IEEE San Diego Utility Communications Utility - Amazon S3
Transcript of IEEE San Diego Utility Communications Utility - Amazon S3
IEEE San Diego
- Power & EnergyPower & Energy- Computer- Communications
Power Electronics Utility Communications- Power Electronics
Societies David E. Boroughs, P.E.Executive Advisor/Communications Practice
Utility Communications
Joint Presentation
Executive Advisor/Communications Practice Area DirectorQuanta Technology www.quanta-technology.com
[email protected](571) 358-7315
January 31, 2013
This Evening’s Agenda
• Overview of Smart Grid Communications Architecture• Performance Requirements and Applications• Technology Options to Meet Performance Requirements
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Smart Grid-What is It?
• Many definitions have been posed since the concept began…
The one we like –• The Smart Grid is a
i ti b dcommunications-basedsharing of information among the operating and management functions across the utility enterprise to improve reliability, optimize performance and energy efficiency, and reduce costs.
• The Smart Grid also requires intelligent functions andThe Smart Grid also requires intelligent functions and processing within the grid equipment.
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Concept Of The “Smart Grid” And An Enterprise-Wide Utility Focus.p y
T&D Planning & EngineeringAsset MgmtMaintenance
MgmtSystemsPlanning
SCADAEMS OOperations
Planning
DSMDMS
T&D OperationsExecutive Dashboards
Distribution ManagementMWMOMSGISProcurement & Market Ops
Planning &Forecasting
Bidding &Scheduling
Settlements
Trading &Contracts
ResourceDispatch
Customer ServicesMDMS CIS BillingCall Center
Power/Resource Scheduling
Enterprise Level
SystemsIntegration
Scheduling AMI Head End SystemsHAN
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2013 IEEE San Diego - Power & Energy and Power Electronics SocietiesCommunications Infrastructure
Operational and Non-Operational DataNon-Operational Data• Operational Data
– Real-time mission critical monitoring and control data-SCADAReal time mission critical monitoring and control data SCADA
• Substation data
• Distribution automation data
– Historically: time division multiplex (TDM) based point-to-point
– Future: packet or data frame based
• Non-Operational Datap– Fault record files that capture a fault event (Operational Support)
– Video surveillance
M t d t– Meter data
– Corporate data
– Historically: anything from nothing, to TDM, to IP
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– Future: packet or data frame based
Security Considerations
• “Convergence” Trend For Different Data Types To ShareConvergence Trend For Different Data Types To Share A Common Communications Infrastructure
• Security Considerations• Data Types Physically or Logically Separated to the Greatest
Extent Possible
• Guarantees Greater Security for Sensitive Operational Data
• NERC/CIP: Electronic Security Perimeters– Pertains to Data With Routable ProtocolsPertains to Data With Routable Protocols
• Utilization of Encryption and Authentication, especially wireless links
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PERFORMANCE ANDPERFORMANCE AND APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS
Network AvailabilityNetwork LatencyQuality of Service (QoS) C it Pl iCapacity Planning
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Smart Grid Communications: Core & Access Networks
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Smart Grid Functionalities and Communications Needs
S O “C f S
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Source: DOE Publication “Communications Requirements of Smart Grid Technologies”, October 5, 2010
Performance Requirement 1: Network Availabilityy
• Network availability components.– The amount of time the network is available for use.
• Excluded times of use include:– Downtime.– Bit-error-rate degradation below a useable threshold.
AvailabilityObjective
Allowabledowntime
Comments
• Network availability (along with other performance parameters) should be stated in service level agreements with telecommunications service providers.
Objective downtimeper year
99.999% 5.3 mins Met with highest level of redundant equipment configurations and route diversity.
99.99% 53 mins Met with very high level of redundant equipment configurations Met with very high level of redundant equipment configurations and route diversity.
99.9% 8.8 hrs Met with high level of redundant equipment configurations and route diversity.
99.5% or 44 hours Met with moderate level of redundant equipment and route
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99 5% oless
ou sor greater
et t ode ate e e o edu da t equ p e t a d outeconfigurations, but with some single “threads” in the network.
Performance Requirement 2: Network Latency
Response requirements (measured in sec.) are distinct from data rate requirements (measured in kb/s or
y
Mb/s), and must be met independently.
Different functions have different requirements for the
Function Delivery requirements
Different functions have different requirements for the delivery of the message, for example:
Data Delivery- Phasor Management Unit (PMU) and Operations Center/Visual device
50ms-100ms
Data Delivery- Between EMS and Endpoint- critical control data
1-2 seconds control data Data Delivery- Source to EMS operational data 5-10 seconds Retrieve Engineering Support Data 10 min. – 24 hours and upAMI Data Hourly
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AMI Data Hourly
Performance Requirement 3: Quality of Service ProvisioningQ y g
• Refers to control mechanisms that can provide different service quality or priorities to different users or data flows.
