Eachfieldseemstobeisolatedandunrelatedtootherfields.

There isneitherhorizontal integrationofvarious subjectsand studios across one year nor vertical integration oflearning episodes from one year to another. One mustunderstand that “Knowledge cannot be delivered andtransferred in isolated fragments”. Although someof thearchitecture schools in India and the faculty associatedwith them implement research oriented intellectualarchitecturalteachingprocess,manyarestillfollowingtheoutdatedmethods.Methods, techniques or tools utilizedfor implementing such teaching should be brought tolimelight through conferences, articles, papers etc… forwiderpropagations.

3. Need for Intellectual thinking:According to John Ruskin in his book ‘seven lamps ofarchitecture’,“Knowwhatyouhavetodoanddoit”whichisagreatprincipleforsuccessineverydirectionofhumaneffort.Hehasalsostated,“ForIbelievethatfailureislessfrequently attributed to either insufficiency of means orimpatience of labor, than to a confused understandingof thingsactually tobedone”.Therefore, theworkofanarchitecthastobeclearlydefinedintermsofspecializationin the fieldwhich can be achieved through perpetuatingtheir area of interest. There is also an immediate need for intellectual thinking in organizing architectural educationtowardspractisingarchitecture.

Though values of research and theory as elucidatingideas cannot be accentuated, practice always entailstheory. If research and development is emphasized as apart of architectural education, the confusion at practicecan be greatly reduced. The importance of research anddevelopment in a systematic courseof trainingwouldbecapabletoaffordavalueaddedintellectualdiscipline.

Welldirected,itcanclarifytheunderstandingofstudents,givethemconfidenceandcertaintyofpurposeanddeveloptheircriticaljudgment.

4. Research as a part of architectural education :With the increasing influence of science and technology,

architects are termed as “scientists with an artisticframework” rather than “artists with a scientificframework”. According to Vitruvius in his ‘Ten books onarchitectureunderthechapterEducationofthearchitect’,“Thearchitectshouldbewellequippedwithknowledgeofmanybranchesofstudyandvariedkindoflearning,foritisbyhisjudgmentthatallworkbyotherartsisputtotest”.This does not mean logical sequence and formulae canever replace the creativeact, but creativeness can surelybenefitfromaclearthinkingprocess.Unitingthetechnicalandimaginativeelementsisasessentialashumanityistosoul and body. One must aim to understand the design problem before seeking its final solution. Incorporatingresearchinstudiodesignisimportantbecause,researchisabout searching for informationwhich can help studentsto understand the problem better. A series of searchescould improve the design product. The advantage ofprocessorientedapproachindesignistounderstandwhattodo,whenandwhywiththeaidofresearchwhichalsomeanssearch.Designononesideandresearchonother,bringalongadifference in focus.Design isnotonlyusedfor process but also for its end product, on other handresearch inherits theword ‘search’by itself. Transitioningtheproductdrivenapproachtoprocessorientedapproachhassomelinkedbenefitswithresearch.

Aresearchdefinedprojectwillcomparativelyhavealargerscopestartingwithcontext,intentionandcompletionwithcorrelationbetweenresults.Insteadofrunninginastraightlinetowardsasolution,studentsshouldbeencouragedtotaketimetoasksensiblequestions,tocomparealternativesproducedandtoanalyzetheconstraintsalongwithcriticaljudgments.Thismovefromproducttoprocesswillenhancethelateralthinkingprocessandmeettheprincipalgoalofarchitecturaleducation.Itcanformthebasethatiscriticaltohaveabilitytoprocessinformationinadditiontobeingcreativeandinventive,anditcanteachonenottoaccepteverythingthatisoffered.

5. Role of research cell in architecture schools :Anarchitectshouldbewellequippedinsubjectivetheoryaswellaspracticalknowledgeandapplication.Consideringresearchanddevelopmentasthebackboneofarchitecturaleducation, establishing a research cell can act as aknowledge management support system to architecturalschools.Itcannurtureresearchcultureinthestudentsaswellasteacherbyencouragingresearchinnewlyemergingand challenging areas of architectural education and itsmulti-disciplinaryfields.

