International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 – 10 January 2014

Abstract--In recent years, power demand has increased day by

day while the expansion of power generation and transmission has been limited due to limited resources and environmental restrictions. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices play an important role in improving the power system performance. Flexible AC transmission systems devices have been mainly used for solving various steady states, dynamic and transient control problems of power system. TCSC is an important member of FACTS family. In a power system, TCSC device has high potential in applications because it may improve power system performance including power flow control, transfer capability enhancement of the transmission system, transient stability enhancement and sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) mitigation etc. As other FACTS devices, TCSC is also a costly device. Therefore this is utmost essential to find its optimal size and location in a power system to achieve maximum benefit of this device. This complicated problem of finding optimal location and sizing of TCSC has been solved by researchers in different ways by considering different objectives. This paper presents a brief review of the work carried out by researchers in this field.

Index Terms-- FACTS Devices, Multi Objective Optimization, Performance Parameters of System, Single Objective Optimization, TCSC.

I. INTRODUCTION LEXIBLE Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers are solid state converters that have

the capability of control of various electrical parameters in transmission circuits. Commonly used FACTS devices include Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), Static VAR Compensator (SVC), Thyristor controlled phase angle regulator (TCPAR), Static compensator (Statcom), Unified power flow controller (UPFC) etc. [1] , [2]. FACTS devices have been mainly used for solving various

This work was supported by University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India under Major Research Project received vide F. No. 41-657/2012[SR] dated 26-07-2012.

Sangeeta Jamhoria is with the Electrical Engineering Department,

Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, India. (e-mail: sangeetajamhoria@gmail.com ).

Laxmi Srivastava is with the Electrical Engineering Department, Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior, India. (e-mail: srivastaval@hotmail.com ).

978-1-4799-3612-0/14/$31.00©2014 IEEE

power system problems such as voltage stability, power flow control, and transfer capability enhancement etc. The FACTS concept was first defined by N.G. Hingorani, in 1988 [3]. According to IEEE definition, a power electronic based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to increase controllability and rise power transfer capability [4]. The basic Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator plan, introduced in 1986 by Vithayathil, with others as a method of rapid adjustment of network impedance. In series FACTS family, TCSC is the one of the important member that is increasingly applied with long transmission lines by the utilities in modern power systems. It permits rapid change of the transmission line impedance. It can have several roles in the operation and control of power systems, namely power flow; decreasing unsymmetrical components; reducing net loss; providing voltage support; limiting short-circuit currents; mitigating sub synchronous resonance; damping the power oscillation and enhancing transient stability [3]. Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator consists of series capacitor shunted by Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (TCR). The combination of TCR and capacitor permit the capacitive reactance to be smoothly controlled over a wide range and switched upon command to a condition where the bi-directional Thyristor pairs conduct continuously and insert appropriate reactance into the line. The series controller may be a variable capacitor, inductor or a variable frequency source. With the help of series capacitors, increases the reactive power as the square of line current. In other word TCSC reduce the transmission losses, increases the available capacity transform and improves the voltage profile [5]. The most important applications of this controllability of the TCSC are power system oscillation damping and sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) damping. TCSC is series type compensator, used to increase power transfer as well as to enhance system stability. The basic structure of TCSC device is shown in Fig.1

Applications of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator in Power System: An Overview

Sangeeta Jamhoria, and Laxmi Srivastava, Senior Member IEEE

F

International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 – 10 January 2014

Fig1. Basic Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator Scheme

The TCSC consists of three main components: capacitor bank C and bypass inductor L and bidirectional Thyristors. TCSC can be operated in inductive as well as capacitive mode as per the system requirements. The equivalent reactance Xtcsc is determined as [3]:

Xtcsc(α) = (1)

XC(α) = ; XL(α) = ωL. (2)

Where,

XL= ωL, and α is the delay angle.

II. APPLICATION OF TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator now as a key

device in the FACTS family, and widely recognized as an effective and economical means to solve following problems exhibiting in long transmission systems such as, optimal power flow control with FACTS controllers, voltage and transient stability problem, in deregulation electrical energy market to reduce the congestion management and reducing losses in transmission line [6],[7].

As other devices of FACTS family, TCSC is also a costly device. Therefore this is utmost important to find its optimal size and location in a power system so that maximum benefit of this device may be achieved. This complicated problem of finding optimal location and sizing of TCSC has been handled by various researchers in different ways by considering different objectives and optimization techniques. The problem of finding optimal location and size of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator has been solved as single objective as well as multi objective optimization problem. The following section presents a brief review of the work carried out by researchers in finding the optimal location and size of TCSC.