• “Traffic contracts” established between transport and application software• Traffic contracts established between transport and application software during a session establishment phase.– Reserving capacity in network nodes.– Controlling the scheduling prioritiesControlling the scheduling priorities.– Releasing the reserved capacity when not required.
• Important in operational SCADA, as well as real-time streaming multimedia services.
Class Delay Throughput Loss Jitter
– VoIP or IP-based video.• QoS is not required when more than adequate BW is available
y g pGold Low Guarantee Low Low
Silver No Guarantee Guarantee Guarantee No Guarantee
Bronze No Guarantee Guarantee No Guarantee No Guarantee
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Best Effort No Guarantee No Guarantee No Guarantee No GuaranteeExample Service Provider Class of Service
Performance Requirement 4: Capacity Planningp y g
•Traffic Modelingg– “Operational” And “Non-Operational (fault data)”
TrafficS b t ti T ffi L d O B kb T t– Substation Traffic Load On Backbone Transport Network
– Distribution Automation Load On Access NetworkDistribution Automation Load On Access Network– AMI Traffic Load On Access Network– HAN Traffic Load On Access Network
•Overall Combined Traffic Effects On Total Network
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SCADA: Intelligent Electronic Device (IED)
• Any device incorporating one or more processors with the capability to receive or send data/control from or to an external source (e.g., electronic multifunction meters, digital relays, controllers), g y , )
• Future Replacement for Remote Terminal Units (RTU)
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Substation SCADA Data
• Typical IED Characteristicsyp
Operational Non-Operational
# of Analog # of Digital Bytes / Scan # of Analog # of Digital # of SOE # of DFRBytes / Upload
Analog Digital
Small IED 4 8 64 16 4 8 1 65,616
Medium IED 8 16 128 32 16 16 1 0 65,824
Large IED 16 24 256 48 32 24 1 1 8,706,096
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Wide-Area Network Monitoring And Control (WAMPAC)/SCADA
GPS
Communication standardsIEEE C37 118 2 *
Timing standardsIEEE 1588 C37 238
Monitoring And Control (WAMPAC)/SCADA
Real Time Monitoring & Alarming
IEEE C37.118.2 *IEC 61850-90-5 *
ICCP
C37.238
EMS
Phasor Data Concentrator
Real-time controls
Concentrator (PDC)PMU
Measurement standards
C37.118.1*
PMU
Off-line Dynamics AnalysisData Storage
PMU
PMU
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External users Data storage standardsIEEE C37.111 COMTRADE
PMU
Substation Synchrophasor/PMU DataSynchrophasor/PMU Data
• Constant Real-Time Monitoring of System Status– 30 samples per second PMU Packet Overhead (bytes): 18– 30 samples per second
(volts, amps, phase angle, etc.)– From Multiple Substations to
( y )
Transmit Rate (packets/sec): 30
Phasor Data format: 1=Integer; 2=Real RealFreq + DFreq 4
Phasor Data Concentrator at Control Center
• Data Also sent to ISO and other
q q 4Number of Phasors sent: 16
Number of Analogs 2
Number of Digital words 1D t Si (b t )/ i l PMU 160
Utilities in Region
• One PMU example = 54 kbpsTotal Data Volume Adds Up
Data Size (bytes)/single PMU 160
Total # of PMUs: 1
Data size for N PMUs (all same packet size) 160– Total Data Volume Adds Up
Quickly for Multiple PMUs– Would Need to Be Accounted
packet size) 160Ethernet + TCP/IP Packet Overhead (bytes): 66Total Bytes/dataframe 226
Required Bandwidth (bits/sec): 54,240
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In Capacity Planning as Full-Time Continuous Data Flow
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Modeling of Substation Traffic Load on Backhaul TransportLoad on Backhaul Transport
Typical Transmission Substation
# of IEDs
A point
D Point
Total Point Count
Bytes / Scan
Burst Loading/Se
c
A point
D Point
SER DFR % of Interest
Sec / Upload Scan
Accepted Latency
(sec)Bytes / Upload
Burst Bytes /
Sec
A D A DSmall IED 40 160 320 480 6 2 6 2 15,360 4,267 160 320 40 0 30% 600 600 2,624,640 1,312
Operational Non-Operational
Sec / ScanAccepted Latency
(Sec)
Medium IED 10 320 160 480 6 2 6 2 23,040 4,693 160 160 10 0 30% 600 600 658,240 329 Large IED 10 640 240 880 6 2 6 2 44,800 8,747 320 240 10 10 40% 600 600 87,060,960 58,041 PMU 0.03 0.03 225 6750Total SA 60 1120 720 1840 6 83,425 24,457 640 720 60 10 600 90,343,840 59,682
Equivalent data in kilobits 667.4 195.65333 Equivalent traffic in kilobits 722.75 477.46Comm Overhead 25% Communications Load offered to Network (kbps) 244.6 Communications Load offered to Network (kbps) 596.8
Typical Distribution Substation `
# of IEDs
A point
D Point
Total Point Count
Bytes / Scan
Burst Loading/Se
c
A point
D Point
SER DFR % of Interest
Sec / Upload Scan
Accepted Latency
(sec)Bytes / Upload
Burst Bytes /
Sec
A D A D
Non-Operational