This would enhance the general research capability ofstudents. Apart from this, introducing research as a partofarchitecturaleducationbyincorporationinthesyllabus


andmethod of teaching the architectural design processfromthebase level (firstyearofarchitecturaleducation),with increase of depth in research in subsequent years,would definitely enhance the intellectual processing ofinformationacquiredfromvariousresources.Forinstance,atfirstyearofarchitecturaleducation,thedesignprojectsandexperimentationsbasedontheoretical

principlescouldbeexplored throughsmall scale researchproblems with a stress on inferences by the students.Duringsecondyear,sequentialresearchasapartofdesignprocess would help them identify their areas of interestwhich prevents monotonous designs and enhancespracticalinnovations.

At third yearwhich is a very crucial part for students ofarchitecture, the students being more exposed to bothpractioners and other scholarswhoworkwith importantissues in the field, research helps them to learn moreabouttheirareasofinterest.Italsohelpsthemtocompetegloballyincompetitions.

Anditencouragesthestudentstochoosetherightofficefortheirpracticaltraining,perhapsanofficewhichspecializesin the student’s thrust area and get trained effectively.By final year, the students could do a good thesis withlogical sequence inoverall designapproachwithminimalflawsandstressfreesincetheirareaofinterestcouldhelpdecidetheirthesistopic.Thissystemofresearchorientedarchitecturaleducationalsomotivatesthelearnerstotakeadvantage of their architecture profession to investigateand resolve information in any field (planning, media,ecology,environment,humanrights,by-laws,etc…).

5.1. Establishing knowledge incubator as a part of a research cell:Knowledge incubation centre is a virtual library whichcould be developed and established through qualitativeinformationinthefieldofresearchanddevelopmentandas a part of the institution’s research cell. It should beupdatedperiodicallybythefacultyandstudentsbasedonnewinnovations,inventionsanddiscoveriesnotlimitedtothefieldofarchitectureandurbandesignbutalsoscience,technology,engineering,mathematics,history,astronomybiology,environment,planningetc...

The resources of the architecture schools such as books,magazines, journals, labs, E-books, E-journals, researchpapers,studioworks,experiments,etc.canbeusedmoreeffectivelythroughthiscentre.Knowledge&inputsoflivingpersonnel(expertsinthefield)canalsobeofgreatimpact.Virtual library development is very much a team effortinvolving students and faculty. Group co-ordination andco-operationcan leadtofruitfulresults indevelopingthisparticularfacility.

Considering the potential aspects of this knowledgeincubationcentre, it couldactasabase forany researchordesignapproachcarriedoutbythestudentsor facultymembersand theendproductcouldbeuploaded,whichwouldagainactasapreliminarybaseforanyotherfutureresearch process. Other potential aspects of this centreare, increase in the digital information access, updatingofinformationregularlybythestaffandstudents,originaldocuments could be preserved and its potential can beutilizedtoamaximum,resourcesharingcanbeenhancedbetween one / more institutions, library services can beimproved.Itcouldhelpstudentstobidandwincompetitionsworldwide. Intellectual thinking can be enhanced and itcouldpavethewayforamultifacetedexposure.

Thedesignedincubatorshouldbeuserfriendlywithflexiblesearchengines,whichshouldfocusonqualityratherthanquantity, inter-operability should be flexible. Regularmonitoringandperpetuationisneeded.Stagnationatoneparticularpointispossiblewhichistobeavoided.Itshouldalwayshaveaneyeonthefuture.

6. The exemplar :6.1 Consider “History of Greek architecture”: Its underlying ideascouldbeexploredandexplained.Forexample:marblestatuesofwomeninlongrobescalledcaryatides(Figure1)

tooktheplaceofcolumns inaGreekpublicbuilding.Theresearchers should be able to find out and explain thatGreece won over Caryae (a state in Peloponnesus); thattheGreekskilled the state’smenand took theirwivesasslaveswith longrobesnotonlyto identifythemasslavesbutalso toburden themwith theweightof their shame,thusmakingreparationfortheirstate.Hence,certainpublicbuildings createdby architects in that eraweredesignedwith statues of women as columns to carry the physicalloadinorderthatthesinandpunishmentofthepeopleofCaryaemightbeknowntothefuturegenerations.

