[IEEE 2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - India (ISGT India) - Kollam, Kerala, India...
Transcript of [IEEE 2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - India (ISGT India) - Kollam, Kerala, India...
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2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies – India
Abstract-- Smart Grid is seeing one of the largest
implementation of Communication infrastructure in the
power utilities. The basic component that makes the Smart
Grid work is this underlying robust information &
communication technologies (ICT), which enables shared
understanding between each of the complex systems in the
grid. Traditionally utilities have implemented operations
technology (OT) independently of information technology
(IT). However in smart grid you see diverse
communication networks and advanced IT systems
coalesced into the traditional electrical grid, for a huge
implementation of intelligent infrastructure. Therefore the
greater challenge is to efficiently maintain and manage this
mountain of infrastructure across diverse technologies,
with multiple protocols and from different vendors in a
coordinated manner.
This paper therefore brings out the critical need of a
Unified management system for a complex Smart Grid and
proposes a system which is a combination of the Telecom
Network Management System (NMS) and Utility
Infrastructure Management System. This management
system is built on the industry accepted and proven model
of FCAPS (viz. Fault Management, Configuration
Management, Accounting Management, Performance
Management, Security Management) along with the set of
best practices for IT Service Management (ITIL). This
blend of concepts in a single pane view would provide a
better platform to manage the complex Smart Grid
infrastructure.
I. DEFINITION SMART GRID
NIST in its Smart Grid Conceptual Reference Model defines
Smart Grid as “A complex interoperable system of systems for
which a common understanding of its major building blocks
and how they interrelate must be broadly shared”. In real time
Smart Grid allows multiple applications to operate over a
shared, interoperable network, which allow utilities to
optimize and regulate demand and supply. And underlying
communication network facilitates real-time, two-way
communications along the grid and enables interaction
between each component from source to end user.
II. NIST SMART GRID ARCHITECTURE
Smart Grid is a complex system, and the conceptual reference
model of NIST has divided the Smart grid into seven domains:
bulk generation, transmission, distribution, markets,
operations, service provider and customer. This consolidates
the smart grid components into these domains, determine the
mode of interfacing between these domains for intelligent
information exchange and identify the details of interfaces.
Any system or device that participates in Smart Grid
functionality is termed as an Actor. The actor in one domain
which interfaces with another actor in another domain is called
a Gateway Actor. An information establishes a logical
communication path between these actors (with in or across
domains) using a variety of communication technologies
LAN
Enterprise
bus Enterprise
bus
Generation
Gateway
Actor
Actor
Actor
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Premises
Network
Customers
Gateway
Actor
Actor
Actor
Actor
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Operations
Markets
Gateway
Actor
Actor
ActorActor
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Wide Area
Network
Transmission
Actor
Actor
Actor
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Field Area
Network
Distribution
Gateway
Actor
Actor
ActorActor
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Actor
Actor
Actor
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Service providers
Internet/
E-business
Transmission ops
Distribution ops
Actor
Actor
Actor
ActorActor
Actor
Actor
Internet/
E-business
Gateway
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Gateway
Actor
Actor
Communication path
Communication path across
domains
Information
network
Conceptual Reference Diagram for Smart Grid Information Networks 978-1-4673-0315-6/11/$26.00©2011 IEEE
A Unified Management system for Smart Grid Nampuraja Enose, Research Analyst, Infosys Labs, Infosys Technologies Limited
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2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies – India
The challenge however is the variety in interfaces and
protocols required to exchange information between each of
these actors and domains. The initial release of the NIST
Smart Grid Framework has identified 75 standards,
specifications, or guidelines that will be immediately
applicable to the ongoing transformation of the Smart Grid
III. CHARACTERISTICS OF A SMART GRID
The fundamental objective of a smart grid is to make the
existing grid self‐healing, adaptive, interactive, optimized,
predictive, distributed, integrated and reliable, so that it can
manage flow of eclectic energy from thousands of different
sources to the millions of customers- homes, businesses, and
industries.
IV. EVOLUTION OF A SMART GRID
The Smart Grid of now is the one which is making the existing
grid “smarter” by deploying intelligent technologies. The next
one is one which has a longer-term promise of a grid being
independently intelligent. This Smart Grid will ensure grid
reliability by better managing and preventing power
disturbances, increase customer interactions to offer them
greater choice and flexibility in consumption and reduce price
of power usage. It has also promise to promote environmental
quality by utilizing cleaner low-carbon emission energy and
promoting distributed energy resources resulting in more
deployment of renewable energy sources.