Sec / ScanAccepted Latency
(Sec)
Operational
A D A DSmall IED 10 40 80 120 6 2 6 2 3,840 1,067 40 80 10 0 10% 1200 1200 656,160 55 Medium IED 10 80 160 240 6 2 6 2 7,680 2,133 160 160 10 0 10% 1200 1200 658,240 55 Large IED 5 80 120 200 6 2 6 2 7,040 1,813 160 120 5 5 10% 1200 1200 11,130,480 928
Total SA 25 200 360 560 6 18,560 5,013 360 360 25 5 1200 12,444,880 1,037 Equivalent traffic in kilobits 148.48 40.106667 Equivalent traffic in kilobits 99.56 8.297
Comm Overhead 25% Communications Load offered to Network (kbps) 50 1 Communications Load offered to Network (kbps) 10 4
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Comm Overhead 25% Communications Load offered to Network (kbps) 50.1 Communications Load offered to Network (kbps) 10.4
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Distribution Automation & Communicating With Feeder DevicesCommunicating With Feeder Devices
Tie Switch
Tie Switch w/
Data Req.0 AI10 DI0.09 Kbps
Data Req.6 AI10 DI0.26 Kbps
SubstationLine Switch Tie Switch w/
line/neutral voltage
indicatorCapacitor
bank
Data Req.14 AI9 DI0.47 Kbps
Data Req.6 AI10 DI0.26 Kbps
Tie Switch w/line/neutral
voltage indicator
Data Req.
Feeder relay IED, RTU, or DA controller
Line Switch
Line SwitchCapacitor
bank
31 AI1 DI0.08 Kbps
Data Req.31 AI1 DI0.08 Kbps
Data Req.14 AI3 DI
Data Req.14 AI9 DI0.47 Kbps
Data Req.14 AI9 DI0.47 Kbps
Switchgear open/close command for automatic line switches. O
Tie Switch
Capacitor bank
Data Req.31 AI1 DI0.08 Kbps
3 DI0.42 Kbps
p
Data Req.14 AI9 DI0.47 Kbps
Occurrence: 3-4 times per year, 160 bits sent in 2 seconds
Switchgear open/close command for automatic tie switches. Occurrence: 3-4 times per year, 40 bits sent in 2 seconds
Feeder breaker open/close command. Occurrence: 3-4 times per year, 20 bits sent in 2 seconds
Line Switch
Line SwitchTie Switch
Tie SwitchControl Center
Data Req.0 AI10 DI0.09 Kbps
Data Req.0 AI10 DI0.09 Kbps
Data Req.14 AI9 DI0.47 Kbps
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Capacitor bank
Capacitor bank
Data Req.31 AI1 DI0.08 Kbps
Data Req.31 AI1 DI0.08 Kbps
Distribution Automation Traffic Analysisy
# of Analog # of DigitalAnalog Digital
Line switch controller 20 10 400 60
Tie switch controller 20 10 400 60
Volt/VAR 12 6 240 36
Operational
Bytes / Scan
Typical Substation Data to Support Feeder (Data Direction: Substation to SCADA Control center)
# of SourcesA
pointD
Point
Total Point
Count
Bytes / Scan
Burst Loading/Se
cA D A D
Substation feeder data 4 68 40 108 5 2 5 2 25,520 5,824 0 0 0 0 6 2 6 2 - -
Operational
Sec / Scan Accepted Latency (Sec)
Substation Feeder Data 17 10 340 60Open/Close command-line 0 2 0 12Open/Close Command-tie 0 2 0 12Open/Close Cmd-breaker 0 2 0 12
0 0 0 0 6 2 6 2 0 0 0 0 60 60 5 2 - -
Total Substation Data 4 68 40 108 23.667 25,520 5,824 Equivalent data in kilobits 204.16 46.592
IP Comm Overhead 20% Communications Load offered to Network (kbps) 55.91
Typical Feeder Data Load (Data Direction: Feeder to SCADA Control center)
# of components per feeder
A point
D Point
Total Point Count
Bytes / Scan
Burst Loading/Se
cA D A D
Line switch controller 5 100 50 150 5 2 5 2 43,000 9,500 Tie switch controller 5 100 50 150 5 2 5 2 43,000 9,500 Volt/VAR 2 24 12 36 60 60 60 60 10,320 103
Sec / Scan Accepted Latency (Sec)
Operational
Total Feeder data 12 224 112 336 23.333 96,320 19,103 Equivalent traffic in kilobits 770.56 152.8256
IP Comm Overhead 20% Communications Load offered to Network (kbps) 183.391
`Typical Command data (Data Direction: SCADA Control center to Feeder)
Operational# of
components per feeder
A point
D Point
Total Point Count
Bytes / Scan
Burst Loading/Se
cA D A D
Open/Close Command-Line 5 0 10 10 5 2 5 2 120 60 Open/Close Command-tie 2 0 4 4 5 2 5 2 48 24 Open/Close Cmd-breaker 1 0 2 2 5 2 5 2 24 12
Operational
Sec / Scan Accepted Latency (Sec)
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Total Feeder data 8 0 16 16 5 192 96 Equivalent traffic in kilobits 1.536 0.768
IP Comm Overhead 20% Communications Load offered to Network (kbps) 0.922
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AMI and Home Area Networks
Ad d M t i I f t t (AMI)Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
• Daily or monthly reads• Tamper reporting• Outage notificationg• Data aggregation• Load profiling• Meter diagnostics reporting• Other commodity meter reading• Physical connect/disconnect• Physical connect/disconnect• Load (current) limiting• Advanced (time-based) rate offerings• Remote meter programming/ configuration• Self-diagnostics and self-reporting
Two-Way Communication:Interval reads in real-time
• PQ monitoring and reporting• On-demand reads• Home area network monitoring/control• DG detection and control• Data security and interoperability
More bandwidth requirements than pre-
smart grid utility networks!