(Figure 1)Source: http://restless.ro/just-try-attica-the-first-region-of-greece/



6.2. History of architecture + Mathematical principles = Acoustics.In ancient Greek theatres (Figure 2), bronze vessels areinstilledinthenichesbeneaththeseatinginparwiththemusic intervals based on mathematical principles. Whentheperformer’svoicehitthevessel,thepowerisincreasedandreachestheaudienceasaclearandsweetsound.

7. Conclusion:Architecturebeinganobleprofessionprimarilyservingthehabitat needs of our nation, intellectual thought processis highly needed. It could be achieved through researchorientedarchitecturaleducationsystemwhichencouragesstudents to identify,develop,nurtureandmaster in theirareaofinterestwhichwouldpreventbasicflawsinpractice.

To be precise, architecture must be at a distance fromitselfbutwithinitsownboundaries.Itismandatoryforthestudentstochooseanddeveloptheskillsfromtheoceanofthismultifacetedprofession.

Therefore,frominitialyearsofthearchitecturaleducation,the students have to be directed through various formsof learning and recognize the intercourse between allstudiesthroughresearchanddevelopmentsothattheycancomprehendthemall.

BIBlIoGRAPHy1. https://www.coa.gov.in.2. Introducing research in architectural design teaching as

a means to enhance the design learning process -Karelvandenhende, Kuleuven, Belgium-international conferenceon engineering and product design education 3 & 4September 2015, Loughborough university, design school,Loughborough,UK.

3. Canizaro,VB,2012,‘Designbuildinarchitecturaleducation’:motivations, practices, challenges, successes and failures.Archnet-IJAR,6,3,PP-20-36,Art&Architecturecomplete.

4. Investigating the contemporary architecture educationchallenges in India- Vriddhiprasad- World academy ofscience, engineering and technology- International journalofeducationalandpedagogicalsciences-Vol:10,No:3,2016

5. Cunningham, A 2005, ‘Notes on education and researcharoundarchitecture,thejournalofarchitecture10:4,415-441.

6. Three holy myths of architectural education in India-SrinivasanBadrinarayanan.

7. Thesevenlampsofarchitecture-JohnRuskin8. Thetenbooksonarchitecture-Vitruvius9. Education of an architect-John Hejdue, Dean & Richard

Henderson, Associate dean-irwin.s.chanin school ofarchitectureofthecooperunion

10. Theoryofarchitectureasabasisforarchitecturaleducationandpractice-Prof.Patnikar.G.KeditedbyAchyutp.Kanvinde,97-100-Architexturez.net

(Figure 2) Source: www.ancient.eu



Dr Aarti Grover-Email:[email protected]

Dr.AartiGroverisanarchitectwithaspecializationinLandscapearchitectureandDoctorateinArchitecture.HerPh.D.exploredGenderperceptionsandpreferencesinUrbanPublicSpaces.Withaprofessionalexperienceofalmost18years,sheispresentlyworkingasanAssistantProfessoratthePost-GraduateCourseofLandscapeArchitecture in SPA Delhi. She has worked on projects of various natures and scales related to LandscapeArchitecture,Architecture and InteriorDesign, in the capacityof both advisor and consultant.Her career isa balancedmix of practice, teaching and research. The key areas of her interest are Regional-Planning andSite-Planning,LandscapeUrbanism,HabitatStudiesandEcology,SocialaspectsofUrbanLandscapesespeciallyGender-SpaceRelationship.