III. TCSC PLACEMENT AS A SINGLE OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

To solve TCSC placement problem as a single objective optimization problem, one of the objectives from optimal power flow control, voltage stability improvement, transient stability enhancement, congestion management, loss

minimization in transmission line has been considered by the researchers.

A. Optimal power flow control Padhy et.al, [8] proposed a new generalized current

injection model of the modified power system using Newton-Raphson power flow algorithm for desired power transfer with the help of FACTS controllers. Power flow algorithm with the presence of TCSC has been formulated and resolved. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm for multi-type FACTS controllers, case studies of IEEE-30 bus system has been considered.

M. Basu, [9] presented Differential Evolution (DE) to minimize fuel cost in power flow control with Flexible ac Transmission System controllers with the help of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator. DE attains better solution and requires less CPU time than evolutionary programming and genetic algorithm on the modified IEEE-30 bus system with the help of TCSC.

Meikandasivam et.al, [10] proposed a TCSC is a device which is used to increase the transmission line capacity. This paper presented micro-tuning of line reactance by implementing split TCSC in place of single TCSC. The Newton Raphson method power flow analysis (NRPFA) is used to examine the fine micro-tuning of line reactance to compensate the small change in power demand. For the simulation result an IEEE 14 bus test system, IEEE 30 bus test system and WSCC 9 bus system was considered as a case study.

B. Voltage Stability Enhancement Modern day power system networks are having high risks

of voltage instability problems and several network blackouts have been reported. This experience tends to arise from deficiency of reactive power supports in heavily stressed operating conditions caused by enhanced load demand and the fast developing deregulation of power systems across the world.

Yarlagadda et.al, [11] proposed the effect of TCSC on the voltage stability improvement. The voltages, Lmn and VCPI index with and without TCSC were recorded. Their results showed that the voltage profile was better with TCSC and Lmn and VCPI index were tremendously to improve the voltage stability. An IEEE -9 bus system was programmed in MATLAB and assessed the voltage stability using Lmn and VCPI stability index.

Bekri, [12] proposed the voltage stability assessment of an IEEE 6-bus test system with TCSC controller and enhances the voltage stability of the system. The test system involves reactive power the most at the weakest bus. Thyristor controlled series compensator gives better voltage profile.

Saady et.al, [13] proposed influence of TCSC on steady state voltage stability was investigated. The FACTS controller is implemented and included into the Newton-Raphson power flow algorithm, and control function is formulated to achieve the voltage stability enhancement goal. The analysis is

International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 – 10 January 2014

preformed on IEEE-30 bus system. The proposed schemes were tested under different loading conditions and different nonlinear voltage dependent loads.

C. Transient Stability Improvement Shizawa et.al, [14] has been proposed a method for

determining the optimal location of FACTS devices from transient stability viewpoint. TCSC is applied for system stabilization as a typical FACTS device. Critical Clearing Time (CCT) is used as an index for TCSC allocation. A durable quadratic stabilizing control method is used as the control strategy. The proposed method can select the locations of TCSCs controller which is effective for the transient stability view point. The Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator improved the stability of the system and power transmission capability of the system.

Venkatesh et.al, [15] improved a novel project of TCSC controlled using the flatness+RCH scheme. It is remarked that the controller is a very effective and ensures guarantee stability. The paper has given a different view point of flatness and have developed a fitness-based feedback linearization and shown its application in designing of TCSC controller using RHC principle for power system transient stability improvement.

Rautray et.al, [16] investigated a procedure for modeling and optimal tuning the parameters of TCSC controller for the power system transient stability. For the purpose of Simulation, the model of Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) power system with TCSC controller is developed in MATLAB. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to search for the optimal TCSC parameters control.

D. Reduce Congestion Management Singh et.al, [17] proposed a simple and efficient model for

optimizing the location of FACTS devices used for congestion management by controlling the devices. Congestion management using FACTS controllers required a two step approach. Firstly, the optimal location of the devices in the network must be ascertained and second the settings of the control parameters optimized. The impact of the proposed methods was established using a 5-bus system.

Acharya et.al, [18] proposed two new methodologies for the placement of series FACTS devices in deregulated electrical energy market to reduce congestion. The proposed methodologies are based on the use of LMP differences and congestion rent, respectively. The result obtained for locating of TCSC in IEEE-14, IEEE-30 and IEEE-57 bus test system. The overall objective of FACTS controller placement can be either to minimize the total congestion rent or to maximize the social welfare.