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Data security and interoperabilityg y
AMI Traffic Estimation Model
Message Type and Direction
Desired Response
Time
Maximum Desired
response time
(secs)
Estimated Message
SizeEstimated Frequency
Estimated Average
Data Payload
Estimated Peak Data Payload Notes( ) q y y y
Bytes/Message
Messages per day Bytes/day
message size (Bytes) per
response time (sec)
System (TDSP to Meter)
Polling cell relay <1 hour 3600 0 0 0 0.00 minimal dataAccount Management
and Authentication<1 hour 3600 102 3 306 0.03
Comm nication S stemCommunication System Overhead
Network Administrative Overhead
Protocol Overheadsubtotal 306 0.03 0
Utility (meter to MDM)Tamper < 5 min 300 102 0.00034 0 0.00 minimal average daily
dataMeter status < 5 min 300 102 3 306 0.34 status every 8 hrs
bytes/time period
ywith PQ and voltage
Meter Reads Electric < 5 min 300 1000 96 96,000 3.33 15 min reads and could include TOU, EV, and DER info
Meter Reads Gas < 5 min 300 200 3 600 0.67 8 hr readsMeter Reads Water < 5 min 300 200 3 600 0.67 8 hr readsMeter configuration
download< 5 min 300 2500 0.08333 208 0.00 minimal average daily
dataMeter firmware upgrade 1 day 86400 1,000,000 0 0 0.00 minimal average daily
datadataRemote disconnect < 60 sec 60 400 0.00068 0 0.00 minimal average daily
dataRemote connect < 60 sec 60 400 0.00068 0 0.00 minimal average daily
dataAccount Management
and Authentication< 5 min 300 102 2 204 0.34 querey assumed 2
times a dayConsumption/Power
Quality< 10 sec 10 102 1 102 0.00 minimal on demand
unscheduled readssubtotal 98,021 5.35bytes/time period
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Total Meter Traffic (both ways)
bytes/time period
98,327 5.38 peak assumes worst case of all reporting
at same timebits/sec
(avg)9.10 43.00 average=most likely
data rate
HAN Traffic ModelREP TO HAN
Message Type and Direction
Desired Response
Time
Maximum Response
Time (sec)
Estimated Message
SizeEstimated Frequency
Estimated Average
Data Payload
Estimated Peak Data Payload
Spreading factor: 5-Minute
Throughput Estimate
messagemessage
size (Bytes)message
BytesNo. HAN devices
message size (B) per device
Bytes/Message
Messages per day Bytes/day
size (Bytes) per response
time (sec)
Bytes spread over
5 minRetail signals (REP to HAN)
Direct Load reduction < 60 sec 60 102 2 204 1.70 102.00HAN Devices(no. per home) 6 102 < 5 min 300 612 3 1,836 2.04 612.00
Energy ServicesDisplay Device < 5 min 300 306 3 918 1.02 306.00
Energy Management SystemSmart Appliance
PCTLoad Control
Price signaling < 5 min 300 200 8 1,600 0.67 200.00HAN Firmware Update/ Confirmation N/A 0 0 0 0.00
Account Management and Authentication
1 day 86400 102 0.00274 0 0.00
Subtotal bytes/time period
4,558 5.43 1220.00
bits/sec (avg)
0.42 43.42 32.53
HAN TO REP
Message Type and Direction
Desired Response
Time
Maximum response
time (secs)
Estimated Message
Size
Estimated Frequenc
y
Estimated Average
Data Payload
Estimated Peak Data Payload
Spreading factor: 5-Minute
Throughput Estimate
B t M
message size (Bytes)
per message B t dBytes
/MessageMessages
per day Bytes/dayresponse time (sec)
Bytes spread over 5 min
HAN (HAN to REP)Energy services < 2 min 120 102 3 306 0.85 102.00
Energy Management Systems (Lighting Control Systems)
< 2 min 120 102 3 306 0.85 102.00
Load control < 2 min 120 102 2 204 0.85 102.00PCT < 2 min 120 102 3 306 0.85 102.00
Smart appliances < 3 min 180 102 3 306 0.57 102.00In -home displays < 2 min 120 102 3 306 0.85 102.00
Sensors (i e Gas leak detection < 1 min 60 102 0 002740 0 1 70 1 70
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Sensors (i.e.. Gas leak detection, water leaks)
< 1 min 60 102 0.002740 0 1.70 1.70
Subtotal bytes/time period
1,734 6.52 614
bits/sec (avg)
0.16 52.13 16.37
Total System Loading Analysis-Backbone