V. UNIFIED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Smart Grid implementation is totally dependent on the
Communications and IT infrastructure that collect and
communicate energy data in real-time. The communication
infrastructure is a mix of heterogeneous wired and wireless
networks; from the basic PSTN, Ethernet and Power-line
communication (PLC) to the back haul Optical and Microwave
networks. Smart Grid could use multiple broadband and
narrowband transport technologies like DSL, IP, BPL
(Broadband Power Line), 2G, 3G, E1/T1, SDH, SONET etc.
interfacing with a large number of utility specific protocols.
The management of such an interconnected network is
therefore complex; a successful Smart Grid implementation is
very much dependent on a flexible and efficient management
system. In addition, the Smart Grid implementation calls for
huge setting up of Intelligent Electrical Infrastructure with its
immediate Applications and IT Infrastructure (data centre)
which run these intelligent systems and applications. Therefore
it is equally important to manage the Utility IT Infrastructure.
This Unified Management System (UMS) is therefore a
combination of Telco’s Network Management System (NMS),
the ISO’s globally accepted TMN model for Network
Management and Utility Infrastructure Management System.
It is built on the industry accepted and proven model of
FCAPS (viz. Fault Management, Configuration Management,
Accounting Management, Performance Management, Security
Management) along with the set of best practices used for IT
Service Management.
A. Unified Management System Framework
On an architectural perspective this Smart Grid can be split
into different layers: the Energy Infrastructure layer
(Transmission & Distribution), the Communications
Infrastructure layer (Data transport and Management), IT
& Security Infrastructure (IT systems), the Applications
layer, the Presentation layer which uses the data from the
underlying layers and the Service Management layer
1) Energy Infrastructure Layer
The energy infrastructure is the foundation for the basic energy
transfer in a grid. For analysis, the physical infrastructure can
be divided into three parts; generation, transmission, and
distribution. The physical layer therefore includes all electrical
infrastructure components for Generation, Transmission,
Storage, Distribution and Consumption of electrical energy.
Generation is the first process in delivery of electricity to the
customers. It is connected to the transmission domain which
supports bulk transfer of electrical energy from generation to
distribution, through multiple substations. The transmission
network is normally controlled through a SCADA system
together with its communication network and control devices.
Customer domain is where the end user operates and has sub-
domains such as home, commercial building, and industrial.
Each of these domains contain different devices such as
generators, turbines, transformers, protection relays, remote
terminal units, capacitor banks, fault recorders, and
programmable logic controllers which aid in delivering of
electricity to customers
Smart devices- To realize smart grid, the basic requirement is
to have each of the devices smart or smartness enabled (built
in intelligence). Smart devices are computer-based or
microprocessor-based systems, including controllers, sensors
and intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). They form the basic
interconnect between the unified management system and grid
devices for data information like,
- state of devices in the grid
- condition monitoring of devices
2) Communication Infrastructure Layer
The increased coordination between each of the systems to
realize an effective smart grid operation is enabled through bi-
directional flow of information, enabling benefits, and mutual
synchronization. The communication infrastructure can be
broadly classified into the following segments
a) Home Area Networks (HAN)
Referred to as the Premise Area Network or Building Area
Network; this includes devices within a single premise
(industrial, commercial or home) communicating over one or
more networks. They communicate through a home gateway,
bridging utility and home networks.
b) Field Area Networks (FAN)
These devices communicate over one or more networks
and backhaul WAN‟s. This network primarily supports the
Advanced Metering Infrastructure deployment.
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2011 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies – India
c) Substation Area Networks (SAN)
These include devices communicating over one or several
networks inside a single electric substation. These could be
relays, capacitor banks and other substation automation
equipment. IEC 61850 is gaining momentum as the prominent
protocol used for Substation Automation.
d) Wide Area Networks (WAN)
This is referred as „backhaul‟ communications and all
broadband technologies like PDH, SDH, SONET and WDM
make the communication network between the control room
and substations. This could use Wireless or Wire line
communication modes over Fiber or free space. Power line
communication is also used for wide area communication,
however has a narrow broadband.
e) Local Area Networks (LAN)
These include a “close” set of devices in communication, in a
local configuration, often in a single building or office
location. However each of these domains and technologies
would interact with each other
PR
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Telecom Network Management System(FCAPS)
Generation Transmission Distribution Customer Storage
LAN
Ethernet, Sever Infra
FAN
Wimax, RF, Fiber, PLC/BPL
SANWimax, Substation
LAN, IEC-61850, PLC/BPL
HAN
WiFi, Zigbee, Home plug
WAN
Cellular, Fiber, Wireless, Satellite, PLC
Cyber Security
OMS MDMS AMI SCADA LMS EMS
Data center Cyber SecurityData center
WMS ERP Asset Mgmt. CIS GIS DSM
Utility Infrastructure Management System(FCAPS)
3) Infrastructure Layer
Data centers play an important role in collating appropriate
information from the underlying network. It should have
strong infrastructure for quickly collecting the data collection
and storing it for further data analysis and decision making.