Ar Poonam Saini-Email:[email protected]

Ar Poonam Saini isalandscapeArchitectpresentlyworkingwithDelhi’sleadinglandscapefirmSatishKhannaAssociates,SK-A.Withanoverallexperienceofaround17years, shehasbeen involved inarchitecturalandlandscapeprojectsofvariousscalesandnatures..AsanassociateofSKA,sheisresponsibleformasterplanningand landscape design, detailing, execution and supervision of numerous projects including commercial,residential, institutional, recreational and townships. Her approach to landscape design is derived throughstudy,analysisandexplorationofvisualandfunctionalusesofspace.ThekeyareasofherinterestareUrbanlandscapes, Ecological landscapes, landscape engineering and detailing, Site planning andMaster planningexercises.

Evolution, Relevance and Design of urban Public Spaces in India

INTRODUCTIONOurperceptionofwell-beingandqualityoflifeisdeterminedbytheextentof fulfillmentofourneeds.Theseneedscaneitherbephysicalorpsychological.Tofulfillthepsychologicalneedsonehastointeractwithothers.Thisactofinteractiongivesrisetotheideaofoutdoorspacewhereonecansit,chatandsharehisthoughts.Fromhereoriginatestheconceptof‘openspace’ingeneraland‘urbanspace’inparticular.

In the Indian situation,many traditionalopen spaceshavesustainedlifeforcenturies.Movingaheadwithtime,thesespacesgotcrowdedwithpeopleandactivitiesbutarestillrelevantinmoderncontext.Indiantownsarecharacterizedbytheclusteringofbuildingswithbalconiesoverlookingstreetsandcourtyardsprovidingpublicspacebothatneighborhoodlevel as well as at city level. These courtyards or squaresaccommodate multiple activities ranging from religiousactivities,marriageceremoniesandcelebrationoffestivals.Taking examples from Indian cities, it has been observedthat the nomenclature and character of these communityopenspacesmayhavevariedatregionallevelduetoculturaldiversitiesbutthefunctiontheyserveremainsmoreorlesssame.‘Chowks’inJaisalmer,Ahmedabadand‘Chaupars’ inJaipur,allspeakthesamevocabularyinspiteofbeingpresentatdifferentplacesandtimes.

Basically, an urban open space is distinguished bypredominant characteristics, such as the quality of itsenclosure,thequalityofitsdetailedtreatmentandactivities

thatoccurinit.Thesquareorplazaisbothanareaframedbybuildingsandanareadesignedtoexhibititsbuildingstothegreatestadvantage.Asmallcitymayhaveasinglesquarethatservesastraffichubandgivesitscharacter.Greatcitieshavesquaresofeverysize,styleandpurpose,demonstratingthe varied ways in which space can be contained andmanipulated.Typically a plaza is paved, enclosed by highdensity structuresandsurroundedby streetsor incontactwith them. It contains featuresmeant toattract groupsofpeopleandtofacilitatemeetings.

The research aims in understanding the essence of urbanplazathatexistsintheurbancitystructure.Ittriestohighlightwhat kind of squares enrich our cities, bringing in certainissues and solutions pertaining to their design aspects.Itwill illustrate examples of urban plazas in traditional andcontemporarytimes,especiallyIndianexamples.

URBAN OPEN SPACES IN INDIAN CONTEXT – STREETS AND CHOWKS

Manyopen areas in Indian cities and villages are bisectedby‘desirelines’.Thesepathsareeitherformedbytrampledlawn or compacted earth, ‘line of least resistance’ or theshortest and easiest route frompoint A to point B. Thesedesire lines were the genesis of many streets in Indianvillages and traditional cities. In some cases these streetsevolvedfromleftoverspacesafterbuildingorweredesignedelements imposed on the landscape in a grid or other


pattern.ForexampleChandniChowkinDelhi isoneofthemostknownstreets.

According to Charles Correa

“A component of primary importance to any city is the quality of its streets.”