200 Transmission Substations 100 collectors800 Distribution Substations 100% HAN customer acceptance base case
# of Subs or A l C t Di it l C t T t l C t MBit / S
Burst Loading Mbits / Burst Loading
System Level Communication Loading Analysis
Operational Data Non-Operational Data
field devicesAnalog Count Digital Count Total Count MBits / Scan
g(MBits/Sec) Upload
gMbits / Sec
3% of Substations participatingTransmission 6 6,720 4,320 11,040 4.00 1.17 4,337 2.86 Distribution 24 4,800 8,640 13,440 3.56 0.96 2,389 0.20 Substation DA Data 24 1,632 960 2,592 0.61 0.14 Feeder DA Data 90 20,160 10,080 30,240 8.67 1.72 AMI&HAN Meter Data 100 collectors 100% customers Base case 6 12
Operational Data Non-Operational Data
AMI&HAN Meter Data 100 collectors,100% customers Base case 6.12 PMU Data from Transmission Subs 200 full time data stream 10.80 Total 344 33,312 24,000 57,312 16.85 20.92 - 6,726 3.06 Comm Overhead 20% Communications Load (Mbps) 25.10 3.685% of Substations participatingTransmission 10 11,200 7,200 18,400 6.67 1.96 7,228 4.77
Operational Data Non-Operational Data
Distribution 40 8,000 14,400 22,400 5.94 1.60 3,982 0.33 Substation DA Data 40 2,720 1,600 4,320 1.02 0.23Feeder DA Data 150 33,600 16,800 50,400 14.45 2.87AMI&HAN Meter Data 100 collectors,100% customers Base case 6.12 PMU Data from Transmission Subs 200 full time data stream 10.80 Total 440 55 520 40 000 95 520 28 08 23 58 11 210 5 11Total 440 55,520 40,000 95,520 28.08 23.58 - 11,210 5.11 Comm Overhead 20% Communications Load (Mbps) 28.30 6.1310% of Substations participatingTransmission 20 22,400 14,400 36,800 13.35 3.91 14,455 9.55 Distribution 80 16,000 28,800 44,800 11.88 3.21 7,965 0.66 Substation DA Data 80 5,440 3,200 8,640 2.04 0.47Feeder DA Data 300 67,200 33,600 100,800 28.90 5.73
Operational Data Non-Operational Data
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AMI&HAN Meter Data 100 collectors,100% customers Base case 6.12 PMU Data from Transmission Subs 200 full time data stream 10.80 Total 680 111,040 80,000 191,040 56.17 30.24 - 22,420 10.21 Comm Overhead 20% Communications Load (Mbps) 36.29 12.26
End-to-End Smart Grid Communications• Security Issues• Technology Options Communications path for
performance and traffic analysisgy p
HomeNetwork
Meters & Premise
Gateways
Access Communication
Back HaulCommunication
Back-Office & Operational
SystemsExternal Data Access
performance and traffic analysis
NetworkGateways
AMI MgmtSystem
AMI MgmtSystem
Home /CustomerNetwork
LocalField
CommsNeighborhoodAggregation
NeighborhoodAggregationT&D
ManagementT&D
Management
Utility Wide
CommWeb
Access
CommunicationData Access
3rd Parties
Field Crew
MonitoringAMI
NetworkManagement System
Management System
Monitoring,DA
Comm.Customers
DGMonitoring
SA, DA
Field Workforce Automation
Field Workforce Automation
Distribution EquipmentT&D Equipment
Control & Monitoring Centers
PEV
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WiFi, WiMax, PLC, RF Mesh, GSM, CDMA
Zigbee, Bluetooth, HomePlug
Microwave, fiber, SONET, Ethernet, MPLS
Internet, HTTPS, VPN
Ethernet LAN
Choosing Technology to Meet Requirements
Access TechnologyAttributesT t C it /
Cellular SONETPLC BPLLicensed RF pt‐pt
Unlicensed RF pt‐pt
Meshed RF
Requirements
Transport Capacity/ Throughput Lo Hi Med Med Med Med HiScalability/ Flexibility Lo Lo Med Med Hi Hi Hi
/Reliability/ Restoration Lo Lo Lo Lo Hi Med HiSecurity Hi Hi Med Lo Lo Hi HiEase of Implementation/ Operation Med Hi Med Med Lo Lo MedCost Effectiveness Med Lo Med Med Hi Med Med
LEGENDLEGENDHi: Relatively high ranking among technology optionsMed: Relatively moderate ranking among technology optionsL R l ti l l ki t h l ti
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Lo: Relatively low ranking among technology options• Message here: No one size fits all!