Data management refers to all aspects of collecting, storing,
and analyzing data from applications with accuracy.
Cyber security in IT infra layer, addresses the prevention of
damage due to unauthorized access and intruding, to ensure
confidentiality, availability and integrity. Protection is a
serious concern as multiple systems are interconnected for
seam less data transfer between them in a Smart Grid set up.
4) Application layer
Application layer consolidates all the applications such as
SCADA, MDMS, CIS and other ERP systems, which are
available in the control center. Applications range from low
level systems which are already available to manage their daily
operations, to the mature and intelligent systems, forming the
foundation for Smart Grid. Advanced applications with
increased functionality and centralized management allow
operators and executives to make business decisions from the
real-time information from a Smart Grid. However the
challenge is to collate all the information from different
systems which are in different formats to a meaningful single-
pane view, needed to take necessary action(s) and drive the
business needs.
The different applications are supervisory control and data
acquisition systems (SCADA), customer information systems
(CIS), energy management systems (EMS), outage
management systems (OMS), geographic information systems
(GIS), distribution management systems (DMS), meter data
management systems (MDMS), asset management systems or
other enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Normally
these systems are supplied by different vendors and have
different protocols with independent managing systems,
making it quite impossible manage end to end operations from
one point.
The industry is therefore seriously looking for a single
management platform and this unified management system
addresses this concern by providing a unified, single pane view
of the management console showing the state of all assets in
real-time including their network connectivity.
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5) Presentation Layer
The Presentation layer can be conceived as a Manager of
Managers. Each of the systems in the application layer may
have different systems that manage their respective systems
and functionality
For e.g.
- The SCADA system does real time monitoring of RTU‟s
distributed in the filled (Substation and T&D)
- The MDMS system collect and manage data from
individual meters
- The GIS system presents data with reference to
geographic location of the assets
The Presentation layer therefore collects data specific to
FCAPS functionality from each of these individual
management systems or applications. The layer is therefore
interfaced with the application layer by means of different
probes connected through an Enterprise Service Bus (ESB).
The interconnecting probes can be industry-standard protocols
or tailored and vendor specific plugs wherever standard
interfaces are not available. Vendor ready management
systems like HP‟s TeMip and IBM‟s Netcool could also be
configured to capture most of these functionalities if not all.
The high performance presentation layer segregate the
collected data between F-C-A-P-S, using built in intelligence
and analytics. This layer also initiates proactive monitoring
and most importantly it ensures that critical services like
demand response, billing services and automated
outage/restoration management applications get required data.
The layer should have flexibility for scaling up to biggest
deployments
APPLICATION LAYER
ENTERPRISE SERVICE BUS
CORBA/ SNMP Legacy/ OthersASCII/ XML/ httpQ3/ Qx
IT
Infrastructure
Applications
Communication
Infrastructure
Applications
Energy
Infrastructure
Applications
PRESENTATION LAYER
Data Management, Filtering, Analytics & Integration
SERVICE MANAGEMENT
LAYER
Logical
Logical
FAULT CONFIGRATION ACCOUNTING PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTING
Alarm
correlationKPI’s/
Threshold
Topology
correlationFiltering
SERVICE DESK
Ticket Mgmt.
SystemCIS/ GIS
Self helpEvent
Mgmt.
BUSINESS
MANAGEMENT
Capacity
Mgmt.
Business
Intelligence
Asset
Mgmt.
Billing &
Usage
Utilization
Mgmt.SLA’s mgmt.
Performance
Mgmt.Availability/
QOS
PROBLEM/
EVENT
MANAGEMENT
SERVICE
LEVEL
MANAGEMENT
6) Service Management Layer
The Presentation layer provides useful information to the
Service Management (SM) Layer. The service management
layer aligns people, process & technology of diverse nature
using standard best practices like ITIL. One of the underlying
success factors of smart grid is how effectively you tie your
service management process for better managing the complex
and diverse, networks and systems to improve customer
satisfaction. The available new technologies could also be
leveraged well for providing better value to customers as
services.