ThechowkhasbeenanimportantpublicspaceintraditionalIndian cities since ancient times. Oftenwhere two streetscrossedtheywouldopenuptoformachowk.Whetherasamarketsquareortemplesquareorasquareinfrontofamosque,thesespaceshavebeenimportantpartsofpeople’slives.Thechowkswerethe‘pulse’ofthecity,actingasmarkets,openspaces,venuesforcockfights,storytelling,preachingand spending time. Chowkscan also be seen in villages –the village square or in older parts of largemetropolises,e.g.HutatmaChowk(FloraFountain)inBombay.Itisalsoaplaceforeldersandwomentorelaxandgossip,childrentoplayandgenerallyacentralcommunityplaceforthevillagewheredramasareenactedandsingingandstorytellingintheeveningsmarkfestivalsandcelebrations.

Correaclaimsthatseveralchowkshavebeenconvertedinto“glorifiedparkinglots”inmanyIndiancities.Itissuggestedthat chowksand public plazas need to be rehabilitated asimportantnodesinthecity.Parkingshouldberestrictedandshouldbediscreetattheedgeofsuchsquareifatallallowed.

oPEN SPACES oF MoHEN-Jo-DARo, INDuS vAllEy CIVILIZATION

Mohenjodaroisoneoftheoldestexamplesofcityplanning.Thecitycomprisedof twomajorparts– thecitadelwhichwasraisedandthelowertown.Thecitadelhadlargeopenspaces for public activities, themost important being theGreatBath.Thestreetsofthecitywerewideandareatrightanglestoeachotherwithchowksattheintersections.Theyformedthemajoropenspacesofthecity.Inthelowertown,theopenspaceswereintheformofcourtyardssurroundedbyhouses. Thesewere themajorplacesof interaction forgeneralpublic.

CASE STuDy 1: CHAuPAR AS AN uRBAN oPEN SPACE – BARI CHAUPAR JAIPUR

Re-planned in early 18th Century, the city of Jaipur wasdesigned according to rules of Vastu Shastra. The majoropen spaces in the city were palace precincts, Chaupars,Largeandsmallpocketsofopenspaceswithineachmohallaforinformalgatheringandopenspaceswithintemplesandmonuments.

CONTEXTChauparisacruciformboardgameplayedwithquaternarylotsintheformoflongdice.Thedesignofthecrossjunctionof roads in Jaipurcity resembleswiththatofChauparandhencethename.

E v o l u T I o N , R E l E vA N C E A N D D E S I G N o F u R B A N P u B l I C S PA C E S I N I N D I A

PRESENT SITUATIONThe Chauparwhichwasinitiallydesignedastheprimeopenspaceforlargescaleactivityservedwellintheconditionsthatprevailedatthattimebutwiththechangingtime,increasingpopulation in the city, changing life-styles and increasingvehiculartraffic,thecharacterofthespacehastransformeddrastically. The chaupar which used to be a highly activespacehousingpublicgatheringandactivitystandsmerelyasarotaryintersection.

CASE STuDy 2: SECToR 17 PlAZA, CHANDIGARH

ThecitycentrewasliterallythecentralgeographicalpointofthecityandtheheartoftheurbanlifeduringthefirstphaseofChandigarh.Fourwidepedestrianwaysweredesignedtoleadintoacentralchowkorsquareonwhichwouldfronttheprincipalbuildings.Accesstothesebuildingsaswellastothecentraldistrict is throughouta slow- traffic loop roadwith

Fig1 Plan of walled city of Jaipur showing public open spaces;Source: www.harappa.com

LEGENDOpenspacesincitypalaceprecinctChauparsaspublicopenspaceLarge&smallopenspacesinresidentialareasOpenspacesinreligiousbuildings

Fig 2 Fountains and seating areas offer a comfortable environment to visitors during hot months | Source: Author


S.No. Analysis BariChaupar,Jaipur Sector17Plaza,Chandigarh AnsalPlaza,NewDelhi

1 LOCATIONAL ASPECTS

Open space closely related todense built environment. Hencehas potential to be designed forcommunity.

Centrallylocatedwithregardtocity’sstructure.Easilyaccessibleto all.

Located in a prime positionand well connected with thecirculationnetwork.