OSI Seven Layer Model
OSI layer Examples
Applications7 Application ICCP, DNP 3.0
6 Presentation
ppCommunications
& Interfaces
5 Session
4 Transport TCP, UDP
3 Network IPv4, IPv6, IPSec
2 D t Li k ATM F R l Eth t
WAN Communications MPLS WAN Routers
2 Data Link ATM, Frame Relay, Ethernet
1 Physical 802.3 Hardware, RS-232, RS-485,
fib SONET WiFi WiM Zi b
& Interfaces
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fiber, SONET, WiFi, WiMax, Zigbee
Options for Substation, Feeder, and Meter Communications ConnectivityCommunications Connectivity
“Wi d”“Wired”
“Wireless”
“Leased”
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Fiber Cable
• Extremely High Data Transmission Rates• Immunity From Electromagnetic Interference
C S C f• Can Be Brought Into the Substation Without Concern for Protection Against Ground Rise Voltages
• Available in Multi-conductor Bundles, – Multi-mode or Single-mode
– Optical Ground Wire (OPGW)
– All-Dielectric Self-Supporting (ADSS)
• Data Transport Schemes
– SONET– Ethernet– Wave Division Multiplexing
– Gigabit Passive Optical network (GPON)
– Point-to-multipoint, Fiber To The Premises Network Architecture In Which
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p ,Unpowered Optical Splitters Are Used To Enable A Single Optical Fiber To Serve Multiple Premises, Typically 32-128.
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
• TDM on Optical Media With Synchronous Format• Fiber type is typically optical ground wire (OPGW) or all• Fiber type is typically optical ground wire (OPGW) or all-
dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) cables.• Network Established in a Diverse Fiber Ring for Protection– Fiber ring path
switching time < 50 msTechnology beingTechnology being Supersededby Ethernet, IP, MPLS
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Wire: Power Line Communications (PLC)(PLC)
• Initial technology used for over 50 years.• Uses primary voltage distribution and transmission wiresUses primary voltage distribution and transmission wires.• Signal injected into the primary lines via an interface at the
transmission/distribution substation, distribution t f t t ’ itransformer, at customer’s premises.
• Three main typesPLC T h l F b d D t R t O ti l T i lPLC Technology Frequency band Data Rate Operational
rangeTypical Application
Ultra Narrowband 0.3 – 3 KHz30 – 300 Hz
~100 bps 150 km or more Relay protection
Narrowband 3-500 kHz Few bps – 500 kbps
Up to a few km AMR, AMI, DA
Broadband 1.8 – 250 MHz Few Mbps – few hundred Mbps
Up to fewer km Backhaul, multipurpose
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Power Line Carrier Available StandardsStandards•Narrowband PLC Standards
Standard Technology Frequency Band (kHz) Data Rate (kbps)
LonWorks (ISO/IEC 14908‐3) BPSK 86, 131 3.6‐5.4
KNX (ISO/IEC 14543‐3‐5) S‐FSK 125‐140 1.2
CE‐Bus (CEA‐600.31) S‐FSK 100‐400 Up to 10
IEC 61334 S‐FSK CENELEC‐A 2.4
G3 (non‐SDO based) OFDM 36‐90 6 5 6‐45G3 (non SDO based) OFDM 36 90.6 5.6 45
PRIME (non‐SDO based) OFDM 42‐89 21.4‐128.6
ITU‐T G.hnem OFDM 9‐490 Up to 1000
IEEE P1901.2 OFDM 9‐500 Up to 500
•Broadband PLC StandardsStandard Technology Frequency Band (MHz) Data Rate UPA/OPERA (non‐SDO based) OFDM 2‐32 <240 MbpsTIA‐1113 OFDM 4‐28 <14 MbpsIEEE 1901 OFDM/Wavelet 2‐30 <500 kbpspITU‐T G.hn OFDM 2‐100 <1 Gbps
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Wireless Options
• Point-to-Point– Primary use: Core or Field Backhaul
• Microwave Radio
• Directional Spread Spectrum/OFDM
• Point-to-Multipoint, Access– Primary use: Field Backhaul, AMI, DA
• Multiple Address System (MAS)
• WiMax, WiFi
• Leased cellular (LTE, CDMA, GPRS)
• Paging towers (Sensus Flexnet)
• Satellite, TVWS
• Multipoint-to-Multipoint, Networked– Primary use: AMI, DA,HAN
• Spread Spectrum Radios
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• Peer-to-Peer Meshed
Picture Source: Motorola
Radio Design Considerations
• Coverage– Frequency BandFrequency Band– Antenna Gain/Configuration: SISO, SIMO, MIMO– Power Output (ERP)
M d l ti S h• Modulation Scheme– OFDM, Spread Spectrum– Adaptive