Samimi et.al, [19] a new method has been proposed to determine optimal location and best setting of TCSC. Seeking the best place is performed using the sensitivity analysis and optimum setting of TCSC is managed using the GA. The configuration of a typical TCSC from a Steady State perspective is the fixed capacitor with a TCR. The effect of

TCSC on the network can be modeled as a controllable reactance inserted in the related transmission line. The effectiveness of suggested approach has been tested on IEEE-14 bus system.

E. Loss Minimization Biansoongnern et.al, [20] proposed the proper placement of

TCSC reduces transmission losses. This paper presented an optimal placement of TCSC to determine TCSC locations and control parameters for minimization of transmission loss. Optimal position technique utilizes the sensitivity of total real power transmission loss with respect to the control parameters of devices and multiplies with new equation. The new equation of Thyristor Controlled Series compensator is sum of actual power loss that has relationship with transmission line. For optimal control parameters utilizes the interior point method for the minimizing real power loss. The results obtained an IEEE 14 bus, IEEE 30 bus, and IEEE 57 bus test system.

Rashed et.al, [21] proposed two Evolutionary Optimization Techniques, namely Differential Evolution (DE) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to select the optimal location and the optimal parameter setting of TCSC which minimized the active power losses in the system, and compared their performances. For the validation and comparison purposes of the proposed techniques, simulations were carried out on a three-bus system, a five-bus system, and an IEEE-14 bus system.

IV. TCSC PLACEMENT AS A MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

To solve the optimization problem of TCSC as the multi-objective function such as improved voltage and transient stability, minimized the power flow problem, decreases the transmission losses and reduced the congestion management by the researchers as follows;

Huang et.al, [22] has been proposed the effect of TCSC’s enhancement on voltage stability and transient stability by changing the reactive power distribution in the power system. This TCSC model was well-tried a multi-machine system. There are four key voltage performance related elements, induction motor, on- load tap-changer (OLTC) transformer, automatic voltage regulator and over excitation limiter are included.

Kazemi et.al, [23] proposed the steady state modeling of TCSC with their control and limits. Bifurcation analysis was applied in order to find the optimal location and rating of these devices and a continuation power flow is used to evaluate the effects of these devices on system loadability. Eigenvector analysis employed at the maximum loading point is used to rank the most critical voltage buses. Since, it would be possible to optimize location, sizing and control mode of TCSC in order to achieve maximum enhancement of system loadability. The model and methodology for placing and designing TCSC was tested in a 173 bus AC/DC system.

Chatterjee et.al, [24] was discussed the effects of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator, a series FACTS controller, on the transient stability of a power system. Trajectory sensitivity

International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 – 10 January 2014

analysis (TSA) was used to measure the transient stability condition of the system. With the help of TSA the optimal locations of the TCSC-controller for different fault conditions can also be identified.

Rashed et.al, [25] proposed the application of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) techniques for determining the optimum number, the optimum locations, and the optimum parameter settings of multiple Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator devices to achieve a maximum system loadability in the system with minimum installation cost of these controller. Simulations results performed on IEEE-6 bus and IEEE-14 bus system. The obtained results from the implementation of two proposed methods showed that both methods have performed well and can be successfully applied to the optimal location of multiple TCSCs problem.

Besharat et.al, [26] proposed a deregulated electrical energy market; it may always not be possible to dispatch all of the contracted power transactions due to congestion of the transmission line. The ongoing power system restructuring requires an opening of unused potentials of transmission system due to environmental, right-of-way and rate problems which are major hurdles for power transmission network elaboration. FACTSs controllers can be an alternative to reduce the flows in heavily loaded lines, resulting in enlargement loadability, low system loss, elevated stability of the network, reduced the cost of production and fulfilled contractual requirement by controlling the power flows in the power system network. A method to laying down the optimal location of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensators has been suggested in this paper based on real power performance index and reduction of total system VAR power losses.

Gitizadeh et.al, [27] proposed a novel optimization-based methodology for placement of Flexible AC Transmission Systems devices in order to relieve congestion in the transmission lines while increasing static security margin and voltage profile of a given power system. The problem was formulated according to Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) problem in the first stage to accurately evaluate static security margin with congestion alleviation constraint in the presence of FACTS controllers, and in the next stage a Simulated Annealing (SA) based optimization method was used to determine the optimal solution. The proposed placement approach decrease the congestion in the transmission lines and improve distance of voltage collapse point without use of high computational burden procedures such as continuation power flow method. The IEEE 14-bus test system was chosen to validate the proposed approach.