2 HISTORICALSIGNIFICANCE

In earlier times this open spacewasused asmeetingplace aswell as forlarge scale gatherings in times ofreligious/politicalrallies.

Originally designed as a cross-axialmotifwith4pedestriansculminatingintoachowk-aconceptintraditionalIndian markets.

---

3 FUNCTION AND ACTIVITIES

Space designed for both active andpassiverecreationaswellascitylevelgatherings.Butnowservingastrafficintersectionandlocalshopping.

Main activities - commercialand recreational (both activeandpassive).

Primarily shopping arcadebut also designed for passiverecreationandculturalevents.

4 SCALE Space is perceived at a human scaleas the vertical planes containing thespaceareonly2-3storeyhigh.

Not comprehendible at humanscaleduetoitsdimensions.

Space lies well within humanscalelimits.Smallscaledetailingcreatesintimatespaces.

5 CIRCULATION Enormouschaosbetweenpedestrianand vehicular traffic as the spacedoesnotprovideseparate routes fordifferentusers.

Primarily for pedestrians. Theconflictbetweenpedestrianandvehicularoccursonlyduetotheabsenceofproposedoverbridgeandimproperedgedetailing.

Mainly pedestrian plaza asvehicularentryisrestrictedtothe basement.

6 MICROCLIMATE Initially designed as microclimatemodifier due to presence of step-wellsbuttodayactsasageneratorofheatandglareduetointensevehicularactivity.

Lotofpaved surfacesgenerateenormousheat;treesandwaterhavebeenusedasmicroclimatemodifiers.

No shade provided in terms ofvegetation in the central space.Hencedifficulttouseinhotsummers,notresponsivetotheclimate.

7 LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

Trees, fountains, benches, steps forseating,roof-terraces.

Trees, Planter edges designed as seating, fountains, benches,murals,sculpturalfountains.

Amphitheatre steps, planteredges, decorative lightfixtures,topiaryforms.

8 CULTURAL/SOCIOLOGICAL VALUES

Initiallydesignedfordaytodayculturalandsocialactivity,todayprimarilyactsasarotaryintersection;butonfestivalsservestheoriginalpurpose.

Major hub for social activitiesand cultural events onweekends.

Mainly acts as a relief andrelaxation space for theshoppers.

9 SURFACES Totalabsenceofsoftsurfaces. Large paved surfaces initiallybarren, now dotted withvegetationandsoftsurfaces.

Mainly hard paved surfaceswith negligible incorporationofsoftsurfaces.

10 VISUAL PERCEPTION OF SPACE

A large open space which loses theeffectofbeinglargeduetounforeseengrowthoftrafficandencroachments.

Visuallythewholeplazaseemsto be a series of small courtslinkedtoeachother.

Theplazaseemstobethevisualcentreofthewholesettingandcatches attention due to itscentrality,scaleanddetailing.

large area as set aside for parking space, thusmaking theentirecomplexfreeformtrafficnoiseandhazards.Overtime,many changes in context, landuses and design have comeupleadingtopiecemealdevelopmentintheabsenceofanyintegratedlandscape.Theplazalacksappropriatelandscapestructuretorespondtothecontemporarychangedneedsofthe users.

CASE STuDy 3: ANSAl PlAZA, NEW DElHI

TheplazaliesamidstthemajorcommercialareaofHUDCOplace. It is surroundedby residential areaat thebackandlargegreenwhich impartsquality to the space. Landscapedesign of the plaza consists largely of hard landscape.Vegetation/ plantmaterial has been introducedminimallyonlyforaesthetics.Theplazaisconstructedonaslab,withtwobasementlevelsbelowthuslimitingtheheightoftrees.Lightinghasbeendesignedasanintegralpartoflandscapeof


Fig 3 Tree planters designed to incorporate seaters | Source: Author


theplaza,usingsimilarmaterialsandintegratingthedesignwith planters, etc. Red sandstone and white marble havebeenusedforpaving.Thehardsurfacesgenerateenormousamountofheatduringsummersthatitbecomesdifficulttositthereinthedaytime.