• Performance– Designed to Meet
Intended Application– Latency– Fade Margin (Factor for Network Availability)– Spectral Efficiency (Data Throughput in Allowable Bandwidth)
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– Duplexing: FDD, TDD
Licensed vs unlicensed
• Licensed Radio– Licensed from the Federal Communication Commission (FCC).( )– provide some protection against interference by others.– Limited bandwidth due to spectrum use restrictions– Typically 9.6 to 19.2 kbps in 900 Mhz bandTypically 9.6 to 19.2 kbps in 900 Mhz band– Higher capacity (Mbps) in microwave 6 and 11 Ghz band– Other frequencies 450, 800 Mhz Land Mobile radio– Other bands in future for utility use: 700 Mhz (shared); 3 65 Ghz WiMax– Other bands in future for utility use: 700 Mhz (shared); 3.65 Ghz WiMax
• Unlicensed Radio– 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz bands
Q i k t– Quicker setup– Can be 10-15% less expensive than licensed system– Concerns for increasing interference due to proliferation of unlicensed devices
FCC t 15 247 Th i k t t f th t itt i t 6 dBi
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– FCC part 15.247: The maximum peak output power of the transmitter into 6 dBiantenna shall not exceed 1 Watt.
Wireless Options –Point to Point
• Microwave RadioLicensed 6 11 Ghz Or Higher Frequency Bands– Licensed 6,11 Ghz Or Higher Frequency Bands Requiring Line Of Sight (25 mile hops)
– Often Used For Communications Backbone To Transmission SubstationsTransmission Substations
– Can Be Used To Connect Distribution Substations In Sight Of Microwave TowerC B D i d F Hi h R li bilit B t At A C t– Can Be Designed For High Reliability, But At A Cost
– Can Be Configured In SONET Rings (Adapted To Radio), Typically Multiple OC-3 Radios To Increase Capacity L t t T h l S t I d d t N ti TDM d Eth t– Latest Technology Supports Independent Native TDM and Ethernet Platforms• Adaptive Modulation Techniques
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Wireless: Multiple Address Radio (MAS)(MAS)
• Service up to 4.8 kbps but can be increased to 9.6 kbps (limited coverage).
• Capacity is limited by data speed and system scan time. Also, limited by the number of masters that can be physically installed in the system (location, topography, etc.).
• Requires line-of-sight, point-to-multipoint for master and remote radios. • Can typically reach 25 miles, can be extended by using repeaters.
• Reliability: can be improved with remote diagnostics, warm standby equipment and redundant architecture.
• Widely used forMAS
• Widely used for SCADA and DA (most common 900 MHz).
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Wireless Options: Networked
•Unlicensed Spread Spectrum– 902-928 MHz or 2.4 GHz Band– Low Power, Spread-spectrum Transmission– Confined to Short Distances (Typically 2-4 Miles Max.)– Packet Switched Mesh “Ad Hoc” Network– Used to Support Peer-to-Peer Communications
Among Distribution Automation SwitchesAmong Distribution Automation Switches– Some Products Can Be Set for Repeating of Other
Radio Data
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AMI Network Types: Mesh
Utility Systems
Head-End
Concentrator / Take Out Point
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2013 IEEE San Diego - Power & Energy and Power Electronics Societies“Enterprise Integration of AMI to Maximize ROI,” Steklac & Tram, DistribuTECH 2006
Wireless: WiFi• Intended to improve the interoperability of wireless local area
network products based on the IEEE 802.11 standards:802.11
protocolRelease Freq.
(GHz)Bandwidth
(MHz)Max Data rate
per streamAllowable
MIMOModulation
protocol (GHz) (MHz) per stream (Mbit/s)
MIMO streams
--- Jun 1997 2.4 20 2 1 DSSS,FHSS
a Sep 1999 5 20 54 1 OFDM
b Sep 1999 2.4 20 11 1 DSSS
g Jun 2003 2.4 20 54 1 OFDM,DSSS
n Oct 2009 2 4/5 20 72 2 4 OFDM
• Allows connectivity in peer-to-peer mode.• Subscriber module sends data to access point over TCP/IP.
n Oct 2009 2.4/5 20 72.2 4 OFDM
40 150
• 5 GHz: latency < 1 ms (10 Mbps)• Power consumption is high compared to some other low-
bandwidth standards, such as ZigBee and Bluetooth.