After TMN layered structure, ITU-T came out with FCAPS
concept which consolidated key aspects of management
functionality into five areas (Fault, Configuration, Accounting,
Performance & Security)-the information types handled by a
management system. These functionalities will be performed at
different layers of the TMN layered architecture.
FCAPS and Service Management Layer overlap in terms of
concepts; however they do different levels of abstraction.
FCAPS is focused on the concept of technology management,
where as SM layer on Service Management. FCAPS starts
with a technology centric view while SM layers on top a
service oriented view. A comparison between FCAPS and
Service Management framework shows that FCAPS has most
of the critical capabilities necessary for manageability and
operability. In SM layer the services are divided into smaller
groups and to incorporate the features of FCAPS capabilities
within the service. There will be more than a single FCAPS
functionality, managing a particular service in the SM layer.
The different FCAPS capabilities are examined in a Service
Management context and mapped in the functionality grid
below.
For example, the Problem Management module in SM can be
implemented using Fault Management data from FCAPS.
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FCAPS components & role Presentation layer Service Management layer
Fault Management
(widely implemented element)
Role- log & notify users and
automatically fix network problems
and keep the network running
efficiently
- Real-time alarm & event reporting
- problem detection & issue resolution
- Alarm correlation
- Color-coding & visually identifies
severity (critical, major, minor).
- SLA violations, Statistics/ Logs
- interfaced with problem management, event
management & Service desk
- diagnosis of root causes, fault isolation &
restoration
- built-in intelligence to explain probable
causes and takes necessary correction
- proactive problem management to eliminate
recurring incidents/outages, prevent future
problems and minimize impact
Configuration Management
Role- To monitor network &
system configuration so that
different versions of hardware and
soft wares are easily managed
- Centralized management device
configuration
- Auto backup & Auto discovery
- Software upgrades
- interfaced with problem management, event
management & Asset Management
- Inventory/Asset Management
- Change Management
Accounting (Asset/ Inventory)
Role- To measure network
utilization of users for billing and
efficient capacity management
- gather usage statistics for users
- Analyze usage pattern
- Billing management
- interfaced with Service Level Management
and Billing Information system
- utilization management, Capacity
Management
- fraud reporting, & Cost of services
Performance Management
Role- To monitor and measure
different aspects for performance
monitoring and optimization.
Includes throughput, utilization and
response times
- Performance monitoring
- Data collection and correlation
- Maintaining historical logs
- Manages performance thresholds.
- interfaced with Service Level Management,
Problem management & Service desk
- advanced topology and graphical
performance monitoring capabilities
- forecasting and trend analysis tool
Security Management
Role- To efficiently manage the
access to resources so that the
network is not sabotaged and
sensitive info is accessed with
authorization
- Granting access to authorized users
- Preventing unauthorized users
- Monitoring intrusion
- Verification
- SM can be interfaced with Access
management, Service desk & Service
Level Management
- Execution of policies & actions as per
Information Security
B. Benefits of a Unified Management system
The unified smart grid management system adds value to
business by providing end-to-end visibility of diverse, multi-
vendor devices and applications thereby helping operation
and services align to business objectives.
Additionally, - Helps in optimizing and enhancing processes, faster
decision making and reducing overall costs.
- Improve the efficiency of the grid and the utilization of its
assets
- Improves efficiency with the integration of operation and
service delivery and the utilization of grid assets
- Provides single view of the geographically distributed
utility devices
- Provides one end-to-end integrated monitoring and
management system
- Improves asset utilization
- Reduces cost through standardization, integration and
consolidation
- Increases business value by improving quality of customer
service
- Provides insights on performance measures, KPI‟s, SLA‟s
to make optimal business decisions
- Predicts, fixes and quickly isolates outages by critically
comparing data from both communication and energy
utilities and using graphical user interfaces
- Optimal planning and designing an integrated network
C. Challenges of implementation
As utilities implement smart grid, millions of “new” and
"smart" devices across the value chain are getting added each
day, creating an infrastructure of a size and complexity the
utilities have never envisioned before. Therefore these
heterogeneous networks and the millions of devices with huge
amounts of data bring their own set of challenges in
implementing a unified management system
1) Interoperability Standards
The biggest concern today is the issue of interoperability
standards, as a multitude of actors and technologies will have
to seamlessly communicate with each other to have and an
end-to-end intelligent grid. This will require highly syntactic
and semantic interoperability between various devices, and
systems that build up the grid. Ideally you can‟t have a “smart”
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grid if the different vendors produce products with
incompatible and varied technologies. The problem is that
there‟s no unifying standard for building smart grids, as
highlighted by Reuters. NIST has promised to release
standards for small grid deployments, but admits: “what
desperately needed is an overall road map.” Evolving
standards holds the key.