Benabid et.al, [28] proposed a new method for optimal locating multi-type FACTS controllers in order to optimize multi-objective voltage stability problem. The methodology was based on a new variant of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) specialized in multi-objective optimization problem known as Non-dominated Sorting Particle Swarm Optimization (NSPSO). Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator maximizes Static Voltage Stability Margin

(SVSM), reduce Real Power Losses (RPL), and Load Voltage Deviation (LVD).

Parizad et.al, [29] proposed a Loss minimization in distribution networks. Voltage instability phenomena can occur in distribution systems and caused a major blackout in the system. To control distribution networks used for Distributed Generation (DG). Installation of DG in non-optimal places can result in an increasing in system losses, voltage problems, etc. This paper presented two scenarios for distributed generation placement in a distributions system. In scenario first only minimizing the real power losses in the system was considered. The second scenario considered the voltage stability index (SI) to find optimum placement. These scenarios are executed on typical 33 and 30 bus test system and yields efficiency in improvement of voltage profile and reduce power losses; it also may permit an increase in power transfer capacity, increase loading, and voltage stability margin.

Mondal et.al, [30] proposed the application of TCSC to mitigate small signal stability problem in addition to congestion management of a heavily loaded line in a multi-machine system. In this paper PSO method were used for finding the optimal locations and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small signal oscillations. The Particle Swarm Optimization methods were used for determining the optimal locations and parameters of the TCSC controller in order to damp small signal oscillations. Transmission Line Flow (TLF) Sensitivity method were used for curtailment of non-firm load to limit power flow congestion.

Shaheen et.al, [31] Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems devices have been proposed as an effective solution for controlling power flow and regulating bus voltage in electrical power systems, resulting in an improved transfer capability, decrease system losses, and increase stability. This paper, proposed two Evolutionary Optimization Techniques, namely Differential Evolution (DE) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to select the optimal location and the optimal parameter setting of TCSC which minimize the active power losses in the power network, and compare their performances. The simulations results carried out on a three-bus, five-bus and an IEEE-14 bus system.

Mancer et.al, [32] proposed a new technique of Partial Swarm Optimization (PSO) with time varying acceleration coefficients to solve multi objective optimal reactive power flow (power loss minimization and voltage deviation in the power system). The proposed algorithm was used to adjust dynamically the parameters setting of TCSC in coordination with voltages of generating units. In this paper also compared two other techniques simple genetic algorithm (SGA) and PSO. This study was implemented on the IEEE-30 bus system and the results are compared with SGA and SPSO. In Adebayo, has been presented a power flow analysis of Nigerian 330kV grid system. The Newton Raphson iterative algorithm was used for solving the power flow problems due to its ability to converge very fast with small number of

International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 – 10 January 2014

iteration. Multi objective optimal reactive power flow considering FACTS technology is becoming one of the most important issues in power system planning and control.

Modern day power system networks are having high risks of voltage instability problems and several network blackouts have been reported. This phenomenon tends to occur from deficiency of reactive power supports in heavily stressed operating conditions caused by increased load demand and the fast developing deregulation of power systems across the world. Jebaraj et.al, [33] proposed an application of Differential Evolution (DE) Algorithm based extended voltage stability margin by incorporating TCSC controller. The result was obtained the IEEE-30 bus test case system under critical loading and single line outage contingency conditions. The line stability index (LQP) was used to assess the voltage stability of a power system.

Hssan et.al, [34] proposed Eigen value-based methods for analysis have been studied and the stability improvement transient stability as well as steady state stability of the system improved using TCSC. The system considered for study of IEEE-14 bus system.

V. CONCLUSION In this paper, a brief review of research work carried out

by researchers for optimal placement and sizing of TCSC has been presented. The problem of finding optimal location and sizing of TCSC has been handled by various researchers in different ways by considering different objectives and optimization techniques and has been solved as single objective as well as multi objective optimization problem. To solve TCSC placement problem, one or more of the objectives optimal power flow control, voltage stability improvement, transient stability enhancement, congestion management, loss minimization in transmission line has been considered by the researchers.