BROAD RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON INFERENCES FROM THE LITERATURE AND CASE STUDIESFromtheabovestudyitisunderstoodthattherearecertainbasicprinciplesandessentialswhichneedtobetakencareofwhiledesigninganyurbanplazaortownsquare:• The urban plaza should be located in a central

locationwhich is linkedwellwith the city bymeans oftransportationtoattractpeople.

• Thesuccessofaplazadependsprimarilyontheactivityitholdstogenerateinterestinpeople.Certainofsuchdon’tgetvisitedbypeopleonlybecausetheydon’tofferanyactivitywhichcanattractpeople.

• Also, there is a need to distribute the landuses and thus theactivitiesinsuchamannerthatallareasoftheplazaareactivatedleavingnoneofthosedullorredundant.

• Thescaleoftheplazashouldrelatewellwiththenumberof people it is expected to cater to. There should be

BIBlIoGRAPHy:1. Moughtin, Cliff, 3rd Edition. Urban Design – Street and

Square:ArchitecturalPress,London.2. Webb,Michael,1990.TheCitySquare:ThamesandHudson

Ltd., London.3. Roy,AshimKumar,1978.HistoryoftheJaipurCity:Manohar

Publications,NewDelhi.4. Spreiregen,PaulD.,1965.UrbanDesign–TheArchitectureof

TownsandCities:McGraw–HillBookCompany,NewYork.5. Whyte,W.H.(1980).TheSocialLifeofSmallUrbanSpaces.

Washington,DC:TheConservationFoundation.6. Whyte,W. H. (1988). City: Rediscovering the Center. New

York: Doubleday.7. Wimbush,EandTalbot,M.(Eds.).(1988).RelativeFreedom:

Women and Leisure. Milton Keynes, UK, Open UniversityPress.

8. Lofland, L. (1998). The Public Realm: Exploring the City’sQuintessentialSocialTerritory.NewYork:AldineDeGruyter.

9. Canter, D. (1977). The Psychology of Place. New York: St.Martin’sPress.

10. Saini, P. (2008). Landscape Appraisal of City-level OpenSpaces-The Urban Plazas and City Squares. www.harappa.com

Fig 4 Plan of Ansal PlazaSource: “A+D March April 2002”

Fig 5 Complete view of amphitheatre | Source: Author

enoughflexibilitysothatitcanservetoindividualsaswellaslargecrowds.Smalldetailsandnichescanbeworkedouttocreateintimatespaces.

• Themostimportantrequisiteforanyplazaisthatthereshould be practically no conflict between the vehicularandpedestriantraffic.Theseplazasneedtobepedestrian-friendly.Alsotheaccessibilityofthespecially-abledandthe essential services like the fire-tenders should beconsideredwhiledecidingonthecirculationscheme.

• Theresponsetoclimaticconditionsisveryessential.Thedistributionofhardand softareasneeds tobeworkedout. The presence of shade-giving trees and waterfeatures can help inmodifying themicroclimate in hotareas.

• Allthelandscapeelementsusedinaplazashouldbeinthesamevocabularyleadingtounityindesignandvisualcontinuity. This would help generate a distinct designimageandrenderidentitytospace.

• Thedesignanddetailofapublicareashouldessentiallyrelate to the socio-cultural habitsof theusers tomaketheplacepopularamongthem.

• The plaza has to be visually comprehendible. It shouldnotgivethevisitorasenseofbeinglost.Alsofactorslikesecurity,safetyetc.needtobeconsidered.

• The basic needs like utility blocks, drinking waterfountains, appropriate lighting etc. need to dealt withcareanddistributeduniformly.

• TheencroachmentsneedtobecheckedinsuchareasandincaseitisinevitablelikeinIndiancontext,thevendorsand hawkers should be sympathetically treated andspacesforthemallocatedinthedesignlayout.


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Ieoh Ming Pei, Doyen Modernist Master - A Tribute-Ar Asesh Sarkar & Ar Monika Arora 19 Manifestation...

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