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2013 IEEE San Diego - Power & Energy and Power Electronics Societies
• Line-of-sight is important.• 802.11i security can be implemented
Short Range Wireless Networked: ZigBeeZigBee
• High level protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPAN)(WPAN).
• Everything is small:• Very low cost • Extremely low power requirements• Bandwidth 20-250 kbps (okay for
many smart grid applications)y g pp )• Range of 10-75 meters
• Unlicensed 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz and 868 MHz.• Home area automation networkHome area automation network.• Designed for sensors and automation.• Selected by California utilities for meter-to-household (e.g.
thermostat) communications
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thermostat) communications.
Picture Courtesy Texas Instruments
Cellular Generation Overview
GenerationTypical Data Rate (Kbps)
Maximum Data Rate (Kbps)
AMPS 1G 4.8 9.6
TDMA 1G 9.6 9.6
GSM 1G 9.6 9.6
CDMA 2G 14.4 14.4
iDEN 2G 15 20
GPRS (GSM) 2.5G 20-40 115
1 RTT (CDMA) 2 75G 50 80 1531xRTT (CDMA) 2.75G 50-80 153
EDGE (GSM) 2.75G 144 384
UMTS (W-CDMA) 3G ("True 3G") 144 2000
1xEV (CDMA2000) 3G ("True 3G") 150 20001xEV (CDMA2000) 3G ( True 3G ) 150 2000
Currently, Most Applications Are for AMR & DA
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4G Wireless: WiMAX• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access: wireless data over long distances, from
point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. Based on the IEEE 802.16 standard (also called WirelessMAN).
• 802.16m-2011 Supports Higher Data Rates: 120-240 Mbps peak down; 60-120 Mbps Uplink Reduced Latency, and Efficient Security Mechanisms
• Intended to eliminate bridging of WiFi hotspots.
• 4G Technology: Coverage and performance comparable to cellular
• From 2 GHz to 11 GHz line-of-sight backbone, 70 mile range.
• Not locked into one vendor– Certification via the WiMax Forum
• Frequency Availability in US
– Today products are available at 2.5 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 2.3 GHz and 3.65 GHz.
– 2 Ghz Licensed Band Reserved by Commercial Carriers in US
Picture Source: Motorola
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– 700 Mhz band Freed up after DTV Conversion is Possible Spectrum for WiMax
– Available for Use in unlicensed band, and the US 3.65 GHz “Lite” Licensed Band
4G Wireless: Long Term Evolution (LTE)
• Long Term Evolution (LTE):
– A new “4G” technology roadmap that has been chosen by Verizon & AT&T to support the “all IP network”.
– Appearing to Supersede WiMax technology.
– 328 Mbps downlink 86 Mbps uplink328 Mbps downlink, 86 Mbps uplink.
– Cell size of 5 KM (3 miles) envisioned.
– Commercial availability is rolling out.
• Being implemented in 700 MHz band for public safety applications
• Not really in private networks like WiMax at this point
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Representative Vendor Platforms
Technology Classification Example Platforms Representative Vendors
Tropos Trilliant Silver SpringRF Mesh Zigbee, FHSS, DSSS Tropos, Trilliant, Silver Spring Networks, Landis & Gyr
RF Point-to-Multipoint Leased GPRS, EDGE, 1xRTT, LTE Itron, Trilliant, Digi
DSSS, FSK/Flexnet On-Ramp Wireless, Sensus, p ,WiMax, WiFi Clearwire, Alvarion, Tropos
RF Point-to-Point OFDM, OFDMA GE MDS, Motorola
Backhaul Microwave SONET OC-3, DS-3, TDM over IP Alcatel-Lucent, Aviat, NECover IP
Leased Cellular GPRS, EDGE, 1xRTT, LTE AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile, Verizon
Leased Lines Frame Relay, MPLS, T1 AT&T, Sprint, Verizon
PLC Narrowband Power Line Cooper Power Systems,PLC Narrowband Power Line Carrier
Cooper Power Systems, Archnet, ABB
BPL Broadband Power Line Carrier Ambient, Amperion, Current
SONET Fiber OC-12, OC-48, OC-192 Alcatel-Lucent, Fujitsu, NEC
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jHardened
TDM/SONET/Ethernet T1, OC-48, 100M, 1G SEL, RFL, AMETEK, GE
If you want to contribute or suggest topics to this series of technicalIf you want to contribute, or suggest, topics to this series of technicalpresentations, please contact:
Nick Abi-SamraPower & Energy Society - ChairPower Electronics Society- Chair
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2013 IEEE San Diego - Power & Energy and Power Electronics Societies