The sensitivity based as well as evolutionary computing techniques based methods have been reported in literature for optimal placement and sizing of TCSC. The sensitivity based methods are though fast and accurate, but complicated in nature. On the other hand, recently developed evolutionary computing techniques based methods are easy to be implemented, but have certain problems like more cpu time and parameter tuning requirements.

VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors thank the Director, MITS Gwalior, India to

carry out this work.

VII. REFERENCES [1] Douglas J. Gotham and G. T. Heydt, “Power Flow control and power

flow studies for systems with FACTS devices,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 13, pp 60-65, Feb. 1998.

[2] Dussan Povh, “Modeling of FACTS in power system studies,” IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 2, pp. 1435-1439, Jan. 2000.

[3] N. Hingorani, “L Gyugyi Understanding FACTS concept and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission System”, IEEE PRESS 2000.

[4] K.R. Padiyar, “FACTS controllers in power transmission and distribution”, New age international publishers, 2007. Available : www.newagepublishers.com

[5] Manoj Nair, “EHV AC & DC TRANSMISSION”, 2nd ed., Bhopal: Balaji Learning Books, 2010, p. 161. Available: balajilearning@gmail.com

[6] D. Povh, “Advantages of Power Electronic Equipment in AC System,” International Colloquium on HVDC and FACTS Systems, Wellington, New Zealand, 29 Sept. 1993.

[7] CIGRE Working Group 14.18, “Thyistor controlled series compensation,” technical brochure CIGRE, Paris, France, Dec. 1996.

[8] Narayana Prasad Padhy and M.A. Abdel Moamen, “Power flow control and solutions with multiple and multi-type FACTS devices”, International journal of Electrical Power System Research, vol. 74, pp. 314-351, June 2005.

[9] M. Basu, “Optimal power flow with FACTS devices using differential evolution”, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 30, pp. 150-156, Feb. 2008.

[10] S. Meikandasivam, Rajesh Kumar Nema and Shailendra Kumar Jain, “Fine power flow control by split TCSC”, International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 45, pp. 519–529, Feb.2013.

[11] Venu Yarlagadda, Dr.B.V.Sankar Ram and Dr.K.R.M.Rao, “Voltage Stability Improvement using Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor based on Lmn and VCPI Stability Indices”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 3, pp. 1-5, Apr. 2012.

[12] O.L. Bekri and M.K. Fellah, “Optimal Location of SVC and TCSC for Voltage Stability Enhancement”, The 4th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference, pp. 23-24, June 2010.

[13] Gaber El-Saady, Mohamed A. A. Wahab, Mohamed M. Hamada, and M. F. Basheer, “Influence Of TCSC Device On Steady State Voltage Stability”, International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management, vol. 1, pp. 2231-4407, Apr. 2012.

[14] Ryousuke Shizawa, Keigo Nishida Toshiya Ohtaka and Shinichi Iwamoto, “Allocation of TCSC from Transient Stability Viewpoint”, International Conference on Power System Technology, vol. 1, pp. 216-221, Nov. 2004.

[15] Ch.Venkatesh, T. Deepak, K. Krishna and A.K. Kamath “Flatness based TCSC Controller for Transient Stability Enhancement of Power System”, Proceedings of the International Symposium Modern Electric Power Systems, pp. 1-6, Sept. 2010.

[16] S.K.Rautra, S.Choudhury, S.Mishra and P.K.Rout, “A Particle Swarm Optimization Based Approach for Power System Transient Stability Enhancement with TCSC”, 2nd International Conference on Communication, Computing & Security, vol. 6, pp. 31-38, June2012.

[17] S.N. Singh and A.K. David, “Optimal Location of FACTS Devices for Congestion Management”, International Journal of Electric Power System Research, vol. 58, pp. 71-79, Jun. 2001.

[18] Naresh Acharya and N. Mithulananthan, “Locating series FACTS devices for congestion management in deregulated electricity markets”, International Journal of Electric Power System Research, vol. 77, pp. 352-360, Mar. 2007.

[19] Abouzar Samimi and Peyman Naderi, “A New Method for Optimal Placement of TCSC Based on Sensitivity Analysis for Congestion Management”, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, vol. 3, pp. 10-16, Feb. 2012.

[20] S. Biansoongnern, S. Chusanapiputt and S. Phoomvuthisarn, “Optimal SVC and TCSC Placement for Minimization of Transmission Losses”, In proceeding IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology 2006, pp. 1-6, Oct.-2006.