2) Bridging the Telco-Utility divide
Smart grid is realized by the integration of communication
networks with the existing electric infrastructure. But electric
utilities have never agreed to how to work together with the
telecom utilities, and therefore have built their own traditional
communications networks.
3) Convergence of technologies
Traditionally utilities have implemented operations technology
(OT) independently of information technology (IT). These
silos of technology and very different environments make
integration of newer technologies difficult. Unless these
boundaries are eliminated it becomes very difficult to
operationally fix an issue whenever something fails in the grid
and to integrate and align operations with business.
4) Security
The smart grid promises improved system security; however,
increased interconnection brings along challenges in security.
5) Regulatory Challenges
If you look at today‟s electric power utility system, it is more
similar to the telecommunications network of the past; there is
lot of monopoly for providing services. Energy Independence
and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) is however a big step
forward.
6) The ‘Big data’ & Data management
Big data is here. Managing millions of "smart" devices
installed across the value chain calls for handling huge real-
time data- the key asset of smart grid; which could be multiple
orders in magnitude. The challenge only broadens as we
discuss the expected consumer need to maintain detailed
information of the consumption history, creating long-term
archives, making it accessible when needed and making useful
business information out of it (analytics). The other challenges
could be in terms of different formats of data, from multiple
vendor systems and difference sources – Operational,
transactional, hierarchical, event data, meta-data and master
data.
It is therefore important to efficiently manage the data and use
it effectively; otherwise the effort to gather it makes no sense.
Data management goes beyond managing large volumes of
data; it should address the larger issue of knowledge
management- how, when and where to use the data. This will
also call for upgrading the existing IT infrastructure, to
improve and add software and systems to efficiently manage it.
7) Legacy systems & Aging Infrastructure
Smart grid is not a single, unified concept. It is a vision and is
evolving. Smart grid would therefore not revamp the entire
grid to a completely new set of devices and systems, but will
have to accommodate legacy systems as they will continue to
operate; some of them very mature. This will call for
continually evolving approaches to build customized tools and
interfaces, if they don‟t comply with the standard interfaces
and protocols.
On the other hand, large part of the existing grid infrastructure
was built in the late 19th century which means many of the
grid systems have reached their operational limits, thus a risk
to reliable operation
8) Remote management
One of the basic needs of a unified management system is to
remotely monitor and manage the entire grid devices. These
means extending visibility and management functionality to
the remote parts of the heterogeneous networks and enabling
facility to collect accurate real-time information and respond
to changing conditions. This definitely calls for providing a
new kind of communication and IT infrastructure which is
reliable and secure; a remote management breakthrough.
VI. CONCLUSION
Smart Grid is a huge deployment of devices, systems,
intelligence and networks. As utilities install millions of “new”
and "smart" devices across the grid each day, they are unable
to manage the underlying infrastructure of this size and
complexity, making it difficult to fully leverage the smart grid
capabilities. Utilities therefore have realized the need of an
integrated Unified Super NOC (Network Operation Centre)
which can manage both the communication infrastructure and
the energy infrastructure, at the same time provide a Service
Management view which can provide a business view to
deliver business value both to the utility and the consumers.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability
Standards, Release 1.0
[2] DAVID J. LEEDS‟ “THE SMART GRID IN 2010: Market Segments,
Applications and Industry players”, GTM RESEARCH JULY 2009
[3] Erich W. Gunther, Aaron Snyder, Grant Gilchrist & Darren Reece
Highfill, “Smart Grid Standards Assessment and Recommendations for
Adoption and Development”, EnerNex Corporation, February 2009,
Draft 0.83
[4] Pankaj Goyal, Rao Mikkilineni & Murthy Ganti “FCAPS in the
Business Services Fabric Model”, 18th IEEE International Workshops
on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructures for Collaborative Enterprises,
2009
[5] V.K. Sood, D. Fischer & J.M. Eklund & T. Brown “Developing a
Communication Infrastructure for the Smart Grid”
AUTHOR PROFILE
Nampuraja Enose is a Research Analyst with the Infosys
Labs, Infosys Technologies Limited. He is a Post Graduate
(M.Tech) in Microwaves and has several years of working
experience in the Energy and Telecommunication space.