[21] Ghamgeen I. Rashed, Yuanzhang Sun and H. I. Shaheen, “Optimal Location of TCSC in a power system Based on Differential Evolution and Genetic Algorithm Considering Transmission Losses Reduction”, Proceeding of 8th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, pp. 610-616, June 2011.

[22] Garng Huang and Tong Zhu, “TCSC as a Transient Voltage Stabilizing Controller”, power engineering society winter meeting, IEEE, vol. 2, pp. 628-633, Feb. 2001.

[23] A. Kazemi and B. Badrzadeh, “Modeling and simulation of SVC and TCSC to study their limits on maximum loadability point”, International Journal Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 26, pp. 619-626, Oct. 2004.

International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and Computation (EPSCICON), 8 – 10 January 2014

[24] Dheeman Chatterjee and Arindam Ghosh, “TCSC control design for transient stability improvement of a multi-machine power system using trajectory sensitivity”, International Journal of Electric Power System Research, vol. 77, pp. 470-483, Apr. 2007. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378779606001003.

[25] G. I. Rashed, H. I. Shaheen and S. J. Cheng, “Optimal Location and Parameter Settings of Multiple TCSCs for Increasing Power System Loadability Based on GA and PSO Techniques”, Natural Computation, ICNC, Third International Conference, vol. 4, pp. 335-344, Aug. 2007.

[26] Hadi Besharat and Seyed Abbas Taher, “Congestion management by determining optimal location of TCSC in deregulated power systems”, International Journal Electrical Power and Energy System, vol. 30, pp. 563-568, Dec. 2008.

[27] M. Gitizadeh, and M. Kalantar, “A New Approach for Congestion Management via Optimal Location of FACTS Devices in Deregulated Power Systems”, Third International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, pp. 1592-1597, Apr. 2008.

[28] R. Benabid, M. Boudour, and, M. A. Abido, “Optimal Placement of FACTS devices for Multi objective Voltage Stability Problem”, Power Systems Conference and Exposition, PSCE.IEEE/PES, pp. 1-11, Mar. 2009.

[29] A. Parizad, A. Khazali and M. Kalantar, “Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation with Sensitivity Factors Considering Voltage Stability and Losses Indices”, In proceeding on IEEE, 18th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), pp. 848-855, May 2010.

[30] D. Mondal, A. Chakrabarti and A. Sengupta, “Small Signal Stability Improvement and Congestion Management Using PSO Based TCSC Controller”, ACEEE Int .J. On Control System and Instrumentation, vol. 2, pp. 12-17, Oct. 2011.

[31] Ghamgeen I. Rashed, Yuanzhang Sun and H. I. Shaheen, “Optimal Location and Parameter Setting of TCSC for Loss Minimization Based on Differential Evolution and Genetic Algorithm”, International Conference on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 33, pp. 1864-1878, Jun. 2012. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s1875389212016094.

[32] N. Mancer, B. Mahdad, K. Srairi and M. Hamed, “Multi Objective for Optimal Reactive Power Flow Using Modified PSO”, International Journal of Energy Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 165-170, 2012. Available: www.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ijee.20120204.08.html

[33] L.Jebaraj, C.Christober Asir Rajan and S.Sakthivel, “Real Power Loss and Voltage Stability Limit Optimization Incorporating TCSC and SVC through DE Algorithm under Different Operating Conditions of a Power System”, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 16-25, Aug. 2012. Available: www.iosrjournals.org

[34] H.T.Hassan, Usman Farooq Malik, Irfan Ahmad Khan and Talha Khalid, “ Stability Improvement of Power System Using TCSC”, 6 International Journal of Engineering & Computer Science, vol. 13, pp. 30-34, Apr. 2013.

VIII. BIOGRAPHY

Sangeeta Jamhoria was born on November 24, 1990. She graduated from the Maharana Pratap Collage of Technology (MPCT) in Gwalior and pursuing M.E. at Madhav Institute of Technology and Science (MITS) in Gwalior

L. Srivastava (S’96-M’03) obtained her M. Tech. degree in Electrical Engineering, from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India in 1990 and her Ph.D. degree from University of Roorkee (Presently IIT), Roorkee, India in 1998. She is a Professor in the Deptt. Of Elect. Engg., M.I.T.S. Gwalior, India. She is currently involved in research in Power System Security Analysis, Optimization and Control, FACTS controllers and their applications, Congestion Management, ANN, Fuzzy logic and Evolutionary programming applications to Power Systems. She is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India) also.